From Structure to Performance: Exploring MOF-Based Electrolytes for Enhanced Sodium-Ion Battery Conductivity

8review sections

6material families

16review claims

12secondary benchmarks

29cited studies

7research gaps

Review scope

Review and rationalise MOF-based electrolytes for sodium-ion and sodium-metal battery systems, emphasising structure-performance links between pore geometry, functional groups, hybridisation, ion transport, dendrite suppression, and interfacial stability.

Coverage: 2013–2025
Category: Review Transport Physics
Material scope: metal-organic framework electrolytes · MOF solid electrolytes · MOF-ionic liquid composites · MOF-polymer composites · functionalised ZIF, UiO, MIL, MOF-74 and HKUST frameworks
Transport scope: Na+ ionic conductivity · activation energy and migration barriers · Na+ transference number · selective ion transport · through-bond and through-space transport concepts · DFT and MD interpretation of ion pathways

Application scope: sodium-ion batteries · all-solid-state sodium metal batteries · solid-state and quasi-solid-state electrolytes · energy storage systems
Explicit exclusions: primary experimental recipe extraction · non-MOF sodium battery electrolytes except as context · exhaustive bibliography transcription
Source: 2 · Introduction
Evidence role: Context, taxonomy and secondary benchmarking

Section map

The review’s argument is preserved as a navigable set of section summaries.

5. Conducting Mechanism

14-15

Focuses on selective Na+ transport, anion exclusion, electronegative functional groups, elevated-temperature gains and the room-temperature bottleneck.

Relevance: Core · 14 · 5. Conducting Mechanism · Figure 8

7. DFT Analysis and 8. Conclusion and Outlook

15-19

Synthesises computational mechanisms and final gaps: room-temperature conductivity, stability, scalable synthesis, in situ/operando characterisation, and predictive design principles.

Relevance: Core · 18 · 8. Conclusion and Outlook · Figure 11

3. Electrolyte

5-6

Sets ideal solid-electrolyte criteria and emphasises conductivity, electronic insulation, stability window, mechanical strength and interfacial compatibility as evaluation dimensions.

Relevance: Core · 6 · 3. Electrolyte · Figure 3

2. Fundamentals of Metal-Organic Framework (MOF)

3-5

Defines MOFs, their four structural levels, synthesis approaches, and intrinsic porosity/functionality as design handles for ion transport.

Relevance: Core · 3 · 2.1. Formation and Design of MOFs · Figure 2

1. Introduction

1-3

Frames SIBs as lower-cost alternatives to LIBs but limited by slow ion transport, cycle stability, and electrolyte interfacial problems; introduces MOFs as porous, tunable and functional host frameworks.

Relevance: Core · 2 · Introduction · Figure 1

2.3. Ionic Conductivity of MOFs

4-5

Reviews OMS, ZIF cages, POM-MOF hopping, IL@MOF pathways, Na/Li size differences, and through-bond versus through-space transport concepts.

Relevance: Core · 5 · 2.3. Ionic Conductivity of MOFs · Figure 2

4. MOFs as Next-Generation Solid Electrolytes for Sodium Batteries

6-13

Organises MOF electrolyte examples into solid MOFs, MOF-IL systems and MOF-polymer composites, with Table 1 comparing secondary benchmarks across frameworks.

Relevance: Core · 13 · 4.3. MOF-Polymer Composites for Enhanced Electrolyte Performance · Table 1

6. MOF Structures and Morphologies

15-16

Links pancake-like particles, octahedral MOFs and 3D fibre networks to contact area, electrolyte retention, dendrite control and channel morphology.

Relevance: Core · 15 · 6. MOF Structures and Morphologies · Figure 9

Taxonomies

Classification systems are attributed to this review and are not treated as a global material registry.

Simulation-Derived Transport DescriptorsAuthor-proposed

Computational descriptors for Na+ mobility

DFT and MD are presented as complementary tools for explaining cation dissociation, guest interactions, transport pathways and conductivity improvements.

Categories: binding energy · adsorption energy · migration energy barrier · mean-squared displacement · electrostatic potential

17 · 7. DFT Analysis · Figure 10

Electrolyte Design RouteAuthor-proposed

MOF electrolyte architecture classes

The review's main organisational taxonomy separates MOF electrolytes by the host/guest or composite strategy used to address conductivity, mechanics and dendrites.

Categories: solid MOF electrolytes · MOF-polymer composites · MOF-ionic liquid hybrids

2 · Introduction · Figure 1b

MOF Family Versus Stability/Transport BalanceAuthor-proposed

Framework-family trade-offs

The review compares framework classes by hydrolytic/thermal robustness, pore size, functionalisation, conductivity and mechanical integration.

Categories: UiO frameworks · ZIF frameworks · MIL frameworks · MOF-74 frameworks · HKUST frameworks

8 · 4.2. MOF-Based Electrolytes with Ionic Liquids (ILs) · Table 1

Hierarchical Formation And Morphology

Four-stage MOF structure formation

The review uses a four-level construction model to distinguish chemically predetermined framework features from external morphology controlled by growth.

Categories: primary units · secondary building units and coordinatively unsaturated sites · inner-framework structure · formation morphology

3 · 2.1. Formation and Design of MOFs · Figure 2a

Charge/Ion Transport Pathway

Through-bond and through-space transport

The review distinguishes covalent/coordination-chain transport from noncovalent or guest-assisted pathways through pores and linker arrangements.

Categories: through-bond transport · through-space transport · guest-assisted ionic transport

5 · 2.3. Ionic Conductivity of MOFs

Material families

Review-defined families retain their representative materials and conduction descriptions.

HKUST-1 copper frameworks

3D Porous Framework, Nanoparticle Filler

Cu-based MOF incorporated as a nano-filler or gel-polymer support for metal battery electrolytes.

Conduction: HKUST-1 in polymer gel electrolytes is interpreted as improving electrolyte integrity, Na deposition uniformity and dendrite suppression.

Representative materials: HKUST-1 · PEO + 5 wt.% HKUST-1 gel electrolyte

Nodes / linkers: Cu · trimesic acid · carboxylate linkers

13 · 4.3. MOF-Polymer Composites for Enhanced Electrolyte Performance · Figure 7

MIL frameworks

3D Porous Framework With Channels Or Cages

Al, Ti or Cr-based MIL structures used as flexible, high-pore-volume electrolyte hosts or morphology-engineered solid electrolytes.

Conduction: MIL channels and functional groups can create ion-exchange sites, large-pore conduction media and morphology-assisted Na+ pathways.

Representative materials: MIL-121 · MIL-101-SO3Na · MIL-125

Nodes / linkers: Al · Cr · Ti · pyromellitic acid · sulfonated linkers · carboxylate linkers

6 · 4.1. MOF as Solid Electrolytes · Figure 4

MOF-74 frameworks

1D Channel Framework

Open-metal-site frameworks with 1D channels explored for Na+ transport and high-conductivity solid electrolyte behaviour.

Conduction: Open metal-active sites and anion-coordinated pathways are described as routes for lowering Na+ migration barriers and raising conductivity.

Representative materials: Na/Mg-MOF-74 · Zn-MOF-74 · Cu-MOF-74

Nodes / linkers: Mg · Zn · Cu · dihydroxyterephthalate-derived linkers

6 · 4.1. MOF as Solid Electrolytes · Table 1

Polyoxometalate-based MOFs

Cluster-Based Porous Framework

POM-based MOFs used in the review to illustrate solvent-assisted hopping and multiple cation diffusion pathways.

Conduction: Li+ hopping within and between POM clusters and solvated diffusion via propylene carbonate provide a transferable mechanistic analogy for MOF-based ion transport.

Representative materials: MOF-688(Mn) · MOF-688(Al)

Nodes / linkers: Mn · Al · polyoxometalate clusters

5 · 2.3. Ionic Conductivity of MOFs · Figure 2b

UiO-type zirconium frameworks

3D Porous Framework

Zr-O coordinated UiO-66 derivatives used as robust host frameworks for IL ionogels and sulfonated quasi-solid electrolytes.

Conduction: Functionalised linkers and impregnated ionic liquids tune porosity, hydrogen bonding and Na+ transport, while Zr-O coordination confers hydrolytic and thermal stability.

Representative materials: UiO-66 · UiO-66-NH2 · UiO-66-(OH)2 · UIOSNa

Nodes / linkers: Zr · terephthalate derivatives · amino-functionalised linkers · hydroxyl-functionalised linkers · sulfonated linkers

8 · 4.2. MOF-Based Electrolytes with Ionic Liquids (ILs) · Figure 6

ZIF-type frameworks

3D Porous Framework Or Glassy Derivative

Zeolitic imidazolate frameworks with cage or subnanopore structures used to host salts, polymers or ionic liquids.

Conduction: Cage/nanopore confinement and cation-dipole or Lewis acid-base interactions can organise Na+ pathways and immobilise anions, but narrow pores may penalise Na+ more than Li+.

Representative materials: ZIF-8 · ZIF-67 · ZIF-62 glass · S-IL@ZIF-8

Nodes / linkers: Zn · Co · imidazolate linkers · functionalised imidazolate environments

8 · 4.2. MOF-Based Electrolytes with Ionic Liquids (ILs) · Table 1

Synthesis strategies

Review-level synthesis principles remain separate from primary-study recipes.

Electrochemical MOF synthesis

Introduces metal ions by anodic dissolution in a linker/electrolyte solution rather than adding metal salts directly.

Claimed effects: Avoids corrosive salt byproducts and is described as efficient and industrially relevant.

Controlling variables: applied voltage · metal electrode · organic linker · electrolyte · solvent

Representative materials: HKUST-1

Caveat: The review gives strategy-level benefits; extraction does not infer electrolyte properties from synthesis method alone.

4 · 2.2. Synthesis Strategies and Key Factors Influencing MOFs Formation

Functional group engineering

Introduces polar or electronegative groups that modify Lewis acid-base interactions, anion immobilisation and selective Na+ migration.

Claimed effects: Can lower ion migration barriers, increase transference numbers, improve redox stability and promote dendrite suppression.

Controlling variables: amino groups · hydroxyl groups · sulfonate groups · carbonyl groups · open metal sites

Representative materials: UiO-66-NH2 · UiO-66-(OH)2 · MIL-125 PLM · PEGMEM-co-SSS@ZIF-8

Caveat: Strong Na+ interactions with functional groups can also hinder bulk transport if pore chemistry is not balanced.

14 · 5. Conducting Mechanism · Figure 8

Partial amorphisation and glassy MOFs

Uses ball milling or melt-quenching to create partially amorphous or glassy MOF hosts with modified open metal sites and solvent/anion binding.

Claimed effects: May slow IL exudation, stabilise ionogels and lower Na+ diffusion barriers relative to crystalline analogues.

Controlling variables: ball-milling extent · melt-quenching · nitrogen vacancies · Zn coordination · guest solvent uptake

Representative materials: S-IL@ZIF-8 · glassy ZIF-62

Caveat: Presented as promising but comparatively sparse; systematic design principles are not yet established.

17 · 7. DFT Analysis

Ionic-liquid infiltration into MOF pores

Fills or impregnates MOF pores with ILs and sodium salts to create ion-conducting composites that combine porous structure with IL transport.

Claimed effects: Can raise ionic conductivity, reduce impedance, stabilise interfaces and suppress dendrites, but may add cost, scaling and environmental concerns.

Controlling variables: pore filling fraction · ionic liquid cation and anion · sodium salt · MOF pore size · functional group chemistry

Representative materials: MIL-101-SO3Na · UIOSNa · UiO-66 ionogels · S-IL@ZIF-8

Caveat: Review notes scalability, cost and long-term environmental-impact concerns for MOF-IL approaches.

8 · 4.2. MOF-Based Electrolytes with Ionic Liquids (ILs) · Figures 5-6

Microwave-assisted MOF synthesis

Uses microwave irradiation under hydrothermal conditions to accelerate heating, crystallisation and nanosized particle formation.

Claimed effects: Rapid production of uniform nanocrystals with high phase purity.

Controlling variables: polar solvent · microwave frequency · sealed vessel conditions · substrate mixture

Representative materials: general MOFs

Caveat: Discussed as a synthesis strategy rather than a recipe; no direct SIB performance benchmark is extracted from this passage.

4 · 2.2. Synthesis Strategies and Key Factors Influencing MOFs Formation

Polymer-in-MOF and MOF-supported polymer electrolytes

Confines polymer electrolyte segments within MOF nanopores or disperses MOFs as fillers in gel/polymer matrices.

Claimed effects: Enhances Na+ transference, ordered migration channels, mechanical robustness, cycling retention and dendrite suppression.

Controlling variables: MOF loading · polymer segment confinement · Lewis acid-base interactions · filler distribution · mechanical flexibility

Representative materials: PEGMEM-co-SSS@ZIF-8 · HKUST-1/PEO CGPE · ZIF-67@PAN ATFPE

Caveat: Hybridisation improves interfacial stability but can add synthesis complexity and reduce accessible porosity.

13 · 4.3. MOF-Polymer Composites for Enhanced Electrolyte Performance · Figure 7

Review claims

These are the review authors’ synthesis, not newly measured results.

Author InterpretationHigh supportConsensus

DFT and MD are portrayed as necessary for converting scattered case studies into structure-property rules for Na+ dissociation, migration and guest-framework interactions.

Evidence basis: review_reasoning

Caveat: The review acknowledges that sodium-specific systematic studies remain scarce.

17 · 7. DFT Analysis · Figure 10

DescriptiveMedium supportTransport Mechanism

Electronegative functional groups such as carbonyl groups are described as creating anion-repelling regions that increase Na+ selectivity and transference.

Evidence basis: single_reference

Caveat: The underlying evidence is from a specific pancake-like MOF electrolyte, not a universal measurement across all MOFs.

14 · 5. Conducting Mechanism · Figure 8a

DescriptiveMedium supportTransport Mechanism

In IL@UiO-67-MIMS, ordered interactions between the crystalline ionic liquid and zwitterionic MOF framework are interpreted as forming continuous Na+ conduction pathways.

Evidence basis: single_reference

Caveat: The high benchmark is at elevated temperature and should not be generalised to room-temperature MOF electrolytes.

5 · 2.3. Ionic Conductivity of MOFs · Figure 2c

Author InterpretationHigh supportCaveat

MOF-IL systems can improve conductivity and stability but the review flags scalability, cost and long-term environmental impact as unresolved practical concerns.

Evidence basis: single_reference

Caveat: The caveat is from review discussion of one IL-MOF class and may not apply equally to all MOF hybrids.

8 · 4.2. MOF-Based Electrolytes with Ionic Liquids (ILs) · Figure 5

DescriptiveMedium supportMaterial Comparison

MIL-121/Na+ soaking electrolyte is interpreted as outperforming the Li+ counterpart at elevated temperatures because of MOF-electrolyte interactions and ion-conducting carboxylate functionality.

Evidence basis: single_reference

Caveat: Benchmark is a secondary review interpretation of the cited study; original conditions should be checked before quantitative comparison.

6 · 4.1. MOF as Solid Electrolytes · Figure 4

Author InterpretationHigh supportStructure Property Link

The review interprets MOF electrolyte performance through a structure-performance framework in which pore geometry governs ionic conductivity, functional groups govern ion selectivity, and framework flexibility affects cycling stability.

Evidence basis: review_reasoning

Caveat: This is the review authors' synthesis, not a single original experiment.

1 · Abstract

Consensus SummaryHigh supportApplication Relevance

MOF-based electrolytes are presented as candidates to address SIB bottlenecks of low conductivity, dendrite formation and poor electrode-electrolyte compatibility.

Evidence basis: multi_reference

Caveat: The claim is broad and relies on review interpretation across different electrolyte types.

2 · Introduction

Consensus SummaryMedium supportStructure Property Link

Morphology-engineered MOFs are presented as improving ion transport, interfacial contact, electrolyte retention and dendrite control.

Evidence basis: multi_reference

Caveat: Examples differ in material class and battery configuration, so morphology should be treated as a design theme rather than a single variable.

15 · 6. MOF Structures and Morphologies · Figure 9

Author InterpretationHigh supportTransport Mechanism

Mechanistic lessons from Li-MOF electrolytes are only partly transferable to Na systems because Na+ has a larger ionic radius, different Lewis acidity and different desolvation behaviour.

Evidence basis: multi_reference

Caveat: The review warns that Na-based MOFs require larger or more flexible channels than Li-focused analogues.

5 · 2.3. Ionic Conductivity of MOFs

Author InterpretationHigh supportCaveat

The review concludes that pore size, topology and surface chemistry govern conductivity and stability, but universal design principles for MOF electrolyte selection are still absent.

Evidence basis: review_reasoning

Caveat: Useful for thesis gap framing but should not be treated as a quantitative conclusion.

18 · 8. Conclusion and Outlook · Figure 11

Consensus SummaryMedium supportTransport Mechanism

Open metal sites and Lewis acid-base interactions can immobilise anions or solvent species and thereby increase mobile cation flux.

Evidence basis: multi_reference

Caveat: Most examples in this subsection are Li-oriented; Na-specific design still needs separate validation.

4 · 2.3. Ionic Conductivity of MOFs

DescriptiveHigh supportStructure Property Link

Polymer-in-MOF confinement, exemplified by PEGMEM-co-SSS@ZIF-8, is interpreted as weakening Na+ coordination and creating ordered migration channels.

Evidence basis: single_reference

Caveat: Performance depends on uniform MOF integration; mechanically mixed ZIF-8 is described as inferior.

13 · 4.3. MOF-Polymer Composites for Enhanced Electrolyte Performance · Figure 7

DescriptiveMedium supportTransport Mechanism

POM-based MOFs are used to illustrate solvent-assisted hopping, where propylene carbonate screens cations from the anionic framework and facilitates intercluster transport.

Evidence basis: single_reference

Caveat: The cited mechanism is for Li+ in POM-MOFs and is used as a mechanistic analogue for sodium discussions.

5 · 2.3. Ionic Conductivity of MOFs · Figure 2b

Consensus SummaryHigh supportCaveat

The review repeatedly identifies poor room-temperature performance as a major bottleneck despite high conductivity at elevated temperatures.

Evidence basis: review_reasoning

Caveat: This is a review-level generalisation across a heterogeneous literature.

14 · 5. Conducting Mechanism

Author InterpretationHigh supportMeasurement Interpretation

The review defines practical solid-electrolyte targets as high room-temperature ionic conductivity, very low electronic conductivity, wide stability window, chemical/interfacial compatibility, safety, thermal stability and mechanical robustness.

Evidence basis: multi_reference

Caveat: These are review-level performance criteria, not a standardised testing protocol.

6 · 3. Electrolyte

Author InterpretationHigh supportMaterial Comparison

UiO-66 is framed as hydrolytically and thermally robust, while ZIF-8 offers higher porosity and tunable Na+ mobility but poorer humid or aqueous stability.

Evidence basis: multi_reference

Caveat: This is a cross-family review synthesis rather than a direct head-to-head experiment.

8 · 4.2. MOF-Based Electrolytes with Ionic Liquids (ILs) · Table 1

Secondary benchmarks

Every row remains visibly secondary and links to a primary dossier only where the mapping is verified.

Material	Property	Reported value	Context and quality	Primary evidence	Review source
SecondaryCu-MOF-74 Na+ migration pathways	Na+ migration energy barrier	0.36 eV for ClO4- coordinated pathway versus 0.82 eV for O hollow-node pathway	DFT-calculated pathway comparison in Cu-based MOF channel Text · Exact Reported	No verified corpus mapping	17 · 7. DFT Analysis · Figure 10f
Secondaryglassy ZIF-62 quasi-solid-state electrolyte	ionic conductivity	1.18 x 10-4 S cm-1 at 30 C	30 C; glassy ZIF-62 quasi-solid-state electrolyte Text · Exact Reported	No verified corpus mapping	17 · 7. DFT Analysis
SecondaryHKUST-1 (Cu-based) polymer gel electrolyte	ionic conductivity	3.48 mS cm-1 at room temperature	Room temperature; Na metal anodes and Na3V2(PO4)3 cathodes in review Table 1 Table · Exact Reported	research_0058	11 · 4.3. MOF-Polymer Composites for Enhanced Electrolyte Performance · Table 1
SecondaryNa/Mg-MOF-74	ionic conductivity	0.853 mS cm-1 at 70 C	70 C; Na anode and Na3V2(PO4)3 cathode context in review Table 1 Table · Exact Reported	No verified corpus mapping	11 · 4. MOFs as Next-Generation Solid Electrolytes for Sodium Batteries · Table 1
SecondaryMIL-101-SO3Na functionalised with [Emim][BF4]	ionic conductivity	13.2 mS cm-1 at 150 C	150 C; not-specified electrode context in review Table 1 Table · Exact Reported	No verified corpus mapping	12 · 4.2. MOF-Based Electrolytes with Ionic Liquids (ILs) · Table 1 (continued)
SecondaryMIL-125 pancake-like MOF electrolyte	ionic conductivity	0.660 mS cm-1 at room temperature	Room temperature; Na0.44MnO2/Na context in review Table 1 Table · Exact Reported	No verified corpus mapping	12 · 5. Conducting Mechanism · Table 1 (continued)
SecondaryUiO-66, UiO-66-NH2 and UiO-66-(OH)2 ionogels	ionic conductivity	0.3 mS cm-1 at 20 C	20 C; not-specified electrode context in review Table 1 Table · Exact Reported	No verified corpus mapping	11 · 4.2. MOF-Based Electrolytes with Ionic Liquids (ILs) · Table 1
SecondaryUIOSNa	ionic conductivity	0.36 mS cm-1 at ambient temperature	Ambient temperature; Na metal/Na3Ni1.5TeO6 context in review Table 1 Table · Exact Reported	No verified corpus mapping	12 · 4.2. MOF-Based Electrolytes with Ionic Liquids (ILs) · Table 1 (continued)
SecondaryZIF-67@PAN ATFPE	ionic conductivity	0.110 mS cm-1 at 60 C	60 C; Na/Na3V2(PO4)3 configuration in review Table 1 Table · Exact Reported	No verified corpus mapping	11 · 4.3. MOF-Polymer Composites for Enhanced Electrolyte Performance · Table 1
SecondaryZIF-8 polymer-in-MOF electrolyte	ionic conductivity and Na+ transference number	0.401 mS cm-1; tNa+ 0.87 at 90 C	90 C; Na anode/NVP cathode context in review Table 1 Table · Exact Reported	No verified corpus mapping	11 · 4.3. MOF-Polymer Composites for Enhanced Electrolyte Performance · Table 1
SecondaryPEGMEM-co-SSS@ZIF-8	Na+ diffusion coefficient improvement	5.15 x 10-3 versus 0.12 x 10-3; about 43 times higher	MD mean-squared displacement comparison against PEGMEM-co-SSS Text · Approximate	No verified corpus mapping	17 · 7. DFT Analysis · Figure 10c-d
SecondaryZn-MOF-74	ionic conductivity	3.1 mS cm-1 at 70 C	70 C; Na/Na configuration in review Table 1 Table · Exact Reported	research_0671	11 · 4. MOFs as Next-Generation Solid Electrolytes for Sodium Batteries · Table 1

Research gaps

Open questions are presented as review-author priorities, not conclusions from the primary database.

Dendrite suppression and interfaces

High

Uniform particle distribution, dendrite prevention and robust electrode-electrolyte interfaces remain unresolved practical barriers.

Proposed direction: Optimise hybrid electrode components, structural stabilisers and functionalised interfaces.

18 · 8. Conclusion and Outlook · Figure 11b

Dynamic mechanism observation

Medium

Most studies still rely on ex situ techniques that may miss dynamic interfacial reactions and storage mechanisms.

Proposed direction: Integrate in situ and operando characterisation with DFT/MD modelling.

18 · 8. Conclusion and Outlook

Room-temperature conductivity

High

Many MOF-based electrolytes reach high conductivity only at elevated temperature, while room-temperature performance remains inadequate.

Proposed direction: Lower migration barriers through functionalised MOFs, polymer-MOF hybrids and ionic-liquid composites.

18 · 8. Conclusion and Outlook · Figure 11

Sodium-specific computational coverage

Medium

DFT and MD examples for sodium MOF electrolytes remain sparse beyond a few systems such as PEGMEM-co-SSS@ZIF-8, ZIF-62 and Cu-MOF-74.

Proposed direction: Broaden systematic DFT and MD investigations across diverse MOF families.

17 · 7. DFT Analysis

Stability and scalable preparation

High

MOF electrolytes face high synthesis costs, insufficient long-term chemical/electrochemical stability and scale-up challenges.

Proposed direction: Develop cost-effective, scalable synthesis routes and robust electrode-electrolyte interfaces without sacrificing performance.

19 · 8. Conclusion and Outlook

Structure-property understanding

High

The mechanistic roles of pore size, metal sites, ligands and morphology in composite-electrolyte performance are still not fully understood.

Proposed direction: Combine theoretical calculations, advanced characterisation and high-throughput screening to reveal structure-property relations.

18 · 8. Conclusion and Outlook

Predictive design rules

High

The field lacks universal design principles linking pore topology, surface chemistry, guest species and interfacial stability.

Proposed direction: Use systematic DFT/MD studies and high-throughput screening to establish predictive guidelines for rational material selection.

18 · 8. Conclusion and Outlook

Cited-study map

Mappings show which printed review references have a verified counterpart in the frozen primary corpus.

Show 29 cited-study records

Reference	Study	Role and context	Corpus mapping
Ref. 372025	Title unavailable	context_mof_electrolytesCited in the introduction for MOF-based systems addressing traditional electrolyte bottlenecks.	Unmapped
Ref. 382024	Title unavailable	transport_mechanism · open_metal_sitesSupports the claim that OMS/Lewis acid-base interactions can immobilise anions and increase cation mobility.	Unmapped
Ref. 392025	Title unavailable	context_mof_electrolytesPart of the introductory citation cluster supporting MOF electrolyte relevance for safer and more efficient SIBs.	Unmapped
Ref. 402024	Title unavailable	context_mof_electrolytesPart of the introductory citation cluster for MOF-based SIB electrolyte potential.	Unmapped
Ref. 432022	Title unavailable	synthesis_strategyCited in synthesis discussion and for broad electrolyte criteria.	Unmapped
Ref. 452022	Title unavailable	transport_mechanism · benchmark_contextUsed for ordered ionic-liquid/MOF Na+ conduction pathway and elevated-temperature conductivity.	Unmapped
Ref. 692022	Title unavailable	transport_mechanism · simulationCited for POM-MOF solvent-assisted hopping pathways.	Unmapped
Ref. 842024	Title unavailable	zif_transport · open_metal_sitesCited for ZIF cage/subnanopore transport features and Lewis acid sites restricting larger anions.	Unmapped
Ref. 852023	Title unavailable	multication_transportCited for a Cu(II)-azolate MOF supporting Li+, Na+ and Mg2+ conduction through neutral/anionic phase transitions.	Unmapped
Ref. 872020	Title unavailable	na_li_comparisonCited for Na+ versus Li+ ionic radius and pore-size implications.	Unmapped
Ref. 882025	Title unavailable	na_li_comparisonCited for Lewis acidity, Stokes radius and enhanced conductivity in sodium-based electrolytes.	Unmapped
Ref. 892024	Title unavailable	na_li_comparisonCited with Ref. 88 for sodium electrolyte transport distinctions from lithium systems.	Unmapped
Ref. 902025	Title unavailable	na_desolvationCited for lower Na+ desolvation energy relative to Li+ and faster interfacial charge-transfer argument.	research_0860
Ref. 992025	Title unavailable	solid_electrolyte_criteriaCited for ideal solid-electrolyte properties, including high ionic and low electronic conductivity.	Unmapped
Ref. 1002019	Title unavailable	solid_electrolyte_criteriaCited for electrochemical stability window requirements in sodium solid electrolytes.	Unmapped
Ref. 1012020	Title unavailable	solid_electrolyte_criteriaCited alongside Ref. 100 for stability-window and interfacial requirements.	Unmapped
Ref. 1022021	Title unavailable	transport_benchmark · solid_electrolyteUsed for MIL-121 Na+ soaking electrolyte conductivity and activation-energy reduction.	Unmapped
Ref. 1032024	Title unavailable	transport_benchmark · solid_electrolyteUsed for Mg-MOF-74/Na benchmark conductivity and open metal site interpretation.	Unmapped
Ref. 1042020	Title unavailable	transport_benchmark · ionic_liquid_mofUsed for IL-filled MIL-101-SO3Na conductivity and impedance discussion.	Unmapped
Ref. 1062021	Title unavailable	transport_benchmark · ionic_liquid_mofUsed for sodium sulfonic UiO-66 MOF plus NaTFSI/Bmpyr-TFSI quasi-solid electrolyte benchmark.	Unmapped
Ref. 1072022	Title unavailable	transport_benchmark · functionalised_uio · ionic_liquid_mofUsed for functionalised UiO-66 ionogels and linker effects on conductivity.	Unmapped
Ref. 1082020	Title unavailable	transport_benchmark · amorphisation · ionic_liquid_mofUsed for partial amorphisation of IL-impregnated ZIF-8 and room-temperature sodium ion conductivity.	Unmapped
Ref. 1092024	Title unavailable	transport_benchmark · polymer_mof · simulationUsed for polymer-in-MOF SICSPE conductivity, Na+ transference, cycling, DFT/MD mechanism and diffusion improvement.	Unmapped
Ref. 1102021	Title unavailable	transport_benchmark · polymer_mof · dendrite_suppressionUsed for HKUST-1 supported gel polymer electrolyte, mechanical flexibility and dendrite suppression.	research_0058
Ref. 1112021	Title unavailable	transport_benchmark · selective_transport · morphologyUsed for pancake-like MOF selective Na+ transport, morphology, conductivity and anion-repulsion mechanism.	Unmapped
Ref. 1142023	Title unavailable	transport_benchmark · polymer_mof · morphologyUsed for 3D fibre-network polymer electrolyte morphology and ZIF-67 transport channel discussion.	Unmapped
Ref. 1152023	Title unavailable	transport_benchmarkSelected because Table 1 reports a high Zn-MOF-74 secondary benchmark.	research_0671
Ref. 1162024	Title unavailable	transport_mechanism · simulation · nanoconfinementUsed for Cu-based MOF nanoconfinement and DFT energy-barrier comparison of Na+ pathways.	Unmapped
Ref. 1202025	Title unavailable	transport_benchmark · simulation · glassy_mofUsed for glassy ZIF-62 nitrogen-vacancy channels, lowered migration barriers and quasi-solid-state electrolyte benchmark.	Unmapped