Chenyang Zhang, Kun Fan, Yuan Chen, Yanchao Wu, and Chengliang Wang · ACS Applied Electronic Materials · 2021
Highlight recent progress in conjugated coordination polymers as electrode materials for rechargeable batteries, with emphasis on chemical states, synthesis-structure relationships, molecular arrangement and charge-storage mechanisms.
The review’s argument is preserved as a navigable set of section summaries.
Explains how planar ligands with NH, OH, SH or SeH groups coordinate transition metals, delocalise electrons and generate multiple possible redox/chemical states.
Relevance: Core · 1948 · 2.1. Chemical Structures · Figure 1
Summarises CCP battery promise and identifies unresolved synthesis control, chemical-state identification, p-type mechanisms, metal-valence changes, complex compositions, exfoliation and scale-up.
Relevance: Core · 1955 · 4. Conclusion and Outlook
Classifies battery mechanisms by ligating atom and distinguishes n-type cation storage, possible p-type anion storage, ligand redox and metal-centred redox contributions.
Relevance: Core · 1951 · 3. CCPs as Electrode Active Materials for Batteries
Defines CCPs as pi-d conjugated frameworks that overcome the insulating character of many MOFs and frames their promise for rechargeable batteries.
Relevance: Core · 1947 · 1. Introduction
Connects one-dimensional and two-dimensional CCP packing motifs to charge and ion transport barriers, open channels and stability.
Relevance: Core · 1950 · 2.3. Molecular Arrangements · Figure 5
Reviews Ni-BTA, Ni-TABQ, Co-HAB, Ni-HAB and related nitrogen-ligated CCPs, emphasising relatively mature mechanistic understanding and remaining p-type uncertainty.
Relevance: Core · 1952 · 3.1. CCPs with Nitrogen as the Ligating Atoms · Figure 6
Reviews oxygen-ligated CCPs such as Cu-THQ and Cu3(HHTP)2, where higher ligand redox potentials and copper redox can support cathode operation but chemical-state mixtures complicate mechanism assignment.
Relevance: Core · 1953 · 3.2. CCPs with Oxygen as the Ligating Atoms · Figure 8
Organises CCP chemistry around ligand redox states, square-planar M-X4 units, ideal and nonideal chemical states, synthesis controls and molecular stacking.
Relevance: Core · 1948 · 2. Structural Features and Synthetic Principles · Figure 2
Reviews sulfur-ligated CCPs such as Ni-TTO/Ni-ETT and Cu-BHT, highlighting high conductivity, fast rates and mechanism uncertainty at low potentials.
Relevance: Core · 1955 · 3.1.3. CCPs with Sulfur as the Ligating Atoms · Figure 10
Presents synthesis as coupled coordination, deprotonation and oxidation, where reaction speed, base, oxidant, atmosphere and solvent determine crystallinity and chemical state.
Relevance: Core · 1949 · 2.2. Synthesis · Figure 4
Classification systems are attributed to this review and are not treated as a global material registry.
The review distinguishes CCPs from most MOFs by extended pi-d conjugation between planar organic ligands and transition-metal nodes, leading to enhanced conductivity and stability.
Categories: Traditional insulating MOFs · Pi-d conjugated coordination polymers · Conductive MOFs
1947 · 1. Introduction
The review separates cation storage associated with reduced frameworks from possible anion storage associated with oxidised frameworks, while noting uncertainty about metal versus ligand electron origin.
Categories: n-type cation storage during reduction · p-type anion storage during oxidation · metal-centred redox contribution · ligand-centred redox contribution
1951 · 3. CCPs as Electrode Active Materials for Batteries
The review links the number of chelating groups and ligand geometry to 1D or 2D structures and then to packing motifs that influence charge and ion transport.
Categories: 1D staggered parallel packing · 1D herringbone packing · 2D eclipsed AA stacking · 2D slipped-parallel AB stacking · 2D staggered AB stacking
1950 · 2.3. Molecular Arrangements · Figure 5
The battery discussion is organised by ligating atom because the heteroatom affects chemical state, conductivity, electrode potential, stability and capacity.
Categories: Nitrogen-ligated CCPs · Oxygen-ligated CCPs · Sulfur-ligated CCPs · Selenium-ligated CCPs as structural possibility
1952 · 3. CCPs as Electrode Active Materials for Batteries
Figure 2 organises M-X4 units into possible resonant, reduced, oxidised and low-valent-metal states, which the review uses as a framework for interpreting synthesis and cycling.
Categories: State A electroneutral divalent metal semiquinone-like ligand · Reduced anionic ligand states · Oxidised p-type states · Low-valent metal states with counterions
1949 · 2.1. Chemical Structures · Figure 2
Review-defined families retain their representative materials and conduction descriptions.
One-dimensional CCPs from tetrasubstituted benzenes, ethenes or biphenyls that can adopt staggered parallel or herringbone packing.
Conduction: Packing is compared with conjugated organic semiconductors, implying through-framework and intermolecular transport relevance.
Representative materials: 1D Ni-BTA · M(dhbq)-type chains
Nodes / linkers: Ni · Mn · Co · Zn · tetrasubstituted benzene · dihydroxybenzoquinone
1950 · 2.3. Molecular Arrangements · Figure 5a,b
A sulfur-rich 2D copper bis(dithiol) framework where each Cu coordinates four sulfur atoms and each sulfur connects to two Cu ions, differing from the usual M-X4 unit description.
Conduction: Reported by the review as highly conductive, with high Li-ion diffusion coefficient and strong rate/cycling behaviour.
Representative materials: Cu-BHT · [Cu3(C6S6)]n
Nodes / linkers: Cu · benzenehexathiolate
1955 · 3.1.3. CCPs with Sulfur as the Ligating Atoms
Hexaiminotriphenylene-based 2D conductive MOFs used in the review as examples of weak-base and solvent control over crystallinity.
Conduction: The review treats improved crystallinity and controlled deprotonation as relevant to conductivity and performance.
Representative materials: Ni3(HITP)2 · Cu3(HITP)2 · Co3(HITP)2
Nodes / linkers: Ni · Cu · Co · hexaiminotriphenylene
1950 · 2.2. Synthesis
CCPs built from amine or imine ligands that form M-(NH)4-like coordination units after deprotonation and ligand oxidation.
Conduction: Precise state-A-like coordination is associated by the review with relatively high conductivity and electrochemical performance; mixed states can also produce conductivity but complicate mechanism assignment.
Representative materials: Ni-BTA · Ni-TABQ · Co-HAB · Ni-HAB · Co_xNi_1-x-HAB
Nodes / linkers: Ni · Co · 1,2,4,5-benzenetetramine · tetraminobenzoquinone · hexaaminobenzene
1952 · 3.1. CCPs with Nitrogen as the Ligating Atoms · Figures 6-7
CCPs using oxygen-rich quinone, catecholate or hydroxyquinone ligands, often with Cu centres and sometimes additional solvent coordination.
Conduction: Oxygen-ligated CCPs are discussed as higher-potential redox frameworks where ligand and metal valence changes can both contribute to capacity.
Representative materials: Cu-THQ · Cu3(HHTP)2 · Cu-HHB · [CuL(DMF)2]n · (H2NMe2)2Fe2(Cl2dhbq)3-type frameworks
Nodes / linkers: Cu · Fe · tetrahydroxyquinone · hexahydroxytriphenylene · hexahydroxybenzene · dihydroxybenzoquinone
1953 · 3.2. CCPs with Oxygen as the Ligating Atoms · Figures 8-9
CCPs with sulfur ligating atoms, including Ni-TTO/Ni-ETT-type polymers, where sulfur promotes strong electron delocalisation.
Conduction: The review attributes superior conductivity to sulfur's large size and low electronegativity, which favour electron delocalisation and faster reaction.
Representative materials: Ni-TTO · Ni-ETT · poly(nickel-ethylenetetrathiolate)
Nodes / linkers: Ni · tetrathiooxalate · ethenetetrathiolate
1955 · 3.1.3. CCPs with Sulfur as the Ligating Atoms · Figure 10
Review-level synthesis principles remain separate from primary-study recipes.
Air, inert atmosphere or vacuum determine whether metal ions and ligands remain in State A-like forms or shift toward reduced low-valence states.
Claimed effects: Cu-THQ prepared under inert atmosphere was dominated by State D, whereas air oxidation favoured dominant State A.
Controlling variables: Air exposure · Inert gas shielding · Vacuum · Presence or absence of oxygen
Representative materials: Cu-THQ · Cu-HHB
Caveat: Air-sensitive low-valent states complicate ex situ characterisation.
1950 · 2.2. Synthesis
Changing the base from ammonia to ethylenediamine or weak acetate-type bases is used to retard nucleation, suppress side coordination and improve crystallinity.
Claimed effects: Ethylenediamine enabled highly crystalline Cu-HHB, while weaker bases improved crystallinity in HITP frameworks.
Controlling variables: Base strength · Competing coordination · Additives · Metal-ion solubility
Representative materials: Cu-HHB · Ni3(HITP)2 · Cu3(HITP)2 · Co3(HITP)2
Caveat: Base effects are entangled with coordination chemistry and solvent effects.
1950 · 2.2. Synthesis
The review interprets CCP formation as an in situ sequence of metal-ligand coordination, base-driven deprotonation and oxidant-driven partial ligand oxidation.
Claimed effects: Correct balancing of the three processes is needed to obtain ideal structures and avoid mixed valence, uncoordinated sites and uncertain ligand oxidation states.
Controlling variables: Metal precursor · Base · Oxidant · Order and rate of coordination/deprotonation/oxidation
Representative materials: Generic M-X4 CCPs
Caveat: The exact sequence in fast in situ reactions is stated as unrevealed.
1948 · 2.2. Synthesis · Figure 3
The review lists hydro/solvothermal routes and gas-liquid, liquid-liquid and solid-liquid interfacial methods as common CCP formation strategies.
Claimed effects: These routes provide the practical synthesis landscape for CCPs, but the review stresses that product chemistry remains sensitive to reaction conditions.
Controlling variables: Solvent · Interface type · Concentration · Pressure · Atmosphere
Representative materials: Plentiful CCPs · Cu-THQ · Cu-BHT
Caveat: The review does not provide a universal route to ideal chemical states.
1948 · 2.2. Synthesis
Slowing reaction speed, nucleation and crystal growth by solvent diffusion or controlled feeding is presented as a way to improve crystallinity and state control.
Claimed effects: For Ni-BTA, slow solvent diffusion gave the highest crystallinity and chemical states closest to the ideal State A.
Controlling variables: Reaction speed · Nucleation rate · Crystal growth rate · Feeding manner · Reaction time
Representative materials: Ni-BTA
Caveat: The strategy is illustrated with selected materials and is not a universal recipe.
1949 · 2.2. Synthesis · Figure 4
Coordinating solvents and water mixtures are described as tools for modulating deprotonation, nucleation and growth, especially in HITP frameworks.
Claimed effects: Weak bases and organic cosolvents decelerate nucleation and growth, improving crystallinity.
Controlling variables: DMF · DMSO · DMA · Water mixtures · Organic cosolvent fraction
Representative materials: M3(HITP)2
Caveat: For oxygen-ligated CCPs, solvent can also enter coordination structures and change mechanistic interpretation.
1950 · 2.2. Synthesis
These are the review authors’ synthesis, not newly measured results.
For 2D CCPs, interlayer spaces and nanopores are argued to facilitate ion diffusion and accommodation, enhancing rate performance and cyclability.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: The review frames this as an opportunity; primary measurements are still needed for material-specific diffusion coefficients.
1951 · 2.3. Molecular Arrangements
Ordered molecular arrangements are interpreted as reducing transport barriers for charges and ions in CCPs.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: The review mainly provides structural analogy and selected literature examples rather than a single quantitative transport model.
1950 · 2.3. Molecular Arrangements · Figure 5
The review argues that high electrical conductivity, ordered nanopores, electrolyte-insoluble frameworks and flexible organic segments make CCPs promising rechargeable-battery electrodes.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: The authors also state that battery applications remain in their infancy.
1947 · 1. Introduction
CCPs are presented as conductive MOF-like frameworks that address the intrinsically insulating behaviour of many traditional MOFs through extended pi-d conjugation.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: The review notes that some reports use the term conductive MOFs for these materials.
1947 · 1. Introduction
Precise CCP chemical states remain controversial, including counterions, radicals, metal valence and bond-order assignments.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: Difficulty arises partly from scarce large high-quality single crystals and dependence on characterisation purity and method.
1948 · 2.1. Chemical Structures · Figure 2
Despite rapid growth, CCPs for rechargeable batteries are still at an early stage with unresolved synthesis, state identification, mechanism and scale-up challenges.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: The conclusion is an outlook statement rather than a measured result.
1955 · 4. Conclusion and Outlook
Very low-potential discharge of sulfur-ligated materials can give high capacities but poor cyclability, possibly due to Ni-S bond breakage.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: The review states that different mechanisms need further investigation.
1955 · 3.1.3. CCPs with Sulfur as the Ligating Atoms
Nitrogen-ligated CCPs are described as the most widely studied and mechanistically understood family, with Ni-BTA used to demonstrate two-electron Na storage and ligand-centred redox.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: Low-valent Ni can be difficult to verify ex situ because of air oxidation during handling.
1952 · 3.1. CCPs with Nitrogen as the Ligating Atoms · Figure 6
Oxygen-ligated CCPs are interpreted as higher-potential redox systems than nitrogen-ligated analogues and therefore as cathode candidates.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: Mixed Cu states and solvent participation complicate mechanism assignment.
1953 · 3.2. CCPs with Oxygen as the Ligating Atoms · Figure 8
P-type oxidation and anion insertion in nitrogen-ligated CCPs are promising for high-voltage operation, but the electron source and mechanism remain unresolved.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: The review states that stronger evidence is needed and some cells showed poor cyclability.
1952 · 3.1. CCPs with Nitrogen as the Ligating Atoms · Figure 7
Slow growth is presented as beneficial for precise coordination, deprotonation and oxidation, improving crystallinity and electrochemical properties in Ni-BTA.
Evidence basis: single_reference
Caveat: This is shown as an example rather than as a universally proven rule.
1949 · 2.2. Synthesis · Figure 4
The authors propose State A as the ideal CCP coordination-unit state: electroneutral, divalent metal ions, partially oxidised deprotonated ligands and delocalised pi-d conjugation.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: The wording is explicitly probabilistic and the review acknowledges other states can form during synthesis.
1948 · 2.1. Chemical Structures · Figure 2
Sulfur-ligated CCPs usually show superior conductivity because sulfur's size and low electronegativity increase electron delocalisation.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: The same chemistry may also produce faster reactions and more reduced states, increasing state-control challenges.
1955 · 3.1.3. CCPs with Sulfur as the Ligating Atoms · Figure 10
Growth control is central because small variations in base, oxidant, solvent, atmosphere and reaction speed can shift crystallinity, defects and chemical states.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: The review does not establish a universal parameter window for all CCP families.
1949 · 2.2. Synthesis · Figure 4
The review stresses that voltage-window choice can determine whether CCP redox is reversible and cyclable, especially where metal reduction to low or zero valence may occur.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: Some high-capacity lithium-anode reports are flagged as poor-cycling and needing further investigation.
1954 · 3.2. CCPs with Oxygen as the Ligating Atoms
Every row remains visibly secondary and links to a primary dossier only where the mapping is verified.
| Material | Property | Reported value | Context and quality | Primary evidence | Review source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SecondaryCu-BHT | Reversible capacity | 175 mAh g-1 in 1.5-3.0 V | Lithium storage cathode; voltage window 1.5-3.0 V Text · Exact Reported | research_0365 | 1955 · 3.1.3. CCPs with Sulfur as the Ligating Atoms |
| SecondaryCu-BHT | Electrical conductivity | 231 S cm-1 | 2D copper bis(dithiol) framework used as lithium-storage cathode Text · Exact Reported | research_0365 | 1955 · 3.1.3. CCPs with Sulfur as the Ligating Atoms |
| SecondaryCu-BHT | Specific capacity at low loading/current | 232 mAh g-1 at 50 mA g-1 | Low mass loading and low current density Text · Exact Reported | research_0365 | 1955 · 3.1.3. CCPs with Sulfur as the Ligating Atoms |
| SecondaryCu3(HHTP)2 | Initial capacity | 228 mAh g-1 | Cathode for rechargeable aqueous zinc batteries Text · Exact Reported | research_0188 | 1954 · 3.2. CCPs with Oxygen as the Ligating Atoms · Figure 9a |
| SecondaryCu-THQ | Capacity decay in broad voltage window | 400 to 144 mAh g-1 after 20 cycles | Air-synthesised Cu-THQ; 1.3-4.0 V vs Li/Li+ at 0.1 A g-1 Text · Range | research_0043 | 1954 · 3.2. CCPs with Oxygen as the Ligating Atoms · Figure 8c |
| SecondaryCu-THQ | Specific capacity after long cycling | 99 mAh g-1 after 1000 cycles at 1 A g-1 | Lower charge cutoff at 2.6 V; 1 A g-1 Text · Exact Reported | research_0043 | 1954 · 3.2. CCPs with Oxygen as the Ligating Atoms · Figure 8f |
| SecondaryCu-THQ | Specific capacity in narrowed voltage window | 300 mAh g-1 | 1.3-3.3 V at 0.1 A g-1 Text · Exact Reported | research_0043 | 1954 · 3.2. CCPs with Oxygen as the Ligating Atoms · Figure 8d |
| SecondaryNi-BTA | Ligand-centred sodium-storage redox potential | approximately 1.0 V vs Na/Na+ | Sodium-ion battery discharge; quinoid imine to benzoid amine transformation Text · Approximate | No verified corpus mapping | 1952 · 3.1. CCPs with Nitrogen as the Ligating Atoms · Figure 6a |
| SecondaryNi-BTA | Ni2+/Ni+ reduction potential | approximately 0.75 V vs Na/Na+ | Sodium-ion discharge with Ni reduced from divalent to monovalent state Text · Approximate | No verified corpus mapping | 1952 · 3.1. CCPs with Nitrogen as the Ligating Atoms · Figure 6a |
| SecondaryNi-HAB | Specific capacity | approximately 155 mAh g-1 at 10 mA g-1 | Lithium-ion cathode window 2.0-4.5 V Text · Approximate | No verified corpus mapping | 1952 · 3.1. CCPs with Nitrogen as the Ligating Atoms · Figure 7c |
| SecondaryNi-TABQ | Specific capacity | 454.2 mAh g-1 at 0.2 A g-1 | Sodium-ion storage; reported by the review for Ni-TABQ at 0.2 A g-1 Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 1952 · 3.1. CCPs with Nitrogen as the Ligating Atoms · Figure 6f,g |
| SecondaryNi-TABQ | Specific capacity after cycling | 400.0 mAh g-1 at 1.0 A g-1 after 100 cycles | After 100 cycles at 1.0 A g-1 Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 1952 · 3.1. CCPs with Nitrogen as the Ligating Atoms · Figure 6g |
| SecondaryNi-TTO | High-rate initial capacity and retention | 155 mAh g-1 and 84% retention at 5 A g-1 | Sodium-ion cathode; 5 A g-1, 10 mA cm-2, 30C, 80% active material Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 1955 · 3.1.3. CCPs with Sulfur as the Ligating Atoms · Figure 10b,c |
| SecondaryNi-TTO / Ni-ETT | Electrical conductivity | as high as 30 S cm-1 | Sulfur-ligated CCPs based on ETT and Ni salt; structural assignment controversial Text · Approximate | No verified corpus mapping | 1955 · 3.1.3. CCPs with Sulfur as the Ligating Atoms · Figure 10 |
Open questions are presented as review-author priorities, not conclusions from the primary database.
Blurred or mixed chemical states create inconsistencies between theoretical expectations and experimentally observed properties.
Proposed direction: Combine better-controlled samples with more reliable structural and spectroscopic characterisation.
1955 · 4. Conclusion and Outlook
More complex CCPs with multimetal centres, different ligands or different ligating atoms remain underdeveloped for battery performance.
Proposed direction: Explore multimetal, mixed-ligand and mixed-heteroatom frameworks with controlled state distributions.
1956 · 4. Conclusion and Outlook
Growth control of CCPs with ideal or desired chemical states and structures remains challenging.
Proposed direction: Develop synthesis routes that control coordination, deprotonation, oxidation, crystallinity and defect formation.
1955 · 4. Conclusion and Outlook
High-quality, large CCP single crystals suitable for single-crystal XRD are difficult to obtain, limiting chemical-state understanding.
Proposed direction: Improve crystal-growth control and use characterisation methods that avoid unreliable conclusions.
1948 · 2.1. Chemical Structures
The reduction of metal ions to low valences remains vague, while oxidation of Cu+ has been corroborated but still underperforms theoretical capacity.
Proposed direction: Design operando or air-protected characterisation to separate ligand and metal redox contributions.
1956 · 4. Conclusion and Outlook
More evidence is required to support ligand oxidation and anion-intercalation mechanisms and to improve high-voltage performance.
Proposed direction: Directly verify p-type charge storage and optimise materials for high voltage, capacity and energy density.
1956 · 4. Conclusion and Outlook
Post-treatment routes such as exfoliation into nanosheets have not been sufficiently considered for utilising CCP merits.
Proposed direction: Develop exfoliation and nanosheet processing strategies that preserve conductivity and active sites.
1956 · 4. Conclusion and Outlook
Low-cost and scalable mass production is required before CCPs can become practical battery materials.
Proposed direction: Prioritise scalable synthesis and processing routes alongside mechanistic studies.
1956 · 4. Conclusion and Outlook
Mappings show which printed review references have a verified counterpart in the frozen primary corpus.
| Reference | Study | Role and context | Corpus mapping |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ref. 32020 | Electrically Conductive Metal-Organic Frameworks | definition_scope · transport_contextCited as background for conductive MOFs and for distinguishing CCPs from insulating MOFs. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 72020 | The Chemical States of Conjugated Coordination Polymers10.1016/j.chempr.2020.12.007 | chemical_state_framework · structure_property_contextCentral cited framework for State A/B/C/D chemical-state interpretation and Figure 2 adaptation. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 92012 | New Porous Crystals of Extended Metal-Catecholates | historical_framing · material_familyCited as part of the early 2012 emergence of CCPs/conductive MOF-like frameworks. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 172019 | A One-Dimensional pi-d Conjugated Coordination Polymer for Sodium Storage with Catalytic Activity in Negishi Coupling | battery_mechanism · synthesis_control · benchmark_contextUsed for Ni-BTA slow-growth synthesis, State A control, Na-storage mechanism and Ni reduction caveat. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 182018 | Robust and Conductive Two-Dimensional Metal-Organic Frameworks with Exceptionally High Volumetric and Areal Capacitance | formation_process · structure_contextCited for formation-process schematic and as an example of 2D CCP stacking/structure. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 192018 | Synthetic Routes for a 2D Semiconductive Copper Hexahydroxybenzene Metal-Organic Framework | synthesis_control · material_familyUsed for base/ethylenediamine effects and atmosphere sensitivity in Cu-HHB-type oxygen-ligated CCPs. | research_0792 |
| Ref. 202020 | A Redox-Active 2D Metal-Organic Framework for Efficient Lithium Storage with Extraordinary High Capacity | battery_mechanism · oxygen_ligatedUsed for inert-atmosphere Cu-THQ, State D dominance, two redox pairs and Cu1+/Cu2+ assignment. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 212019 | A Highly Conductive Conjugated Coordination Polymer for Fast-Charge Sodium-Ion Batteries: Reconsidering Its Structures | transport_benchmark · battery_benchmark · chemical_stateUsed for sulfur-ligated high conductivity, Ni-TTO/Ni-ETT structural controversy and fast-charge sodium-ion battery performance. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 292021 | Atomically Precise Single-Crystal Structures of Electrically Conducting 2D Metal-Organic Frameworks | structural_characterisation · chemical_state_contextCited for the rarity and value of high-quality single-crystal structural information. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 302019 | Single Crystals of Electrically Conductive Two-Dimensional Metal-Organic Frameworks: Structural and Electrical Transport Properties | structural_characterisation · transport_propertiesCited as evidence for single-crystal structural and electrical transport characterisation relevance. | research_0005 |
| Ref. 312020 | Continuous Electrical Conductivity Variation in M3(Hexaiminotriphenylene)2 (M = Co, Ni, Cu) MOF Alloys | synthesis_control · transport_contextUsed for weak-base and coordinating-solvent effects on crystallinity and for conductivity-tuning context. | research_0041 |
| Ref. 352018 | Stabilization of Hexaaminobenzene in a 2D Conductive Metal-Organic Framework for High Power Sodium Storage | battery_mechanism · nitrogen_ligatedUsed for Co-HAB sodium-storage mechanism and the question of Co low-valence contribution. | research_0004 |
| Ref. 372020 | Ultrathin Two-Dimensional Conjugated Metal-Organic Framework Single-Crystalline Nanosheets Enabled by Surfactant-Assisted Synthesis | oxygen_ligated · voltage_window · benchmark_contextUsed for air-synthesised Cu-THQ State A dominance, voltage-window tuning and cycling benchmarks. | research_0043 |
| Ref. 512018 | Multielectron-Transfer-Based Rechargeable Energy Storage of Two-Dimensional Coordination Frameworks with Non-Innocent Ligands | p_type_storage · benchmark_contextUsed for p-type/anion-insertion discussion and Ni-HAB capacity benchmark. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 532020 | A Two-Dimensional Metal-Organic Polymer Enabled by Robust Nickel-Nitrogen and Hydrogen Bonds for Exceptional Sodium-Ion Storage | battery_benchmark · nitrogen_ligatedUsed for high-capacity Ni-TABQ sodium-ion storage and four-electron-transfer interpretation. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 672019 | Conductive 2D Metal-Organic Framework for High-Performance Cathodes in Aqueous Rechargeable Zinc Batteries | oxygen_ligated · battery_benchmarkUsed for aqueous zinc battery Cu3(HHTP)2 mechanism and initial capacity benchmark. | research_0188 |
| Ref. 682019 | Elucidating Metal and Ligand Redox Activities of a Copper-Benzoquinoid Coordination Polymer as the Cathode for Lithium-Ion Batteries | oxygen_ligated · redox_mechanismUsed for solvent-coordinated oxygen-ligated CCPs and ligand/metal redox activity in lithium half-cells. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 752020 | Highly Conductive Two-Dimensional Metal-Organic Frameworks for Resilient Lithium Storage with Superb Rate Capability | transport_benchmark · battery_benchmark · sulfur_ligatedUsed for Cu-BHT high conductivity, rate/cycling performance and contested storage-mechanism interpretation. | research_0365 |
| Ref. 592019 | Nanostructured Metal-Organic Conjugated Coordination Polymers with Ligand Tailoring for Superior Rechargeable Energy Storage | ligand_tailoring · battery_mechanism · caveatUsed for reports of high initial but poor-cycling LIB behaviour and contrasting stable mixed N/S ligating-atom materials. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 612020 | Tailoring the Electrochemical Properties of Two-Dimensional Bis(diimino)metal Coordination Frameworks by Introducing Co/Ni Heterometallic Structures | p_type_storage · heterometallic_frameworkUsed for heterometallic Co/Ni-HAB p-type redox activity and open question about electron origin. | Unmapped |