HUO Ran, ZHANG Zhaohui, SU Xi et al. · Chinese Journal of Inorganic Chemistry · 2024
Mini-review of recent multivariate two-dimensional conjugated MOFs constructed from multiple ligands or multiple metal nodes, with emphasis on design strategies, transport-related structure-property effects, electrocatalysis, energy storage and sensing.
The review’s argument is preserved as a navigable set of section summaries.
Covers mixed-linker strategies: C3-symmetric hydroxyl ligands, mixed coordination motifs and solid-solution linkers that tune conductivity, porosity, sensing and HER activity.
Relevance: Core · 2067-2068 · 2.1 Hetero-organic ligand strategy
Covers heterometal and bimetal strategies, including metal-ratio alloys, postsynthetic heterodimetal sites and phthalocyanine/porphyrin architectures that influence carrier concentration, bandgap, conductivity and electrocatalytic selectivity.
Relevance: Core · 2069 · 2.2 Heterometal strategy
Defines 2D c-MOFs, introduces pi-d conjugated networks and motivates multivariate ligand/metal incorporation as a way to tune carrier transport and physicochemical properties.
Relevance: Core · 2063-2064 · 0 Introduction
Summarises synergistic amplification in MTV 2D c-MOFs and lists major gaps: poor crystallinity, single-crystal need, powder device integration, defective films, stability and metal-linker matching.
Relevance: Core · 2072 · 3 Summary and outlook
Introduces three-component MTV 2D c-MOFs as frameworks that incorporate multiple metals or ligands while often preserving the MOF backbone, but flags synthesis of well-defined structures as challenging.
Relevance: Core · 2067 · 2 Three-component 2D c-MOFs
Reviews conventional two-component 2D c-MOFs and uses ligand geometry, metal identity and redox-active centres to explain differences in morphology, pores, conductivity, electrochemistry and charge transport.
Relevance: Core · 2065 · 1 Two-component 2D c-MOFs
Classification systems are attributed to this review and are not treated as a global material registry.
The review contrasts conventional metal-plus-ligand 2D c-MOFs with multivariate three-component systems that add either a second organic ligand or a second metal node.
Categories: Two-component 2D c-MOFs · Three-component MTV 2D c-MOFs
2064 · 0 Introduction · Fig. 1
The review distinguishes metal-ratio tuning from architectures such as metallophthalocyanine and metalloporphyrin frameworks that impose clearer metal-centre arrangements.
Categories: Statistical metal-ratio alloys · Postsynthetic heterodimetal dual sites · Ligand-defined exact metal-centre arrangements
2071 · 2.2 Heterometal strategy
Three-component MTV 2D c-MOFs are organised into one-metal/multiple-ligand frameworks and one-ligand/multiple-metal frameworks.
Categories: Hetero-organic ligand strategy · Heterometal strategy
2067 · 2 Three-component 2D c-MOFs
For two-component 2D c-MOFs the review frames charge transport as chemically tunable by ligand, linkage, stacking and metal-centre choices.
Categories: Ligand geometry and substituent count · Linkage type · Interlayer stacking and arrangement · Metal identity and valence
2065 · 1 Two-component 2D c-MOFs
Review-defined families retain their representative materials and conduction descriptions.
Two-component copper catecholate frameworks built from c-HBC ligands with different symmetry and catechol coordination counts.
Conduction: More metal coordination centres and continuous pi stacking shorten charge-transport paths and improve conductivity.
Representative materials: c-HBC-6O-Cu · c-HBC-8O-Cu · c-HBC-12O-Cu
Nodes / linkers: Cu · catechol-functionalised hexabenzocoronene
2065 · 1 Two-component 2D c-MOFs
HAB-derived conductive MOFs with Cu or Ni nodes and redox-active ligand charge storage.
Conduction: Reversible ligand redox contributes pseudocapacitance; postsynthetic Cu/Sn sites modify electrocatalytic selectivity.
Representative materials: Cu-HAB · Ni-HAB · CuSn-HAB
Nodes / linkers: Cu · Ni · Sn · hexaminobenzene · amine-linked conjugated ligands
2066 · 1 Two-component 2D c-MOFs
Bimetallic catecholate/HHTP frameworks where Co/Ni ratio changes ORR behaviour and porosity.
Conduction: Balances active Co centres, carrier transport efficiency and ORR pathways.
Representative materials: Co0.27Ni0.73-HHTP · Co-HHTP · Ni-HHTP · M3HITP2 Ni/Co series
Nodes / linkers: Co · Ni · HHTP · catecholate/HITP-related ligands
2070 · 2.2 Heterometal strategy
Hetero-organic ligand Cu framework combining HHTP and THQ linkers.
Conduction: Conductivity is interpreted through changed through-bond and through-space pathways and a lowered baseline useful for chemiresistive sensing.
Representative materials: Cu3(HHTP)(THQ) · Cu3(HHTP)2 · Cu3(THQ)2
Nodes / linkers: Cu · HHTP · tetrahydroxybenzoquinone
2067-2068 · 2.1 Hetero-organic ligand strategy
Nitrogen-rich HHTQ frameworks where Cu or Ni coordination creates MO4 sites in a 2D lattice.
Conduction: Presented mainly through electrocatalytic charge-transfer dependence on metal centres and organic linkers.
Representative materials: Cu3(HHTQ)2 · Ni3(HHTQ)2
Nodes / linkers: Cu · Ni · tricycloquinazoline · nitrogen-rich conjugated ligands
2066 · 1 Two-component 2D c-MOFs
M3(HITP)2 and mixed-metal (MxM'3-x)(HITP)2 alloys with Co, Ni and Cu nodes.
Conduction: Metal ratio tunes conductivity over four orders of magnitude while preserving isostructural frameworks.
Representative materials: Ni3(HITP)2 · Co3(HITP)2 · Cu3(HITP)2 · (Co2.47Cu0.53)(HITP)2
Nodes / linkers: Co · Ni · Cu · hexaiminotriphenylene
2069-2070 · 2.2 Heterometal strategy
Layered conjugated frameworks connecting Cu/Zn phthalocyanine ligands through distinct secondary metal coordination centres.
Conduction: Separates CO2RR catalytic and proton/electron-transfer functions between ZnO4 and CuN4 units.
Representative materials: PcCu-O8-Zn · PcZn-O8-Cu · PcCu-O8-Cu · PcZn-O8-Zn
Nodes / linkers: Cu · Zn · metallophthalocyanine
2071-2072 · 2.2 Heterometal strategy
Bimetal framework combining Ni porphyrin cores with Co coordination centres for electrochemical sensing.
Conduction: NiN4 creates an electron-deficient ligand environment and higher-valence Co-COO centres, improving detection response.
Representative materials: TCPP(Ni)-Co · TCPP-Co · TCPP-Ni
Nodes / linkers: Ni · Co · tetracarboxyphenylporphyrin
2072 · 2.2 Heterometal strategy
Dual-ligand cobalt framework formed from thiol and amine triphenylene ligands to create CoS2N2 coordination centres.
Conduction: Discussed in terms of coordination-centre electronic structure improving HER adsorption/desorption kinetics.
Representative materials: THTA-Co · THA-Co · THT-Co
Nodes / linkers: Co · hexathiol triphenylene · hexaamino triphenylene
2068-2069 · 2.1 Hetero-organic ligand strategy
Review-level synthesis principles remain separate from primary-study recipes.
Combine two compatible hydroxylated C3 ligands with Cu2+ to form a hetero-organic 2D framework.
Claimed effects: Modulates conductivity and porosity via through-bond and through-space pathway changes.
Controlling variables: ligand compatibility · ligand redox activity · Cu coordination · stacking geometry
Representative materials: Cu3(HHTP)(THQ)
Caveat: The review notes broader control of intended 2D c-MOF structure remains challenging.
2067 · 2.1 Hetero-organic ligand strategy
Tune the ratio of two metals in an isostructural 2D c-MOF alloy.
Claimed effects: Changes carrier concentration, bandgap and conductivity; can tune ORR activity/selectivity.
Controlling variables: metal identity · metal ratio · isostructural retention · d-p orbital matching
Representative materials: (MxM'3-x)(HITP)2 · Ni/Co HITP2 series
Caveat: Metal-ratio tuning may change properties without precisely ordering metal sites.
2069-2071 · 2.2 Heterometal strategy
Use metallophthalocyanine or metalloporphyrin ligands whose internal metal centres combine with secondary coordination nodes.
Claimed effects: Addresses random metal distribution and separates catalytic and charge-transfer functions.
Controlling variables: macrocyclic metal · secondary metal node · coordination functional groups · metal-centre placement
Representative materials: PcM-O8-M1 · TCPP(Ni)-Co
Caveat: The review treats this as a solution to metal-arrangement control, but still lists structure determination as a broader challenge.
2071 · 2.2 Heterometal strategy
Simultaneously coordinate thiol and amine triphenylene ligands to one metal to create a mixed donor CoS2N2 site.
Claimed effects: Creates HER-active coordination environments with improved hydrogen adsorption/desorption kinetics.
Controlling variables: thiol ligand · amine ligand · metal donor environment · graphene composite context
Representative materials: THTA-Co
Caveat: The review discusses catalytic performance, not a general conductivity benchmark.
2068 · 2.1 Hetero-organic ligand strategy
Introduce multiple functionalised organic linkers of similar length into one framework and control their ratios during synthesis.
Claimed effects: Produces non-segregated multivariate frameworks and can create synergistic adsorption or property changes.
Controlling variables: linker identity · linker ratio · functional group distribution
Representative materials: MTV-MOF-5 derivatives
Caveat: Presented as historical MTV-MOF precedent rather than specific 2D c-MOF recipe.
2064 · 0 Introduction
Modify a parent framework after synthesis to create asymmetric heteronuclear dual metal sites.
Claimed effects: Introduces tandem catalytic sites for asymmetric C-C coupling and multicarbon CO2RR product selectivity.
Controlling variables: postsynthetic metal insertion · dual-site asymmetry · bridging atom environment
Representative materials: CuSn-HAB
Caveat: Extracted as a design concept; detailed postsynthetic conditions are not captured.
2070-2071 · 2.2 Heterometal strategy
Use a solid-solution approach to vary the fraction of two linkers within the framework rather than physically mixing end-member MOFs.
Claimed effects: Increasing HAB ratio raises conductivity by more than three orders of magnitude, unlike physical mixtures.
Controlling variables: HAB fraction · TATHB fraction · solid-solution formation
Representative materials: Cu3(HAB)x(TATHB)2-x
Caveat: Evidence is secondary and specific to the cited solid-solution system.
2068 · 2.1 Hetero-organic ligand strategy
These are the review authors’ synthesis, not newly measured results.
Asymmetric Sn-Cu dual sites in CuSn-HAB are interpreted as tandem catalytic sites that promote asymmetric C-C coupling and multicarbon CO2RR selectivity.
Evidence basis: single_reference
Caveat: Secondary interpretation of the cited CO2RR study.
2071 · 2.2 Heterometal strategy
2D c-MOFs are 2D materials assembled from multidentate ortho-functionalised conjugated ligands and transition-metal ions into atomically ordered, graphene-like planar networks.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: Definition is the review's framing, not a universal standardisation statement.
2063 · 0 Introduction
The review attributes improved low-concentration NH3 sensitivity in Cu3(HHTP)(THQ) thick films to a lowered conductivity baseline, which makes small adsorption-induced charge transfers more visible.
Evidence basis: single_reference
Caveat: Chemiresistive interpretation is secondary and device-geometry dependent.
2068 · 2.1 Hetero-organic ligand strategy
Mixed HHTP/THQ linkers tune conductivity and porosity by altering intramolecular through-bond pathways and interlayer through-space transport.
Evidence basis: single_reference
Caveat: Transport mechanism is the review's interpretation of the cited chemiresistor study.
2067-2068 · 2.1 Hetero-organic ligand strategy
Metallophthalocyanine and metalloporphyrin linkers can help solve random metal-centre distribution by using ligand-internal metal centres plus secondary coordination sites to build more definite bimetal arrangements.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: The broader review still calls exact structure determination difficult for MTV 2D c-MOFs.
2071 · 2.2 Heterometal strategy
For HAB-derived conductive MOFs, reversible ligand redox reactions are interpreted as the main charge-storage mechanism in the highly conjugated system.
Evidence basis: single_reference
Caveat: Specific to HAB-MOF electrodes under the cited alkaline electrochemical conditions.
2066 · 1 Two-component 2D c-MOFs
Different transition-metal d orbitals and pi-conjugated ligand energy matching produce different hybridisation, which can tune carrier delocalisation in the 2D plane and thereby affect conductivity and electrochemical activity.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: A general design principle; individual materials require primary evidence.
2069 · 2.2 Heterometal strategy
In HHTQ 2D c-MOFs, CO2RR performance depends strongly on the metal coordination centre and nitrogen-rich linker, with Cu3(HHTQ)2 showing superior methanol selectivity over Ni and HHTP comparators.
Evidence basis: single_reference
Caveat: Benchmark remains secondary and should be checked against the primary paper before numerical reuse.
2066 · 1 Two-component 2D c-MOFs
Ni/Co HITP-series examples show a trade-off: increasing Co can disorder structure and reduce carrier transport but improve ORR activity through more active Co centres.
Evidence basis: single_reference
Caveat: Applies to the cited Ni/Co coordination-polymer series.
2070 · 2.2 Heterometal strategy
Changing the symmetry and coordination number of catechol-functionalised HBC ligands changes metal-centre density and pi stacking, shortening transport paths and raising conductivity.
Evidence basis: single_reference
Caveat: Secondary interpretation of one cited material family.
2065 · 1 Two-component 2D c-MOFs
Introducing multiple ligands or metals into one 2D c-MOF can change electronic delocalisation, create better transport channels, overcome single-linker redox limitations and enhance metal-ligand synergy.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: The review emphasises potential advantages and later notes structure-control and stability barriers.
2064 · 0 Introduction
Metal-ligand orbital hybridisation forms pi-d conjugated extended networks, promoting strong in-plane conjugation and weaker interlayer pi-pi stacking that support carrier transport.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: The review gives a general mechanistic statement without resolving material-specific transport models.
2064 · 0 Introduction
Solid-solution dual-linker MOFs show systematic conductivity increases with HAB fraction, whereas physical mixtures of the end members do not, supporting framework-level rather than mixture-level property control.
Evidence basis: single_reference
Caveat: Specific to Cu3(HAB)x(TATHB)2-x in the review.
2068 · 2.1 Hetero-organic ligand strategy
The review concludes that MTV 2D c-MOFs often produce synergistic amplification unavailable in corresponding single-component materials, improving conductivity, porosity, electrocatalysis, energy storage and sensing.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: This is the review's synthesis of selected literature, not proof that every MTV 2D c-MOF outperforms its comparators.
2072 · 3 Summary and outlook
Three-component MTV 2D c-MOFs can introduce multiple metals or ligands without changing the backbone, but constructing well-defined structures remains a major challenge because ligand coordination and metal-centre compatibility must be controlled.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: The statement is a review-level caveat rather than a quantified failure rate.
2067 · 2 Three-component 2D c-MOFs
Two-component 2D c-MOF charge transport and custom function remain constrained by intrinsic chemical structure, including ligand geometry, linkage, stacking and metal centre choices.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: This is a review-level synthesis across examples rather than one benchmark.
2065 · 1 Two-component 2D c-MOFs
The influence of different metal valence states on 2D c-MOF properties has not been systematically studied because valence-state control is lacking.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: The cited mixed-valence example is a 3D MOF context; the gap is projected onto 2D c-MOFs by the review.
2065 · 1 Two-component 2D c-MOFs
Every row remains visibly secondary and links to a primary dossier only where the mapping is verified.
| Material | Property | Reported value | Context and quality | Primary evidence | Review source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SecondaryCo0.27Ni0.73-HHTP | ORR cathodic peak potential | 0.41 V vs RHE | ORR; compared with Co-HHTP 0.37 V and Ni-HHTP 0.42 V Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 2070 · 2.2 Heterometal strategy |
| SecondaryCuSn-HAB | ethanol Faradaic efficiency | 56% at -0.57 V vs RHE | CO2RR to ethanol; compared with Cu-HAB 26% at -0.67 V vs RHE Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 2070-2071 · 2.2 Heterometal strategy |
| SecondaryNi-HAB and Cu-HAB | specific capacitance | Ni-HAB 420 F·g-1; Cu-HAB 215 F·g-1 | 1 mol·L-1 KOH aqueous electrolyte Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 2066 · 1 Two-component 2D c-MOFs · Fig. 4 |
| SecondaryCu3(HAB)x(TATHB)2-x | conductivity tuning range | 4.2×10-8 to 2.9×10-5 S·cm-1 | conductivity increases with HAB ratio Text · Range | research_0441 | 2068 · 2.1 Hetero-organic ligand strategy |
| SecondaryNi-HAB | capacitance retention | 90% after 12 000 galvanostatic charge-discharge cycles at 10 A·g-1 | 10 A·g-1 current density; 12 000 cycles Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 2066 · 1 Two-component 2D c-MOFs · Fig. 4 |
| Secondaryc-HBC-12O-Cu | room-temperature conductivity | 3.31 S·m-1 | room temperature; two-component c-MOF family comparison Text · Exact Reported | research_0013 | 2065 · 1 Two-component 2D c-MOFs · Fig. 2 |
| SecondaryCu3(HHTP)(THQ) nanowire thick-film sensor | NH3 response/recovery time | response 1.65 min; recovery 2.57 min for 10 mg·L-1 NH3 | room temperature; 10 mg·L-1 NH3 Text · Exact Reported | research_0793 | 2068 · 2.1 Hetero-organic ligand strategy · Fig. 5 |
| SecondaryCu3(HHTP)(THQ) | conductivity | about 2.53×10-5 S·cm-1 | mixed-ligand conductive MOF; review states conductivity increases with temperature Text · Approximate | research_0793 | 2067 · 2.1 Hetero-organic ligand strategy · Fig. 5 |
| SecondaryNi3(HHTQ)2 and Cu3(HHTP)2 | CH3OH Faradaic efficiency comparators | 0.54% for Ni3(HHTQ)2; 0.15% for Cu3(HHTP)2 | CO2RR methanol selectivity comparators in Fig. 3 discussion Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 2066 · 1 Two-component 2D c-MOFs · Fig. 3 |
| SecondaryCu3(HHTQ)2 | CH3OH Faradaic efficiency | 53.6% at -0.4 V | CO2RR to methanol; potential -0.4 V Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 2066 · 1 Two-component 2D c-MOFs · Fig. 3 |
| Secondary(MxM'3-x)(HITP)2 alloys | conductivity tuning range | 5.8×10-3 S·cm-1 to 55.4 S·cm-1 | from (Co2.47Cu0.53)(HITP)2 to Ni3(HITP)2 Text · Range | research_0041 | 2069-2070 · 2.2 Heterometal strategy · Fig. 7 |
| SecondaryNi3HITP2 to Co3HITP2 series | ORR half-wave potentials | 0.66, 0.72, 0.75, 0.78 and 0.80 V | 0.1 mol·L-1 KOH linear sweep voltammetry; increasing Co content Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 2070 · 2.2 Heterometal strategy · Fig. 7 |
| SecondaryPcCu-O8-Zn/CNT | CO2-to-CO selectivity and TOF | 88% CO Faradaic efficiency at -0.7 V vs RHE; turnover frequency 0.39 s-1; durability >10 h | CO2RR on CNT composite Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 2072 · 2.2 Heterometal strategy · Fig. 8 |
| SecondaryTCPP(Ni)-Co | theophylline detection performance | response time <3 s; detection range 10-100 nmol·L-1; detection limit about 3.3 nmol·L-1 | electrochemical sensing of trace theophylline Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 2072 · 2.2 Heterometal strategy · Fig. 8 |
| SecondaryTHTA-Co/G | HER overpotential and Tafel slope | 335 mV at 10 mA·cm-2; Tafel slope 93 mV·dec-1 | HER, 0.5 mol·L-1 H2SO4 in figure caption; graphene composite Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 2068-2069 · 2.1 Hetero-organic ligand strategy · Fig. 6 |
Open questions are presented as review-author priorities, not conclusions from the primary database.
Major breakthroughs in electronic, sensing and energy applications require complementary research across fields.
Proposed direction: Broaden interdisciplinary work to expand the application range of MTV 2D c-MOFs.
2072 · 3 Summary and outlook
Reported MTV 2D c-MOF films often consist of small nanoparticles with serious defects and grain boundaries that lower intrinsic carrier transport.
Proposed direction: Reduce defects and grain boundaries in film growth protocols for transport-relevant device performance.
2072 · 3 Summary and outlook
Powder forms are difficult to integrate into devices, limiting practical applications.
Proposed direction: Optimise controlled synthesis of smooth, large-area, highly oriented 2D MOF films.
2072 · 3 Summary and outlook
Most MTV 2D c-MOFs are low-crystallinity irregular polycrystalline powders, making precise framework characterisation difficult.
Proposed direction: Synthesis of high-quality MTV 2D c-MOF single crystals and more rigorous structural characterisation beyond PXRD matching.
2072 · 3 Summary and outlook
It remains difficult to identify ideal matching between metal ions and organic ligands.
Proposed direction: Deepen understanding of organic ligand and metal ion properties to guide compatibility and framework design.
2072 · 3 Summary and outlook
Comparing PXRD patterns with simulated structures alone is insufficient to resolve stacking modes and pore-channel details.
Proposed direction: Develop structural methods that directly determine stacking and pore channels in multivariate 2D c-MOFs.
2072 · 3 Summary and outlook
MTV 2D c-MOFs are often insufficiently stable under water, acid and alkali conditions.
Proposed direction: Develop and synthesise more stable MTV 2D c-MOFs for harsh operating environments.
2072 · 3 Summary and outlook
Mappings show which printed review references have a verified counterpart in the frozen primary corpus.
| Reference | Study | Role and context | Corpus mapping |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ref. 52010 | Multiple functional groups of varying ratios in metal-organic frameworks | historical_framing · multivariate_mof_conceptHistorical origin of the MTV-MOF concept used to frame multicomponent 2D c-MOF design. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 142023 | Conjugated nonplanar copper-catecholate conductive metal-organic frameworks via contorted hexabenzocoronene ligands for electrical conduction | transport_benchmark · ligand_geometryUsed as a two-component example where ligand symmetry and coordination number modulate charge-transport paths. | research_0013 |
| Ref. 172018 | Charge delocalization and bulk electronic conductivity in the mixed-valence metal-organic framework Fe(1,2,3-triazolate)2(BF4)x | transport_mechanism · mixed_valence_contextCited to support the broader claim that metal valence state can strongly affect MOF conductivity. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 232021 | Tricycloquinazoline-based 2D conductive metal-organic frameworks promising electrocatalysts for CO2 reduction | electrocatalysis_benchmark · metal_ligand_synergyExample where metal centre and nitrogen-rich linker selection controls CO2RR selectivity to methanol. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 242018 | Robust and conductive two-dimensional metal-organic frameworks with exceptionally high volumetric and areal capacitance | energy_storage_benchmark · redox_ligandHAB-derived conductive MOFs used to illustrate metal-dependent capacitance and redox charge storage. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 252020 | A dual-ligand porous coordination polymer chemiresistor with modulated conductivity and porosity | dual_ligand_strategy · sensor_benchmarkKey hetero-organic ligand example connecting mixed linkers to modulated conductivity, porosity and NH3 sensing. | research_0793 |
| Ref. 292023 | Linker-based bandgap tuning in conductive MOF solid solutions | dual_ligand_strategy · transport_benchmarkSolid-solution dual-linker example showing conductivity changes not reproduced by physical mixtures. | research_0441 |
| Ref. 302017 | Immobilizing molecular metal dithiolene-diamine complexes on 2D metal-organic frameworks for electrocatalytic H2 production | dual_ligand_strategy · her_benchmarkMixed dithiolene-diamine coordination example used to argue that dual organic linkers can create more active HER coordination centres. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 312023 | Multicomponent metal-organic frameworks | multicomponent_context · consensusCited for the general assertion that ordered complex coordination coupling can unlock functions inaccessible to single-component materials. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 342020 | Continuous electrical conductivity variation in M3(hexaiminotriphenylene)2 (M=Co, Ni, Cu) MOF alloys | heterometal_strategy · transport_benchmarkKey heterometal alloy example where metal ratio continuously tunes conductivity over multiple orders of magnitude. | research_0041 |
| Ref. 352020 | Unpaired 3d electrons on atomically dispersed cobalt centres in coordination polymers regulate both oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity and selectivity for use in zinc-air batteries | orr_benchmark · heterometal_strategyUsed to show a conductivity-activity trade-off: cobalt content decreases carrier transport efficiency but improves ORR selectivity/activity. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 362019 | Synthesis of bimetallic conductive 2D metal-organic framework (CoxNiy-CAT) and its mass production: Enhanced electrochemical oxygen reduction activity | orr_benchmark · bimetal_synergyBimetal HHTP example used to show a composition that combines advantages of Co-HHTP and Ni-HHTP for ORR. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 372023 | Highly efficient electroreduction of CO2 to ethanol via asymmetric C-C coupling by a metal-organic framework with heterodimetal dual sites | co2rr_benchmark · heterodimetal_dual_sitePostsynthetic heterodimetal dual-site example where Sn/Cu sites promote asymmetric C-C coupling to ethanol. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 382020 | Synergistic electroreduction of carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide on bimetallic layered conjugated metal-organic frameworks | co2rr_benchmark · metal_arrangement_strategyPhthalocyanine-derived exact bimetal arrangement example separating ZnO4 catalytic centres and CuN4 charge-transfer units. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 392022 | Bimetallic synergy boost TCPP(Ni)-Co MOF as the high-performance electrochemical sensor for enhanced detection of trace theophylline | sensor_benchmark · bimetal_synergyPorphyrin bimetal 2D c-MOF example where NiN4/Co-COO synergy improves electrochemical sensing. | Unmapped |