Xingliao Zhou, Xiaoliang Chen, Bo Yang, Sihai Luo, Meiling Guo, Ningli An, Hongmiao Tian, Xiangming Li, and Jinyou Shao · Advanced Functional Materials · 2025
Systematically reviews functionalizable MOFs for flexible sensing electronics, covering MOF families, synthesis and modification methods, conductive MOF design, and applications in self-powered mechanical, gas, liquid-analyte and multi-target/mode sensors.
The review’s argument is preserved as a navigable set of section summaries.
Distinguishes proton, electronic and dual conduction strategies and argues that intrinsic conductivity enables direct electrical readout in flexible sensors.
Relevance: Core · 7 · 2.4. Construction of Conductive MOFs
Covers MOF gas transduction, electrochemical liquid analyte sensing and multi-response sensor concepts for flexible platforms.
Relevance: Core · 16 · 3.2. Flexible Gas Sensors
Frames flexible sensing requirements and motivates MOFs as tunable porous functional materials for curved, wearable and robotic devices.
Relevance: Core · 2 · 1. Introduction
Classifies MOF modification methods and explains why flexible sensors require compatibility, sensitivity, selectivity and dynamic stability.
Relevance: Core · 6 · 2.3. Modification Methods of MOFs · Figure 4
Introduces MOF structures, major families, synthesis routes, modification modes and conductive-MOF mechanisms.
Relevance: Core · 2 · 2. Metal-Organic Frameworks Overview
Synthesises advantages, remaining limits and future needs: better intrinsic conductivity, reduced signal crosstalk, selectivity against interferents, robust manufacturing and biocompatibility.
Relevance: Core · 23 · 4. Conclusion and Outlooks
Reviews triboelectric and piezoelectric MOF nanogenerator mechanisms and flexible self-powered mechanical sensor examples.
Relevance: Supporting · 12 · 3.1.1. Brief Description of Sensing Mechanism
Summarises solvothermal/hydrothermal, template, mechanochemical, aerosol-assisted and seed-mediated approaches at strategy level.
Relevance: Core · 4 · 2.2. Synthesis Method of MOFs · Figure 3
Classification systems are attributed to this review and are not treated as a global material registry.
The review distinguishes proton-conducting ligand/hydrogen-bond/water pathways, electronic metal/ligand/polymer pathways and MOFs combining both.
Categories: proton conduction · electronic conduction · dual ionic-electronic conduction
7 · 2.4. Construction of Conductive MOFs · Figures 6-7
Modification is divided into covalent surface/linker/node changes, non-covalent encapsulation or in situ growth, and sacrificial/template uses.
Categories: covalent modification · non-covalent modification · using MOF as template · using MOF as precursor
7 · 2.3. Modification Methods of MOFs · Figure 4
The review organises common MOFs by framework series, emphasising ZIF chemical/thermal resilience, MIL porosity/breathing and UiO zirconium-node stability.
Categories: ZIF series · MIL series · UiO series
2 · 2.1. Brief Introduction of MOFs · Figure 2
The application taxonomy maps MOF function onto the review's four sensor classes, each with a separate mechanism section and examples.
Categories: self-powered mechanical sensors · gas sensors · liquid analyte sensors · multi-target/mode sensors
3 · Figure 1 caption · Figure 1
The review uses Figure 3 and section 2.2 to classify preparation strategies by reaction medium, templating, solid-state grinding, aerosol crystallisation and seed control.
Categories: solvothermal/hydrothermal · template · mechanochemical · aerosol-assisted · seed-mediated
5 · 2.2. Synthesis Method of MOFs · Figure 3
Review-defined families retain their representative materials and conduction descriptions.
Planar conjugated MOFs based on HHTP, HITP or related ligands, commonly used for electronic or mixed response sensing.
Conduction: Porous conductive layers support electrical sensing and multi-target response through resistance/capacitance changes.
Representative materials: Cu3(HHTP)2 · Ni3(HITP)2 · Cu-HHTP · 2D Cu-BHT
Nodes / linkers: Cu · Ni · hexahydroxytriphenylene · hexaaminotriphenylene · benzenehexathiol
8 · 2.3. Modification Methods of MOFs · Figure 5d
Materials of Institute Lavoisier frameworks typically containing trivalent metal ions and high porosity.
Conduction: The review highlights proton-conductive functionalisation in MIL-68 and structural breathing in MIL-53.
Representative materials: MIL-101 · MIL-53 · MIL-68 · MIL-88A
Nodes / linkers: Fe · Al · Cr · In · carboxylate ligands · terephthalate derivatives
2 · 2.1. Brief Introduction of MOFs · Figure 2b-c
MOFs grown on, embedded in or compounded with flexible polymers, fabrics, carbon materials or 2D materials.
Conduction: Conductivity and mechanical integrity arise from conductive substrates, 2D materials, polymers, metal nanoparticles or conductive MOFs.
Representative materials: MOF-525/Ecoflex · ZIF-8 hydrogel · NiCAT@CNTF · Cu-TCA/TiNC · Ti3C2Tx@Cu3(HHTP)2
Nodes / linkers: Cu · Ni · Co · Zr · Zn · various MOF linkers · polymer matrices · carbon nanotube or MXene supports
6 · 2.3. Modification Methods of MOFs
MOFs designed around ligand substitution, hydration or hydrogen-bond networks for proton transport.
Conduction: Proton conductivity is tuned by ligand replacement, hydration environments and dense hydrogen-bond networks.
Representative materials: PCMOF-2 · PCMOF2 1/2 · Zn5FDC · Zr/Hf-MOFs
Nodes / linkers: Zn · Zr · Hf · phenylsulfonic acid · phenylphosphonic acid · fluorene dicarboxylate
7 · 2.4. Construction of Conductive MOFs · Figure 6
MOFs whose electronic transport is combined with proton or ionic transport pathways.
Conduction: Combines electron transfer through conjugated/redox linkers with proton transport via hydration, open sites or acid groups.
Representative materials: Cu3HHTT2 · TTF-phosphonate lanthanum MOF · CuthiaTRX
Nodes / linkers: Cu · La · tetraazanaphthotetraphene · tetrathiafulvalene-phosphonate · sulfur-containing truxene
10 · 2.4. Construction of Conductive MOFs · Figure 7d
Zirconium-node MOFs represented by UiO-66 with terephthalic acid ligands.
Conduction: Functional groups can enhance proton conductivity or gas response; UiO chemistry is emphasised for stability.
Representative materials: UiO-66 · UiO-66-Hf · UiO-66-NH2
Nodes / linkers: Zr · Hf · terephthalic acid · functionalised terephthalates
3 · 2.1. Brief Introduction of MOFs · Figure 2d
Transition-metal imidazolate MOFs with zeolite-like structures.
Conduction: Usually valued for pore structure and chemical resilience rather than intrinsic high conductivity; often combined or modified for sensing.
Representative materials: ZIF-8 · ZIF-7 · ZIF-9 · ZIF-11 · ZIF-12
Nodes / linkers: Zn · transition metals · imidazole ligands · 2-methylimidazole
2 · 2.1. Brief Introduction of MOFs · Figure 2a
Review-level synthesis principles remain separate from primary-study recipes.
Continuous aerosol-assisted processing controls solvent evaporation and precursor residence time to improve crystallinity.
Claimed effects: Review states HKUST-1 crystals gained high crystallinity, clear facets and higher specific surface area.
Controlling variables: evaporation rate · residence time · precursor concentration · tube furnace conditions
Representative materials: HKUST-1
Caveat: The review does not quantify the specific-area improvement in the text.
5 · 2.2. Synthesis Method of MOFs · Figure 3e
Conductive channels are introduced through pi-pi overlap, metal-ligand bond tuning, ligand substitution, hydration, metal-ion intercalation, conductive polymers or dual-conduction linkers.
Claimed effects: Enhances intrinsic electrical or protonic pathways, enabling direct signal readout in flexible sensing.
Controlling variables: ligand electronic structure · metal node · hydration environment · intercalated ion · conductive polymer incorporation · framework disorder
Representative materials: PCMOF2 1/2 · MIL-68-In derivatives · Zn5FDC · CuthiaTRX · Cu3HHTT2 · NU-1000 polymer composite
Caveat: Enhanced conductivity can introduce response cross-talk and interference, highlighted as an outlook issue.
10 · 2.5. Potential of Highly Conductive MOFs in Flexible Sensing
Functional molecules, chemical groups, nanoparticles or metal sites are introduced at MOF active sites to tune response, stability or interface bonding.
Claimed effects: Can improve stability, interfacial bonding, gas/humidity responsiveness or catalytic/redox activity for liquid analytes.
Controlling variables: functional group · metal site · node versus linker modification · surface active-site density
Representative materials: Pd-modified MOF-1 · Cu-CTC · functional-group modified MOFs
Caveat: The review presents broad benefits; primary studies remain needed for specific chemistry-performance tradeoffs.
6 · 2.3. Modification Methods of MOFs · Figure 4b-c
MOFs are grown directly on fabrics, polymers, electrodes or complex substrates to increase analyte contact and preserve flexible-substrate properties.
Claimed effects: Improves contact area, substrate integration, breathability or response speed in flexible devices.
Controlling variables: substrate chemistry · surface activation · growth density · MOF/substrate adhesion · substrate morphology
Representative materials: HKUST-1 on cotton · HKUST-1 on flexible electrode · Cu-HHTP on nanowire arrays
Caveat: Device durability under repeated deformation is identified later as a remaining manufacturing challenge.
6 · 2.3. Modification Methods of MOFs · Figure 5b-d
MOFs are formed using grinding or solid-state reactions, reducing solvent demand and improving synthesis efficiency.
Claimed effects: Review reports HKUST-1 prepared by grinding as water-stable compared with conventional hydrothermal HKUST-1.
Controlling variables: grinding time · solid reactants · liquid-assisted grinding additive · ambient conditions
Representative materials: HKUST-1 · MOF-199
Caveat: Scalability, defect distribution and crystallinity comparisons are not deeply analysed.
5 · 2.2. Synthesis Method of MOFs · Figure 3d
Specific seeds introduced into precursor solution direct growth and suppress impurities of different MOF phases.
Claimed effects: Improves purity of synthesised MOF powders by avoiding phase impurities.
Controlling variables: seed identity · seed concentration · precursor composition · nucleation pathway
Representative materials: pure phase MOF
Caveat: The review treats this as a purity-control strategy rather than a full synthetic protocol.
6 · 2.2. Synthesis Method of MOFs · Figure 3f
Metal salts and ligands react in solvent; the solvent acts as reaction medium and can gradually release active ligand groups to promote ordered framework growth.
Claimed effects: General route for forming MOF frameworks by controlled self-assembly.
Controlling variables: solvent · metal salt · ligand · reaction temperature · reaction time · ligand release rate
Representative materials: generic MOFs · hydrothermal MOF examples
Caveat: The review presents this at conceptual level and does not provide full recipes.
4 · 2.2. Synthesis Method of MOFs · Figure 3a-b
Soft or hard templates guide framework formation and are removed or transformed to leave desired porous structures.
Claimed effects: Enables porous structure control; H-MOF pore size was reported tunable by template amount.
Controlling variables: template type · template amount · surfactant or hard-template identity · removal conditions
Representative materials: H-MOF
Caveat: Template removal and residuals are not discussed in detail in this review.
5 · 2.2. Synthesis Method of MOFs · Figure 3c
These are the review authors’ synthesis, not newly measured results.
Conventional MOFs' poor conductivity limits their use in high-precision flexible mechanical, gas and ionic-environment sensing.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: The review discusses this generally; primary conductivity metrics vary by framework and device architecture.
6 · 2.3. Modification Methods of MOFs
Dual ionic-electronic conductive MOFs are emerging, with gas or hydration changing proton/electron pathways and creating new sensing response modes.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: The review treats the area as recently reported and does not establish long-term stability.
10 · 2.4. Construction of Conductive MOFs
Electronic conduction in MOFs can be improved by metal-node choice, ion intercalation, conductive-polymer connection, amorphization and electric-field alignment.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: Mechanisms and robustness vary across MOF classes; the review does not resolve measurement comparability.
10 · 2.4. Construction of Conductive MOFs · Figure 7
In situ MOF growth and surface functionalisation improve contact area, analyte access and substrate bonding in flexible sensors.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: Manufacturing durability under repeated deformation remains an outlook concern.
6 · 2.3. Modification Methods of MOFs
MOF gas sensors translate adsorption and active-site interactions into changes in resistance/conductance, capacitance, fluorescence, spectrum or surface potential.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: Optical mechanisms often require external acquisition equipment, which complicates integration.
16 · 3.2.1. Brief Description of Sensing Mechanism
Intrinsic conductivity allows MOF sensing units to be read accurately and quickly through electrical signals while retaining porous responsive properties.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: Electrical readout may increase cross-talk in multi-response devices.
10 · 2.5. Potential of Highly Conductive MOFs in Flexible Sensing
Flexible liquid-analyte MOF sensors usually rely on electrochemical mechanisms in which MOF active sites enrich/catalyse analytes and produce current, voltage, conductivity, capacitance or impedance changes.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: Biological-fluid interference and selectivity still require primary-device validation.
18 · 3.3.1. Brief Description of Sensing Mechanism
Commercial wearable MOF sensors require robust interface bonding, deformation-resistant manufacturing and attention to potential allergic or rejection reactions from organic ligands.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: Biocompatibility is raised as a concern, not systematically reviewed.
24 · 4. Conclusion and Outlooks
MOFs are positioned as functionalizable porous frameworks whose size, shape, pore distribution and conductivity can be tuned for flexible sensing needs.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: The review does not quantify tunability across all MOF families.
2 · 1. Introduction
MOFs' multiple response mechanisms enable multi-target or multi-mode flexible sensors without stacking complex structures and can reduce signal decoupling demands.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: The outlook also notes increased conductivity can introduce interference between response mechanisms.
21 · 3.4.1. Brief Description of Sensing Mechanism
Proton-conducting MOFs can be designed through ligand replacement, functional-group engineering, hydration and hydrogen-bond networks.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: The review reports selected examples, not a unified quantitative model for proton transport.
8 · 2.4. Construction of Conductive MOFs · Figure 6
High-precision MOF sensing must differentiate target molecules from size-comparable interferents when porous structures interact with external substances.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: This is a review-level outlook statement rather than a resolved mechanism.
23 · 4. Conclusion and Outlooks
Most MOF-based flexible nanogenerators reviewed use triboelectric mechanisms because porous MOFs provide high surface area and tunable surface properties.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: Piezoelectric MOF examples exist but receive less emphasis.
12 · 3.1.1. Brief Description of Sensing Mechanism
Every row remains visibly secondary and links to a primary dossier only where the mapping is verified.
| Material | Property | Reported value | Context and quality | Primary evidence | Review source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SecondaryBi2S3-MOF paper sensor | H2S detection limit | 0.23 μm over 0–40 μm (as printed) | Flexible multi-mode gas sensor with colour and thermal-imaging outputs; the review prints a 0–40 μm range Text · Uncertain | No verified corpus mapping | 23 · 3.4.2. MOF-Based Flexible Multi-Target/Mode Sensors · Figure 12f |
| SecondaryCo- and Ni-doped MOF-74 on carbon cloth | maximum output voltage | 4500 V and 2.84 mA cm-2 | Hybrid fabric used with diode in TENG manufacturing Text · Rounded Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 12 · 3.1.2. MOF-Based Flexible Self-Powered Mechanical Sensors · Figure 8e |
| SecondaryTi3C2Tx@Cu3(HHTP)2 bionic smart skin | external stimulus recognition accuracy | 97.6% | Machine-learning-assisted pressure and NO2 gas response smart skin Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 21 · 3.4.2. MOF-Based Flexible Multi-Target/Mode Sensors · Figure 12b |
| SecondaryCu3(HHTP)2 composite | electronic conductivity increase under electric-field-regulated alignment | up to 5000 times that of the original | Cu3(HHTP)2 dispersed in insulating oligomers with electric-field-regulated conductive-layer direction Text · Rounded Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 10 · 2.4. Construction of Conductive MOFs |
| SecondaryCu-TCA/TiNC film | resistance change in NO | 124% resistance change in 50 ppm NO; maximum detection limit 140 ppb | Room-temperature flexible NO sensor in wide humidity range Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 18 · 3.2.2. MOF-Based Flexible Gas Sensors · Figure 10f |
| SecondaryCuthiaTRX | proton conductivity | up to 10-2 S cm-1 | Sulfur-containing truxene-based EC-MOF Text · Approximate | No verified corpus mapping | 8 · 2.4. Construction of Conductive MOFs · Figure 6d |
| SecondaryF-containing MOF/PDMS TENG | power density | 52 uW cm-2; 11 times greater than TENG without MOF | KAUST-8/AlFFIVE-1-Ni in PDMS triboelectric pair with Al foil Text · Rounded Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 12 · 3.1.2. MOF-Based Flexible Self-Powered Mechanical Sensors · Figure 8b |
| SecondaryFe-based MOFs | electronic conductivity advantage | at least 5 orders of magnitude higher conductivity | Comparison of 20 MOFs in four structural series Text · Qualitative | research_0221 | 8 · 2.4. Construction of Conductive MOFs · Figure 7a |
| SecondaryMIL-101 | specific surface area | more than 4000 m2 g-1 | MIL series overview Text · Approximate | No verified corpus mapping | 2 · 2.1. Brief Introduction of MOFs |
| Secondaryisostructural MIL-68-In MOFs | proton conductivity | 10-4-10-3 S cm-1 | Five differently functionalised indium-based MIL-68 MOFs Text · Range | No verified corpus mapping | 7 · 2.4. Construction of Conductive MOFs · Figure 6b |
| SecondaryMOF-525/Co-NPC/MXene composite fabric | peak power density | 25.7 W m-2 | Stretchable washable composite-coated TENG fabric Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 15 · 3.1.2. MOF-Based Flexible Self-Powered Mechanical Sensors · Figure 9c |
| SecondaryMOF-5 | specific surface area | more than 3000 m2 g-1 | Historical MOF-5 framework example with H2BDC ligand and zinc nodes Text · Approximate | No verified corpus mapping | 2 · 2.1. Brief Introduction of MOFs |
| SecondaryNi3HHTP2 nanocellulose sweat sensor | vitamin C concentration range | 10-1190 um; correlation coefficient 0.9997; 1 mV working voltage | Wearable sweat sensor for vitamin C and uric acid Text · Range | research_0069 | 19 · 3.3.2. MOF-Based Flexible Liquid Analytes Sensors · Figure 11b |
| SecondaryNi3(HITP)2-MSMC film | pressure sensitivity | 61.61 kPa-1 over 300 kPa; 20 ms response; 1 Pa detection limit | Flexible pressure-temperature dual-function sensor Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 21 · 3.4.2. MOF-Based Flexible Multi-Target/Mode Sensors · Figure 12a |
| SecondaryNi/Co bimetallic MOF nanosheet cortisol patch | cortisol detection limit | 0.032 ng mL-1 over 0.1-100 ng mL-1 | Flexible sweat cortisol patch under mechanical deformation Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 20 · 3.3.2. MOF-Based Flexible Liquid Analytes Sensors · Figure 11d |
| SecondaryNi/Co bimetallic MOF on cotton fabric | glucose sensitivity | 105.2 and 23 uA mM-1 cm-2 over 0.04-3.13 and 3.63-8.28 mM | Flexible electrode for enzyme-free glucose sensing Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 19 · 3.3.2. MOF-Based Flexible Liquid Analytes Sensors · Figure 11c |
| SecondaryPCMOF2 1/2 | proton conductivity increase versus beta-PCMOF-2 | at least two orders of magnitude higher | Ligand substitution in PCMOF-2 family Text · Qualitative | No verified corpus mapping | 7 · 2.4. Construction of Conductive MOFs · Figure 6a |
| SecondaryUiO-66-4F@PDMS | maximum power density | 38.7 W m-2 | Table 1 recent progress in MOF-based flexible nanogenerators and flexible sensors Table · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 15 · 3.1.2. MOF-Based Flexible Self-Powered Mechanical Sensors · Table 1 |
| SecondaryZIF-7/polyimide/ethyl cellulose TENG | output voltage and current | up to 60 V and 1.1 uA | TENG comparison among ZIF-7, ZIF-9, ZIF-11 and ZIF-12 Text · Rounded Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 12 · 3.1.2. MOF-Based Flexible Self-Powered Mechanical Sensors · Figure 8a |
| SecondaryMe4BOPHY-1 in ZIF-8 fluorescent film | gas detection limit | 1.13 ppb | Fluorescent gas sensor; review also reports 3 s response and 19.78% molecular fluorescence efficiency Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 16 · 3.2.2. MOF-Based Flexible Gas Sensors · Figure 10b |
| SecondaryZIF-8 nanofibrous mat | maximum power density | 204.8 mW m-2 | Pressure/friction sensing entry in Table 1 Table · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 15 · 3.1.2. MOF-Based Flexible Self-Powered Mechanical Sensors · Table 1 |
Open questions are presented as review-author priorities, not conclusions from the primary database.
Organic ligands in MOF frameworks may pose allergic or rejection concerns for users.
Proposed direction: Improve structure design and manufacturing to avoid adverse user reactions.
24 · 4. Conclusion and Outlooks
Technical and financial barriers still prevent wider commercial use of MOF-based wearable devices.
Proposed direction: Combine improved materials, manufacturing, lower costs and AI/ML-enhanced data processing for health monitoring.
24 · 4. Conclusion and Outlooks
Stable interface bonding between MOF sensitive materials and flexible substrates remains necessary for practical service life.
Proposed direction: Improve printing and substrate-integration processes that maintain MOF adhesion under deformation.
23 · 4. Conclusion and Outlooks
MOF conductivity remains far behind graphene, limiting direct electrical sensing and high-performance flexible devices.
Proposed direction: Develop better synthesis or modification procedures to improve intrinsic conductivity while preserving porosity.
23 · 4. Conclusion and Outlooks
Frequent deformation and friction can cause performance drift and shortened service life in flexible MOF sensors.
Proposed direction: Develop simple, efficient and stable sensor structures and manufacturing processes.
23 · 4. Conclusion and Outlooks
Porous MOFs must distinguish target molecules from interfering molecules of comparable size to achieve high-precision sensing.
Proposed direction: Advance material design around pore chemistry, active sites and recognition mechanisms.
23 · 4. Conclusion and Outlooks
Higher conductivity provides richer response mechanisms but also creates more interference between sensing channels.
Proposed direction: Find methods to reduce signal crosstalk between different response mechanisms.
23 · 4. Conclusion and Outlooks
Mappings show which printed review references have a verified counterpart in the frozen primary corpus.
| Reference | Study | Role and context | Corpus mapping |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ref. 352020 | Title unavailable | secondary_benchmark · TENGReview cites this work for a fluorinated MOF/PDMS TENG with enhanced voltage, current and power density. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 362024 | Title unavailable | secondary_benchmark · multi_target_sensorReview cites this smart-skin work for independent pressure and NO2 responses and machine-learning classification. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 372023 | Title unavailable | table_benchmark · nanogeneratorTable 1 benchmark for UiO-66-4F@PDMS maximum power density. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 432022 | Title unavailable | secondary_benchmark · liquid_analyte_sensorReview cites this wearable Ni3HHTP2 patch for vitamin C and uric acid sweat sensing. | research_0069 |
| Ref. 442021 | Title unavailable | secondary_benchmark · multi_target_sensorReview cites this Ni3(HITP)2-MSMC film for pressure-temperature dual sensing. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 482022 | Title unavailable | historical_context · mof_overviewReview cites this source while discussing MOF-5 as an early typical MOF structure. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 692022 | Title unavailable | mof_family · porosity_benchmarkReview cites this in Figure 2 for MIL-101 structure and SEM images. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 862016 | Title unavailable | modification_strategyReview cites this Pd node modification example for heterostructure formation and catalytic activity. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 902022 | Title unavailable | substrate_integration · in_situ_growthReview cites this in situ self-growth on cotton fabric example. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 912022 | Title unavailable | substrate_integration · electrodepositionReview cites this in situ electrodeposition example for flexible liquid analyte sensing. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 922021 | Title unavailable | substrate_integration · gas_sensorReview cites this dense Cu-HHTP growth on nanowire arrays for resistive ammonia sensing. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 932022 | Title unavailable | multi_response_sensor · actuatorReview cites this dual-response methanol-driven flexible actuator/sensor based on MIL-88A composite. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 952024 | Title unavailable | conductive_mof_contextReview cites this in arguing that highly conductive MOFs can address signal readout limits in sensing devices. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 982018 | Title unavailable | proton_conduction · secondary_benchmarkReview cites this for proton conductivity enhancement by ligand substitution in PCMOF materials. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 992024 | Title unavailable | proton_conduction · secondary_benchmarkReview cites this for differently functionalised isostructural MIL-68 MOFs with higher proton conductivity. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1032024 | Title unavailable | proton_conduction · hydrationReview cites this for humidity-triggered proton conductivity through reversible water coordination. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1042024 | Title unavailable | proton_conduction · secondary_benchmarkReview cites this sulfur-containing truxene MOF for high proton conductivity. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1082017 | Title unavailable | electronic_conduction · secondary_benchmarkReview cites this comparative study of activation energy and conductivity across 20 MOFs. | research_0221 |
| Ref. 1092017 | Title unavailable | electronic_conduction · intercalationReview cites this Li intercalation work for anisotropic electron hopping and adjustable conductivity. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1102017 | Title unavailable | electronic_conduction · polymer_connectionReview cites this conductive polymer connection at NU-1000 ligand sites for semiconducting-state control. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1112024 | Title unavailable | dual_conduction · gas_responseReview cites this dual ionic-electronic conductive MOF with gas-modulated proton conductivity. | research_0108 |
| Ref. 1132024 | Title unavailable | electronic_conduction · field_alignment · secondary_benchmarkReview cites this electric-field-regulated Cu3(HHTP)2 composite conductivity enhancement. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1142025 | Title unavailable | dual_conductionReview cites Souto group's dual-conductivity TTF-phosphonate lanthanum MOF. | research_0051 |
| Ref. 1332020 | Title unavailable | TENG · secondary_benchmarkReview cites this comparison of ZIF MOFs as TENG triboelectric layers. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1342022 | Title unavailable | TENG · MOF_derivedReview cites this MOF-derived Co-NPC/PVDF nanofiber TENG work. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1352024 | Title unavailable | TENG · ligand_effectReview cites this bimetallic MOF ligand study for TENG performance changes. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1362024 | Title unavailable | TENG · secondary_benchmarkReview cites this in situ Co/Ni-MOF-74 fabric TENG with high voltage/current density. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1392022 | Title unavailable | TENG · secondary_benchmark · wearable_fabricReview cites this stretchable washable composite-coated fabric TENG. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1532024 | Title unavailable | table_benchmark · pressure_friction_sensorTable 1 benchmark for ZIF-8 nanofibrous mat pressure/friction sensing. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1642017 | Title unavailable | gas_sensing_mechanism · conductive_mofReview cites this for oxidising/reducing gas effects on MOF conductivity. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1662018 | Title unavailable | gas_sensing_mechanism · capacitanceReview cites this for capacitance-based gas-concentration sensing with MOFs. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1702024 | Title unavailable | gas_sensor · fluorescence · secondary_benchmarkReview cites this ZIF-8 fluorescent film for gas sensing performance. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1732022 | Title unavailable | gas_sensor · secondary_benchmarkReview cites this Cu-TCA/TiNC NO sensor with UV-tuned structure and resistance response. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1932024 | Title unavailable | liquid_analyte_mechanismReview cites this for MOFs capturing analytes in solution because of porous structures. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1982022 | Title unavailable | liquid_analyte_mechanism · glucoseReview cites this for metal-node catalysis of glucose oxidation in MOF liquid analyte sensing. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 2012022 | Title unavailable | liquid_analyte_sensor · sweat_sodiumReview cites this NiCAT@CNTF sodium sweat sensor and double-layer capacitance enhancement. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 2022023 | Title unavailable | liquid_analyte_sensor · secondary_benchmark · glucoseReview cites this flexible enzyme-free glucose sensor based on Ni/Co bimetallic MOF grown on cotton fabric. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 2032023 | Title unavailable | liquid_analyte_sensor · secondary_benchmark · cortisolReview cites this flexible cortisol patch using Ni/Co bimetallic MOF nanosheets. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 2052024 | Title unavailable | multi_target_sensor · humidity_temperatureReview cites this CuCl2-doped MOF-303 humidity-temperature sensor. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 2062025 | Title unavailable | multi_mode_sensor · secondary_benchmark · H2SReview cites this Bi2S3-MOF flexible sensor for dual color and thermal imaging H2S detection. | Unmapped |