3.1. Adsorptive Separation
10499-10505Classifies adsorptive MOF approaches into size-sieving, functionalisation, structural engineering and templating-agent-assisted strategies.
Relevance: Core · 10499 · 3.1. Adsorptive Separation
Review · secondary evidenceReview
MOF-Based Platforms for Lithium Extraction from Aqueous Resources: Mechanisms, Strategies, and Perspectives
Kelin Wang, Yingzhu Zhou, Ri Liu, Ting Lei, Ruiqi Qin, Yue Wu, and Xinyue Miao · ACS Applied Nano Materials · 2026
6review sections
7material families
17review claims
22secondary benchmarks
22cited studies
7research gaps
Review scope
Review MOF and MOF-derived platforms for Li+ extraction from aqueous resources, organising mechanisms, engineering strategies, selected performance benchmarks, limitations and industrial translation needs.
- Coverage
- 2019–2026
- Category
- Review Transport Physics
- Material scope
- metal-organic frameworks · functionalised MOFs · MOF-derived conductive materials · MOF membranes · MOF/COF composites · stimuli-responsive MOFs
- Transport scope
- angstrom-scale size sieving · charge-based exclusion · host-guest interactions · stimuli-responsive modulation · electrochemical ion migration and redox insertion
- Application scope
- aqueous lithium recovery · salt lake brines · high Mg2+/Li+ brines · continuous membrane and electrochemical extraction concepts
- Explicit exclusions
- primary experimental recipes · hard-rock lithium processing · non-MOF extraction platforms except as context
- Source
- 10497 · Abstract
- Evidence role
- Context, taxonomy and secondary benchmarking
Section map
The review’s argument is preserved as a navigable set of section summaries.
3.2. Electrochemically Driven Extraction
10505-10508Reviews CDI, MCDI, HCDI, electric-field-enhanced membranes and ESIX as electrically controlled MOF-based or MOF-derived Li+ extraction routes.
Relevance: Core · 10505 · 3.2. Electrochemically Driven Extraction
1. Introduction
10497-10498Frames Li demand, aqueous brines, Mg2+/Li+ separation difficulty, limitations of evaporation and the rationale for MOF platforms.
Relevance: Core · 10498 · 1. Introduction
2. Fundamental Li+ Extraction Mechanisms
10498-10499Defines four mechanistic axes for Li+ recognition and transport: size sieving, charge exclusion, host-guest interactions and stimuli-responsive modulation.
Relevance: Core · 10498 · 2. Fundamental Li+ Extraction Mechanisms
4. Outlook and Conclusion
10510Synthesises the transition from passive adsorbents to actively controllable systems and lists barriers to industrial translation.
Relevance: Core · 10510 · 4. Outlook and Conclusion
3.3. Stimuli-Responsive Approach
10508-10510Reviews light-induced and thermal-induced MOF systems that modulate adsorption/desorption without conventional acid washing.
Relevance: Core · 10508 · 3.3. Stimuli-Responsive Approach
Taxonomies
Classification systems are attributed to this review and are not treated as a global material registry.
Adsorbent DesignAuthor-proposed
Adsorptive separation design principles
Sub-classification of passive adsorptive MOF platforms by pore matching, binding-group design, templating and framework-level modification.
Categories: size-sieving method · functionalization strategies · synthesis-directed strategies · structural engineering strategies
10499 · 3.1. Adsorptive Separation
Electrochemical Operating ModeAuthor-proposed
Electrochemical MOF extraction platforms
Electrical approaches are distinguished by double-layer adsorption, membrane-enhanced exclusion, Faradaic intercalation, field-amplified MOF selectivity and redox-switchable ion exchange.
Categories: CDI · MCDI · HCDI · electric-field-enhanced selectivity · ESIX
10505 · 3.2. Electrochemically Driven Extraction
Mechanistic BasisAuthor-proposed
Four Li+ recognition and transport mechanisms
Mechanistic framework used to organise how MOF channels and functional environments discriminate Li+ from competing ions.
Categories: angstrom-scale size sieving · charge-based exclusion · host-guest interactions · stimuli-responsive modulation
10498 · 2. Fundamental Li+ Extraction Mechanisms · Scheme 1
Translation Trade-OffAuthor-proposed
Advantages and limitations of three strategy groups
Table 2 compares energy input, kinetics, regeneration, cycle life, fouling, conductivity and technology-readiness limitations across the three main routes.
Categories: adsorptive separation · electrochemically driven extraction · stimuli responsive systems
10509 · Table 2 · Table 2
Platform EngineeringAuthor-proposed
Three MOF extraction strategy domains
Review-level classification of recent progress into adsorptive, electrically driven and externally triggered extraction domains.
Categories: functionalized MOF-based platforms · electrochemically driven extraction using conductive MOF derivatives · stimuli-responsive approach
10497 · Abstract
Material families
Review-defined families retain their representative materials and conduction descriptions.
Conductive MOF derivatives and heterostructures
2D Nanosheets, Carbon Networks, Composite FilmsMOF-derived or MOF-coupled conductive materials used as electrochemical electrodes or active layers.
Conduction: Electronic conductivity and applied potential govern ion migration, double-layer adsorption, redox intercalation or switching ion exchange.
Representative materials: M-HITP/LDH/CC · LMO-C · PPy/HKUST-1
Nodes / linkers: NiCoMn LDH · HITP-coordinated metal sites · Cu HKUST-1 nodes · HITP · polypyrrole · MOF-derived carbon
10505 · 3.2. Electrochemically Driven Extraction
Crown-ether MOFs
Porous MOF Channels And MembranesMOFs incorporating crown ethers as encapsulated guests, covalently anchored groups or node-decorating ligands to match Li+ size and binding preference.
Conduction: Li+ selectivity arises from size-matched host-guest coordination coupled to subnanometre pores or charged channels.
Representative materials: 15-crown-5@ZIF-8 · MIL-53-COOH@AB12C4 · MOF-808-12C4E · Al[BCE]3+@ZIF-7
Nodes / linkers: Zn in ZIFs · Al in MIL-53 · Zr in MOF-808 · 15-crown-5 · AB12C4 · 12-crown-4 ether · benzo-crown ether
10502 · 3.1.2. Functionalization Strategy
MOF/COF bilayer membranes
Bilayer MembraneComposite membranes combining a MOF layer with a charged COF layer to couple size sieving, Donnan exclusion and field acceleration.
Conduction: Selectivity is described as multi-mechanism ion screening under electric potential rather than a single intrinsic MOF pore effect.
Representative materials: ZIF-8/TpPa-SO3H/nylon
Nodes / linkers: Zn in ZIF-8 · TpPa-SO3H COF · ZIF-8 imidazolate linkers
10506 · 3.2.4. Electric-Field-Enhanced Selectivity
Photoresponsive MOFs
Membranes And AdsorbentsMOFs incorporating spiropyran, merocyanine or polyspiropyran motifs whose light-induced isomerisation changes charge, polarity or pore affinity.
Conduction: Light switches ionic conductance or adsorption/desorption by altering pore environment and binding affinity.
Representative materials: SSP@ZIF-8 · PSP-UiO-66 · PSP-MIL-53-NO2
Nodes / linkers: Zn in ZIF-8 · Zr in UiO-66 · Al in MIL-53 · spiropyran · merocyanine · polyspiropyran
10508 · 3.3.1. Light-Induced Approach
Pristine and functionalised MOFs
Mostly Porous 3D Frameworks Or 1D-Channel FrameworksCrystalline porous frameworks whose pore size, surface chemistry and linker/node functionality are tuned for Li+ recognition.
Conduction: Ion transport is governed mainly by pore-confined dehydration, electrostatic interactions and host-guest coordination rather than electronic conductivity.
Representative materials: UiO-66 · HKUST-1 · MIL-53 · MOF-808 · TYUST-8
Nodes / linkers: Zr clusters · Cu nodes · Al nodes · Cr or Fe MIL nodes · carboxylates · sulfonates · crown ethers · amino-functional ligands
10498 · 1. Introduction
Sulfonate-functionalised MOF membranes
2D Nanosheet Membranes Or Mixed-Framework CompositesMOF membranes bearing sulfonic/sulfonate groups that create charged Li+-affine transport pathways.
Conduction: Transport benefits from partial dehydration through small pores and electrostatic attraction at -SO3- sites.
Representative materials: Zr-BTB/PSS · HSO3-UiO-66@PVC · pNCE-SS@UiO-66
Nodes / linkers: Zr clusters · sulfonate · polystyrene sulfonate · sodium p-styrene sulfonate
10503 · 3.1.2. Functionalization Strategy
Thermoresponsive MOF composites
MOF-Polymer CompositesMOFs integrated with temperature-responsive polymers and crown/sulfonate groups to modulate uptake and desorption with mild heating.
Conduction: Thermal conformational changes enable regeneration; Li+ selectivity is still tied to crown ether matching, hydrophilicity and confined pores.
Representative materials: pNCE/MOF-808 · pNCE-SS@UiO-66
Nodes / linkers: Zr in MOF-808 · Zr in UiO-66 · pNIPAM · 12-crown-4 ether · benzo-18-crown-6 · sulfonate
10508 · 3.3.2. Thermal-Induced Approach
Synthesis strategies
Review-level synthesis principles remain separate from primary-study recipes.
Conductive MOF-derived CDI/HCDI electrodes
Build conductive MOF or MOF-derived electrode architectures for double-layer adsorption, interfacial charge transfer or Faradaic intercalation.
Claimed effects: Increases adsorption capacity, kinetics and selectivity relative to less conductive analogues.
Controlling variables: electrode conductivity · MOF-derived carbon network · LDH/MOF heterojunction · applied potential · cycle protocol
Representative materials: M-HITP/LDH/CC · LMO-C
Caveat: Electrochemical systems need power supplies and may suffer side reactions or fouling.
10505 · 3.2. Electrochemically Driven Extraction
Electric-field-enhanced selective membranes
Use an external electric field to amplify intrinsic selectivity of charged or functionalised MOF membranes.
Claimed effects: Raises Mg2+ entry barriers and can sharply enhance Li+/Mg2+ separation.
Controlling variables: channel charge · voltage · cation pretreatment · charged COF or CEM layers
Representative materials: Al[BCE]3+@ZIF-7 · ZIF-8/TpPa-SO3H/nylon
Caveat: Energy cost, module complexity and long-term stability remain unresolved.
10506 · 3.2.4. Electric-Field-Enhanced Selectivity
Light-triggered capture and release
Integrate photoswitchable molecules into MOFs so light changes conductance, charge state or Li+ affinity and enables regeneration.
Claimed effects: Allows Li+ adsorption/desorption control without acid washing and introduces green regeneration concepts.
Controlling variables: spiropyran/merocyanine chemistry · irradiation wavelength · MOF pore size · framework window charge
Representative materials: SSP@ZIF-8 · PSP-UiO-66 · PSP-MIL-53-NO2
Caveat: Light penetration and photochromic fatigue are explicit scale-up concerns.
10508 · 3.3.1. Light-Induced Approach
LiNO3 templating and synthesis-directed microenvironments
Use LiNO3 during crystallisation to influence nucleation, defects, surface area and Li+-favourable microenvironments.
Claimed effects: Enhances surface area and Li+ recognition without necessarily modifying the organic linker or metal node after synthesis.
Controlling variables: LiNO3 concentration · pH · solvent · template incorporation · amino functionality
Representative materials: Li/UiO-66 · Li/HKUST-1 · Li/NH2/MIL-101 · Li/NH2/MIL-100
Caveat: The review does not establish whether templating benefits generalise across all MOF chemistries.
10504 · 3.1.4. Templating Agent Assisted Strategy
Lithiophilic functionalisation
Introduce crown ethers, sulfonates or carboxylates by ligand design or postsynthetic modification to add Li+-affine sites.
Claimed effects: Adds host-guest coordination or electrostatic attraction to improve selectivity over Na+, K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+.
Controlling variables: functional group identity · grafting density · covalent versus guest incorporation · pore accessibility
Representative materials: 15-crown-5@ZIF-8 · MIL-53-COOH@AB12C4 · Zr-BTB/PSS
Caveat: Guest functional groups can leach; covalent anchoring or direct coordination is presented as a mitigation.
10502 · 3.1.2. Functionalization Strategy
Angstrom-scale pore and pocket engineering
Align MOF aperture or pocket dimensions with dehydrated or partially hydrated Li+ while imposing higher dehydration barriers on competing ions.
Claimed effects: Improves Li+/Mg2+ and Li+/alkali selectivity by coupling steric exclusion with dehydration-energy differences.
Controlling variables: pore aperture · channel-wall oxygen pocket geometry · framework rigidity · hydration diameter mismatch
Representative materials: TYUST-8
Caveat: The review notes that size sieving alone is constrained for monovalent ions with comparable hydrated diameters.
10499 · 3.1.1. Size-Sieving Method
Framework-level structural engineering
Modify the framework through bimetallic nodes, dual ligands, hierarchical porosity or defects.
Claimed effects: Tunes pore size, electronic state and surface chemistry to improve Li+ transport kinetics and robustness.
Controlling variables: metal-node combination · dual-ligand choice · defect density · hydrophilicity · hierarchical porosity
Representative materials: Zn-Co-GOM · LMOF-321 · H-CAOMIL
Caveat: The review treats these as design principles; primary papers remain needed to verify stability and synthesis reproducibility.
10503 · 3.1.3. Structural Engineering Strategy
Thermally triggered regeneration
Combine MOFs with thermoresponsive polymers and recognition sites so gentle heating drives desorption or matrix reconfiguration.
Claimed effects: Supports warm-water regeneration and avoids harsh chemical desorption.
Controlling variables: polymer lower critical solution behaviour · regeneration temperature · crown ether cavity · sulfonate content
Representative materials: pNCE/MOF-808 · pNCE-SS@UiO-66
Caveat: Thermal systems need temperature control and long-cycle validation.
10510 · 3.3.2. Thermal-Induced Approach
Review claims
These are the review authors’ synthesis, not newly measured results.
Author InterpretationHigh supportCaveat
Adsorptive separation is chemically tunable and passive, but slow diffusion, high-Mg brine degradation, harsh regeneration and limited cycle life are recurrent issues.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: Table 2 summarises general trade-offs rather than a quantitative meta-analysis.
10509 · Table 2 · Table 2
Consensus SummaryHigh supportDefinition Scope
Aqueous Li resources are attractive but difficult because low Li+ concentration, high Mg2+/Li+ ratios and ion physicochemical similarity make separation challenging.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: The statement frames the review; quantitative brine chemistry should come from primary or specialist brine sources.
10497 · Abstract
Consensus SummaryMedium supportTransport Mechanism
Positive MOF-based membranes preferentially repel higher-valence cations such as Mg2+, and dielectric exclusion further raises the divalent-ion entry barrier.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: The review reports this as a general mechanism; device-specific charge state and pore dielectric properties must be verified in primary studies.
10499 · 2. Fundamental Li+ Extraction Mechanisms
Author InterpretationHigh supportTransport Mechanism
Conductive MOF derivatives extend MOF extraction from passive adsorption into voltage-driven CDI/HCDI modes with faster kinetics and active control.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: Not all MOFs are conductive; conversion to conductive derivatives is often required.
10509 · Table 2 · Table 2
Author InterpretationMedium supportStructure Property Link
Crown ether functionalisation is most persuasive when combined with confinement or size sieving, rather than treated as a standalone affinity motif.
Evidence basis: single_reference
Caveat: The review's examples are selective but not exhaustive across all crown ether architectures.
10503 · 3.1.2. Functionalization Strategy
Author InterpretationHigh supportCaveat
Electrochemical extraction can provide fast, selective, continuous operation, but requires power, conductive materials and controls for fouling and side reactions.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: Energy cost and capital cost are not normalised across primary studies in the review.
10509 · Table 2 · Table 2
Author InterpretationMedium supportTransport Mechanism
Electric fields can amplify Li+/Mg2+ selectivity by increasing the Mg2+ entry barrier in charged MOF channels.
Evidence basis: single_reference
Caveat: Energy input and membrane stability must be assessed before scaling.
10506 · 3.2.4. Electric-Field-Enhanced Selectivity
Consensus SummaryHigh supportTransport Mechanism
Functional groups such as sulfonate, carboxylate and crown ether moieties provide Li+-affine host-guest or coordination sites.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: Binding motifs can trade selectivity against kinetics or leaching depending on implementation.
10499 · 2. Fundamental Li+ Extraction Mechanisms
Author InterpretationHigh supportConsensus
Industrial translation requires more attention to system integration, scalable processing, cost, stability in complex brines and continuous operation.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: This is a review-level conclusion; specific process economics are not quantified.
10510 · 4. Outlook and Conclusion
Author InterpretationMedium supportTransport Mechanism
Light-responsive MOFs offer non-acid capture/release by switching molecular state, pore polarity or conductance.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: The review flags light penetration and molecular fatigue as limitations.
10508 · 3.3.1. Light-Induced Approach
Author InterpretationMedium supportSynthesis Strategy
LiNO3 templating can create Li+-favourable microenvironments by modifying nucleation, growth, defect formation and active-site distribution.
Evidence basis: single_reference
Caveat: Template-specific and likely framework-dependent.
10504 · 3.1.4. Templating Agent Assisted Strategy
Author InterpretationHigh supportMaterial Comparison
MOFs are presented as promising Li+ extraction platforms because they combine tunable pores, lithiophilic chemistry and stimuli-responsive functionality.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: The review acknowledges pristine MOFs may lack stability and conductivity in extreme/electrochemical settings.
10497 · Abstract
Author InterpretationHigh supportCaveat
Pure size sieving is inherently limited for monovalent ions such as Li+ and Na+, so hybrid designs are needed.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: Important to avoid overclaiming size exclusion as a universal selectivity mechanism.
10499 · 2. Fundamental Li+ Extraction Mechanisms
Consensus SummaryHigh supportTransport Mechanism
Angstrom-scale MOF pores can select Li+ by forcing partial dehydration and imposing larger dehydration penalties on Mg2+.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: Less effective for separating monovalent ions with similar hydrated diameters.
10499 · 2. Fundamental Li+ Extraction Mechanisms
Author InterpretationHigh supportCaveat
Stimuli-responsive systems promise green, rapid regeneration and sharp switching, but remain low-TRL with few cycles and uncertain long-term stability.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: Useful as outlook framing more than mature technology evidence.
10509 · Table 2
Author InterpretationMedium supportSynthesis Strategy
Bimetallic nodes, defects, hierarchical porosity and dual ligands are framed as framework-level levers for tuning Li+ transport and selectivity.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: Many examples remain individual case studies rather than mature design rules.
10503 · 3.1.3. Structural Engineering Strategy
Author InterpretationHigh supportMeasurement Interpretation
Review-table performance metrics should not be compared as a single leaderboard because mechanisms and experimental configurations differ.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: This directly limits how Chapter 1 should use the review benchmarks.
10501 · Table 1 · Table 1
Secondary benchmarks
Every row remains visibly secondary and links to a primary dossier only where the mapping is verified.
| Material | Property | Reported value | Context and quality | Primary evidence | Review source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Secondary15-crown-5@ZIF-8 | Li+ flux | 93.8 +/- 3.6 mol/(h m2) | Ion flux/permeability reported for crown-ether-encapsulated ZIF-8 subnanochannels. Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 10503 · 3.1.2. Functionalization Strategy |
| Secondary15-crown-5@ZIF-8 | Li+/Mg2+ separation factor | 122.4 | Crown ether encapsulated ZIF-8; secondary value from review text/Table 1. Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 10503 · 3.1.2. Functionalization Strategy |
| SecondaryAl[BCE]3+@ZIF-7 | Li+/Mg2+ selectivity at 1.0 V | 124.1 at 1.0 V | Charge-tunable ZIF-7 membrane in 0.1 M salt solution; external voltage applied. Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 10506 · 3.2.4. Electric-Field-Enhanced Selectivity |
| SecondaryPSS-modified HKUST-1 photothermal sandwich sieve | Li+/Mg2+ ratio after cycling | 4.87 after 20 cycles | Extracted product after 20 cycles; 3-sun illumination capacity also reported. Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 10501 · 3.1.1. Size-Sieving Method |
| SecondaryLi/UiO-66 | maximum Li+ adsorption capacity | 35.57 mg/g | LiNO3-templated UiO-66; equilibrium within 3 h. Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 10504 · 3.1.4. Templating Agent Assisted Strategy |
| SecondaryLi/NH2/MIL-101 | Li+ adsorption capacity | 43.58 mg/g | Amino-functionalised LiNO3-templated MIL-101(Cr). Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 10504 · 3.1.4. Templating Agent Assisted Strategy |
| SecondaryLMO-C | Li+ adsorption capacity | 3.3 mmol/g or 22.9 mg/g | Hybrid CDI electrochemical driving mode; equilibrium around 30 min. Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 10506 · 3.2.3. Hybrid Capacitive Deionization (HCDI) |
| SecondaryM-HITP/LDH/CC | Li+/Ca2+ separation factor | 166.50 | Synthetic brine with competing ions in CDI system. Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 10505 · 3.2.1. Capacitive Deionization (CDI) |
| SecondaryM-HITP/LDH/CC | Li adsorption capacity | 59.08 mg/g | CDI system containing 10 mM LiCl. Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 10505 · 3.2.1. Capacitive Deionization (CDI) |
| SecondaryMIL-53-COOH@AB12C4 | Li+/Mg2+ selectivity | 118.1 | Covalently anchored crown ether in MIL-53-COOH membrane. Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 10503 · 3.1.2. Functionalization Strategy |
| SecondaryMOF-808-12C4E | Li+ adsorption capacity | 30.4 mg/g | Adsorption equilibrium within 15 min; neutral pH optimal performance. Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 10503 · 3.1.2. Functionalization Strategy |
| SecondarypNCE-SS@UiO-66 | Li+ adsorption capacity | 1.47 mmol/g | 10,000 ppm hypersaline solution; fully regenerated using warm water >=40 C. Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 10510 · 3.3.2. Thermal-Induced Approach |
| SecondarypNCE-SS@UiO-66 | Li+/Mg2+ selectivity factor | 21.8 | 10,000 ppm hypersaline solution. Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 10510 · 3.3.2. Thermal-Induced Approach |
| SecondaryPPy/HKUST-1 | Li+ adsorption capacity | 37.55 mg/g | ESIX mechanism; equilibrium time less than 25 min. Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 10508 · 3.2.5. Electrochemical Switching Ion Exchange (ESIX) |
| SecondaryPSP-UiO-66 | Li+ adsorption capacity | 10.17 mmol/g or 70.58 mg/g | Synthetic brines under dark conditions; desorption under UV illumination. Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 10508 · 3.3.1. Light-Induced Approach |
| SecondarySSP@ZIF-8 | Li+/Mg2+ ideal selectivity | 4913 | Absence of irradiation; light-controlled selective transport membrane. Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 10508 · 3.3.1. Light-Induced Approach |
| SecondarySSP@ZIF-8 | conductance switching ratio | 23.0 | Visible-light induced photochromic conversion; I-V measurements. Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 10508 · 3.3.1. Light-Induced Approach |
| SecondaryTYUST-8 | Li+ adsorption capacity | 76.1 mg/g | Initial Li+ concentration 100 mg/L; equilibrium within 30 min; secondary value from review text/Table 1. Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 10499 · 3.1.1. Size-Sieving Method |
| SecondaryTYUST-8 | Li+/Mg2+ selectivity factor | 6.25 | Compared with Mg2+; secondary value from review text/Table 1. Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 10499 · 3.1.1. Size-Sieving Method |
| SecondaryZIF-8/TpPa-SO3H/nylon | Li+/Mg2+ separation factor | 501 | MOF/COF bilayer membrane under electric potential. Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 10506 · 3.2.4. Electric-Field-Enhanced Selectivity |
| SecondaryZn-Co-GOM | Li+/Mg2+ selectivity | 123.08 | Complex salt lake system; bimetallic MOF/GO membrane. Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 10504 · 3.1.3. Structural Engineering Strategy |
| SecondaryZr-BTB/PSS | Li+ permeability | 0.83 mol/m2 h | Sulfonate-functionalised MOF membrane; ultrathin film on AAO substrate. Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 10503 · 3.1.2. Functionalization Strategy |
Research gaps
Open questions are presented as review-author priorities, not conclusions from the primary database.
adsorptive durability
MediumPassive adsorptive systems can suffer slow kinetics, binding-site saturation, harsh regeneration and limited cycle life in real brines.
Proposed direction: Prioritise fouling-resistant adsorbents and mild regeneration routes with extended cycling.
10509 · Table 2 · Table 2
industrial translation
HighHigh synthesis cost, insufficient stability in complex brines and lack of continuous operation modes remain barriers to deployment.
Proposed direction: Design low-cost water-stable MOFs and integrate them into continuous extraction processes.
10510 · 4. Outlook and Conclusion
electrochemical stability
HighElectrochemical approaches face electrode fouling, water splitting, chlorine evolution and long-term stability losses.
Proposed direction: Develop stable electrodes, selective membranes and operating windows that minimise side reactions.
10509 · Table 2 · Table 2
accelerated discovery
MediumHigh-throughput experimentation coupled with machine learning is proposed but not yet established as a mature route for brine-specific MOF optimisation.
Proposed direction: Combine high-throughput screening with data-driven optimisation for specific brine compositions.
10510 · 4. Outlook and Conclusion
stimuli-responsive scale-up
MediumStimuli-responsive systems are mainly lab-scale, with light penetration, photochromic fatigue, thermal control and long-term stability unresolved.
Proposed direction: Test thicker beds or modules, quantify fatigue, and demonstrate >100-cycle stability under realistic conditions.
10509 · Table 2 · Table 2
realistic testing
HighMany studies need evaluation under realistic brine conditions including multi-ion interference, organic fouling and long-term cycling.
Proposed direction: Benchmark candidate MOFs in realistic multicomponent brines with fouling and cycling protocols.
10510 · 4. Outlook and Conclusion
standardised evaluation
HighThe field lacks standardised metrics that include energy consumption, regeneration efficiency and life-cycle performance under continuous operation.
Proposed direction: Report selectivity, capacity, energy, regeneration and life-cycle metrics on a common basis.
10510 · 4. Outlook and Conclusion
Cited-study map
Mappings show which printed review references have a verified counterpart in the frozen primary corpus.
Show 22 cited-study records
| Reference | Study | Role and context | Corpus mapping |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ref. 812024 | Two-Dimensional Sulfonate-Functionalized Metal-Organic Framework Membranes for Efficient Lithium-Ion Sieving | functionalisation_strategy · transport_benchmarkUsed as the sulfonate-functionalised MOF membrane example where 5.5 A pores and -SO3- groups support rapid Li+ transport. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 862025 | Sunlight regenerable metal-organic frameworks with functionalized windows for enhanced lithium extraction | stimuli_responsive · photoresponsive_adsorptionSupports the charged-window PSP-MIL-53 example for light-controlled Li+ adsorption and fast desorption. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 872024 | Sustainable lithium extraction enabled by responsive metal-organic frameworks with ion-sieving adsorption effects | stimuli_responsive · transport_benchmarkUsed for polyspiropyran-MOF adsorbents combining MOF size sieving with photoresponsive adsorption/desorption. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 942025 | In situ engineering of conductive MOF/LDH heterojunction nanosheet arrays for high-efficiency lithium extraction via capacitive deionization | electrochemical_modulation · CDI · transport_benchmarkCDI example where a conductive 2D MOF/LDH heterostructure improves Li+ uptake, selectivity and cycling. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 952023 | ZIF-8 induced carbon electrodes for selective lithium recovery from aqueous feed water by employing capacitive deionization system | MCDI · electrochemical_modulationMCDI example where ZIF-8 and a cation exchange membrane are described as combining molecular sieving with selective ion permeability. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1012024 | 2D Membranes Interlayered with Bimetallic Metal-Organic Frameworks for Lithium Separation from Brines | structural_engineering · bimetallic_MOF · transport_benchmarkBimetallic MOF/graphene oxide membrane example used to illustrate framework-level tuning of pore environment and hydrophilicity. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1022024 | Building block design of thermally regenerable metal-organic framework composites for highly selective lithium adsorption | thermal_responsive · transport_benchmarkThermally regenerable UiO-66 composite with crown ether, pNIPAM and sulfonate components for Li+ selectivity and warm-water regeneration. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1062024 | Toward Selective Transport of Monovalent Metal Ions with High Permeability Based on Crown Ether-Encapsulated Metal-Organic Framework Sub-Nanochannels | crown_ether · functionalisation_strategy · transport_benchmarkCrown-ether-encapsulated ZIF-8 example used to show host-guest coordination plus subnanochannel size sieving. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1072025 | Efficient and Selective Lithium Extraction from Brine Water Via a Photothermal Sandwich Sieve Structure | photothermal · size_sieving · transport_benchmarkPhotothermal sandwich sieve example integrating solar heating with MOF-based size sieving. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1082025 | Lithium sieving with crown ethers covalently held by size-matched framework | crown_ether · membrane · transport_benchmarkCovalently anchored crown ether in MIL-53-COOH used for selective Li+ sieving and pH-stable membrane behaviour. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1092025 | Crown ethers decorated metal-organic framework for selective lithium ion sieving | crown_ether · adsorbent · transport_benchmarkMOF-808 with covalently attached crown ether used as a recyclable Li+ adsorbent example. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1102019 | Luminescent Metal-Organic Framework for Lithium Harvesting Applications | dual_ligand · structural_engineeringDual-ligand luminescent MOF example combining Li+ sensing and adsorption. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1152025 | Constructing Angstrom-Level Ion Pocket Array in 1D Channel Wall for Efficient Lithium Ion Sieving | size_sieving · transport_benchmarkCentral size-sieving benchmark for angstrom-level oxygen-pocket recognition in one-dimensional MOF channels. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1222025 | Hierarchical pore-enhanced ion transport and defect-induced dual strong interactions for highly efficient lithium extraction | defect_engineering · adsorbentDefect-engineered MIL-121-derived adsorbent example where active sites are created by alkaline and acid treatments. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1232025 | Performance of functionalized UiO-66 and HKUST-1 for Li+ absorption and separation from aqueous solutions with Li | templating · adsorbent · transport_benchmarkLiNO3-templated UiO-66 and HKUST-1 examples used for synthesis-directed Li+ favourable microenvironments. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1242025 | Functionalized Li/NH2/MIL-101(Cr) and Li/NH2/MIL-100(Fe) for lithium adsorption and separation from aqueous solutions | templating · amino_functionalisation · transport_benchmarkLiNO3 templating plus amino functionality example for MIL-type adsorbents. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1372025 | LiMn2O4 Nanoparticles In Situ Embedded in Carbon Networks for Lithium Extraction from Brine via Hybrid Capacitive Deionization | HCDI · MOF_derived_carbon · transport_benchmarkHybrid CDI example where MOF-derived carbon improves LiMn2O4 conductivity and diffusion. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1432019 | A novel electroactive PPy/HKUST-1 composite film-coated electrode for the selective recovery of lithium ions with low concentrations in aqueous solutions | ESIX · electrochemical_modulation · transport_benchmarkElectrochemical switching ion exchange example where PPy redox state and HKUST-1 pore sieving support selective Li+ recovery. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1442023 | Charging Metal-Organic Framework Membranes by Incorporating Crown Ethers to Capture Cations for Ion Sieving | electric_field · crown_ether · transport_benchmarkCharge-tunable crown-ether ZIF-7 membrane example for electric-field-enhanced Li+/Mg2+ selectivity. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1452025 | Efficient Ion Screening Boosted by MOF/COF Bilayer Membrane Through Multiple Separation Mechanisms | MOF_COF_bilayer · electric_field · transport_benchmarkMOF/COF bilayer membrane example combining size sieving, Donnan exclusion and electric-field acceleration. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1482020 | Light-gated cation-selective transport in metal-organic framework membranes | light_gated_transport · stimuli_responsive · transport_benchmarkLight-gated ZIF-8 membrane benchmark for conductance switching and Li+ selectivity. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1492021 | Thermally regenerable metal-organic framework with high monovalent metal ion selectivity | thermal_responsive · monovalent_selectivityThermal regeneration precedent that removes Na+ and K+ rather than directly extracting Li+, used as adjacent context. | Unmapped |