Lars Heinke and Christof Woll · Advanced Materials · 2019
Reviews surface-mounted metal-organic frameworks as oriented crystalline thin-film model systems for diffusion, charge transport, defects, photoswitchable coatings, membranes and crystalline chromophore assemblies.
The review’s argument is preserved as a navigable set of section summaries.
Treats large-pore SURMOFs as model matrices for isolated azobenzene side groups, enabling IR-derived thermal relaxation kinetics and activation-energy comparison with quantum-chemical calculations.
Relevance: Supporting · 9 · 6.4. SURMOFs as Regular Model System · Figure 8
Positions SURMOFs as better electrical test structures than powders, then reviews HKUST-1 conductivity modulation by electroactive guests and the need to distinguish hopping, tunnelling, band and superexchange models.
Relevance: Core · 4 · 4. Determining Electrical Conductivity · Figure 3
Reviews why high-quality SURMOFs are better suited than MOF powders for optical and XPS characterisation, and how spectroscopy, synthesis optimisation and modulation quantify or reduce defects.
Relevance: Core · 3 · 3. MOF Thin Films with Very Low Defect Density · Figure 2
Explains the value of thin, QCM-integrated SURMOFs for measuring slow guest diffusion, uptake amount, activation energy and mixture uptake where large crystals or conventional methods are limiting.
Relevance: Core · 5 · 5. Unique Model System for Diffusion Experiments · Figure 4
Reviews SURMOF heterojunctions and crystalline chromophore assemblies as structurally defined systems for triplet transfer, photon upconversion and directional exciton diffusion.
Relevance: Core · 10 · 7-8 · Figure 9
Defines MOFs and SURMOFs, contrasts layer-by-layer film growth with solvothermal powder synthesis, and frames oriented thin films as model systems for optical, electrical and interfacial transport studies.
Relevance: Core · 2 · Introduction · Figure 1
Summarises HKUST-1 SURMOF elastic and thermal-expansion measurements, emphasising agreement between experiment and computation and stability during heating/cooling cycles.
Relevance: Supporting · 2 · 2. MOF Mechanical Properties
Frames azobenzene-functionalised SURMOFs as crystalline, porous alternatives to amorphous photoswitchable polymers, enabling conformational switching with sufficient free volume and quantitative comparison.
Relevance: Core · 7 · 6. Photoswitchable Nanoporous Coating · Figure 6
Reviews remote guest release, dynamically tunable H2/CO2 membrane selectivity and light-controlled proton conduction using azobenzene or fluorinated azobenzene SURMOFs.
Relevance: Core · 8 · 6.1-6.3 · Figures 6-7
Concludes that oriented crystalline SURMOFs are useful model systems for diffusion, defects, electrical conduction, photoswitchable function and anisotropic triplet-exciton transport.
Relevance: Core · 11 · 9. Summary
Uses SURMOF thickness-dependent cyclohexane uptake to separate diffusion-limited behaviour from surface-barrier-limited uptake, linking barriers to near-surface defects caused by water exposure.
Relevance: Core · 6 · 5.1. The Surface Barrier Phenomenon · Figure 5
Classification systems are attributed to this review and are not treated as a global material registry.
The conductivity section uses these model classes to interpret guest-loaded HKUST-1 SURMOF data and distinguish ferrocene and TCNQ behaviour.
Categories: band-like transport · incoherent tunnelling · simple hopping · extended hopping or molecular superexchange
4 · 4. Determining Electrical Conductivity
Different layer-by-layer methods are presented as routes to oriented SURMOFs, with surface rinsing and ultrasonication affecting morphology and optical quality.
Categories: dip coating · spray coating · spin coating · robotic dipping with ultrasonication
2 · Introduction · Figure 1
Thickness-dependent QCM uptake in SURMOFs is used to distinguish intrinsic diffusion through pores from external surface resistance caused by blocked pore entrances.
Categories: quadratic thickness dependence for diffusion-controlled uptake · linear thickness dependence for surface-barrier influence
6 · 5.1. The Surface Barrier Phenomenon · Figure 5
The review separates structural incorporation of azobenzene units into MOF linkers from guest-like embedding in pores, then highlights fluorinated switches as a route to avoid UV light.
Categories: photoswitches as dangling side groups on linkers · light-responsive molecules embedded in pores · fluorinated azobenzene switches for visible-light operation
7 · 6. Photoswitchable Nanoporous Coating
Across the progress report, SURMOFs are organised by the fundamental process they make measurable in a structurally defined thin-film geometry.
Categories: defect quantification · charge transport · mass diffusion · photoisomerisation · exciton transfer
11 · 9. Summary
The review repeatedly contrasts high-quality oriented films with powders or large crystals, arguing that films reduce optical scattering, simplify electrical contacts and shorten diffusion times.
Categories: oriented thin SURMOF films · particulate solvothermal MOF powders · large single crystals
3 · 3. MOF Thin Films with Very Low Defect Density
Review-defined families retain their representative materials and conduction descriptions.
SURMOF films with azobenzene units incorporated into linkers or side groups, enabling light-triggered conformational changes and tunable guest interactions.
Conduction: Guest proton conduction can be reduced or increased by light-controlled trans-cis switching of azo side groups.
Representative materials: Cu2(AzoBPDC)2(BiPy) · Cu2(AzoBPDC)2(AzoBiPyB) · Cu2(F2AzoBDC)2(dabco)
Nodes / linkers: Cu paddle-wheel units · AzoBPDC · AzoBiPyB · F2AzoBDC · BiPy · dabco
8 · 6.1-6.3 · Figures 6-7
SURMOF-based ordered chromophore arrays used to study aggregate photophysics, anisotropic energy transport and exciton diffusion.
Conduction: Electronic excitation rather than ground-state charge transport; triplet and exciton transport are controlled by interface and packing.
Representative materials: anthracene-based CCA SURMOFs · H-aggregate SURMOFs · Pd-DCP/ADB upconversion heterojunctions
Nodes / linkers: MOF nodes not exhaustively specified · anthracene linkers · porphyrin linkers · chromophore-based carboxylate linkers
10 · 8. SURMOFs as Model-Systems
Pillared Cu-based SURMOF films used as a QCM diffusion model system for ferrocene uptake and activation-energy extraction.
Conduction: Discussed for ferrocene diffusion rather than film conductivity.
Representative materials: Cu2(ndc)2(dabco) SURMOF
Nodes / linkers: Cu paddle-wheel units · ndc · dabco pillars
5 · 5. Unique Model System for Diffusion Experiments
HKUST-1 thin films loaded with redox-active guests to alter electrical conductivity and test charge-transport mechanisms.
Conduction: Ferrocene loading is interpreted by incoherent tunnelling or charge hopping; TCNQ-loaded films require extended hopping or molecular superexchange.
Representative materials: TCNQ-loaded HKUST-1 SURMOF · ferrocene-loaded HKUST-1 SURMOF
Nodes / linkers: Cu paddle-wheel dimers · benzene tricarboxylate
4 · 4. Determining Electrical Conductivity · Figure 3
Oriented Cu paddle-wheel MOF thin films used as reference systems for mechanical properties, defect quantification, diffusion and guest-modulated conductivity.
Conduction: Pristine material behaves as a large-bandgap insulator; conductivity can be increased by electroactive guests such as TCNQ or ferrocene.
Representative materials: HKUST-1 SURMOF · Cu3(BTC)2-type SURMOF
Nodes / linkers: Cu paddle-wheel dimers · benzene tricarboxylate
3 · 3. MOF Thin Films with Very Low Defect Density · Figure 1
Layer-by-layer stacks of two MOF structures with similar lattice parameters but distinct linkers or properties, producing defined organic-organic heterointerfaces.
Conduction: Used for transport across interfaces, including guest release gating and triplet exciton transfer.
Representative materials: Cu2(BPDC)2(BiPy)/Cu2(AzoBPDC)2(BiPy) · Pd-DCP/ADB SURMOF heterojunctions
Nodes / linkers: Cu paddle-wheel units · Pd porphyrin-containing sensitiser units · BPDC · AzoBPDC · BiPy · Pd-DCP · ADB
2 · Introduction · Figure 1
A different Cu++ dimer MOF thin-film family used to compare defect concentrations and temperature-induced defect formation.
Conduction: Discussed for defect chemistry rather than electronic conduction.
Representative materials: UHM-3 SURMOF
Nodes / linkers: Cu++ dimers · not specified in review text
3 · 3. MOF Thin Films with Very Low Defect Density · Figure 2a
Review-level synthesis principles remain separate from primary-study recipes.
Growth conditions, water modulation and broader optimisation are described as ways to tune SURMOF defect density.
Claimed effects: Defect density can be characterised and varied, enabling systematic links between defects and optical or transport properties.
Controlling variables: water modulator · growth parameters · rinsing quality · thermal exposure
Representative materials: HKUST-1 SURMOF · UHM-3 SURMOF
Caveat: Some defect formation is linked to water exposure; defect control can be material- and surface-specific.
3 · 3. MOF Thin Films with Very Low Defect Density
Changing the organic linker and/or metal-node solution during LbL synthesis allows a second SURMOF structure to be grown on top of the first.
Claimed effects: Produces structurally defined heteromultilayers for studying optical excitation, charge transfer and gated guest transport at internal interfaces.
Controlling variables: linker exchange · metal-node exchange · lattice matching · layer sequence
Representative materials: Pd-DCP/ADB SURMOF heterojunction · Cu2(BPDC)2(BiPy)/Cu2(AzoBPDC)2(BiPy)
Caveat: Requires compatible structures and linker lengths to maintain oriented epitaxial growth.
3 · Introduction · Figure 1
Functionalised substrates are alternately exposed to separate metal-node and organic-linker solutions, producing oriented crystalline SURMOF films rather than bulk powders.
Claimed effects: Enables highly oriented, monolithic MOF thin films with well-defined electrical contacts and optical quality.
Controlling variables: substrate functionalisation · metal-source solution · organic-linker solution · number of exposure cycles
Representative materials: HKUST-1 SURMOF
Caveat: The review points to other literature for detailed synthesis recipes; extraction should not treat this as a full protocol.
3 · Introduction · Figure 1
Photoswitchable SURMOFs are deposited on mesoporous supports and irradiated in situ during membrane-separation measurements.
Claimed effects: Allows reversible and continuous tuning of H2/CO2 separation factors by light-controlled azobenzene isomerisation.
Controlling variables: support porosity · cis-azobenzene fraction · UV or blue illumination · gas feed composition
Representative materials: Cu2(AzoBPDC)2(AzoBiPyB) SURMOF membrane
Caveat: The review presents this as a specialised membrane demonstration rather than general proof for all MOF membranes.
8 · 6.2. Dynamic Remote-Control · Figure 6c-e
Azobenzene units are incorporated as dangling side groups or into pillared-layer linkers with enough free volume for trans-cis isomerisation.
Claimed effects: Provides light-switchable permeability, adsorption, proton conduction and molecular model systems in crystalline porous films.
Controlling variables: azobenzene linker length · free space in pores · side-group density · fluorination
Representative materials: Cu2(AzoBPDC)2(BiPy) · Cu2(AzoBPDC)2(AzoBiPyB) · Cu2(F2AzoBDC)2(dabco)
Caveat: Linker geometry must avoid steric hindrance; bulk crystalline azobenzene can suppress photoisomerisation.
7 · 6. Photoswitchable Nanoporous Coating · Figure 6
SURMOFs are grown on the Au electrode of a quartz crystal microbalance so mass uptake and film growth can be monitored directly.
Claimed effects: Enables quantitative uptake, diffusion coefficient and activation-energy analysis for slow diffusion in thin porous films.
Controlling variables: QCM substrate · film thickness · guest atmosphere or liquid phase · temperature
Representative materials: Cu2(ndc)2(dabco) SURMOF · HKUST-1 SURMOF
Caveat: QCM uptake interpretation still requires distinguishing internal diffusion from surface barriers.
5 · 5. Unique Model System for Diffusion Experiments · Figure 4
A dipping robot combined with an ultrasonic bath improves rinsing of the film surface during synthesis.
Claimed effects: Reduces roughness, improves morphological homogeneity and markedly increases optical transparency of HKUST-1 SURMOFs.
Controlling variables: rinsing intensity · ultrasonic bath use · dipping automation · surface cleaning
Representative materials: HKUST-1 SURMOF
Caveat: The review reports optical-quality improvement but does not provide a general recipe for all SURMOF chemistries.
3 · 3. MOF Thin Films with Very Low Defect Density · Figure 2b
These are the review authors’ synthesis, not newly measured results.
Self-assembled chromophore aggregates often lack precise structural definition, whereas SURMOF crystalline chromophore assemblies offer defined structures for photophysical analysis.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: The review frames this as an emerging field rather than a mature device technology.
10 · 8. SURMOFs as Model-Systems
Crystalline porous SURMOFs provide free volume and structural definition for azobenzene switching, addressing limitations of sterically hindered crystals and amorphous polymers.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: Successful switching requires suitable linker geometry and sufficient pore space.
7 · 6. Photoswitchable Nanoporous Coating
Ferrocene-loaded HKUST-1 SURMOF conductivity is interpreted as consistent with incoherent tunnelling or charge hopping, with approximately linear resistivity-thickness dependence.
Evidence basis: single_reference
Caveat: The review summarises one cited study rather than a broad consensus.
4 · 4. Determining Electrical Conductivity · Figure 3
The electrical conductivity of otherwise insulating HKUST-1 SURMOFs can be increased strongly by loading electroactive guests into the pores.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: Mechanism depends on guest identity and cannot be inferred solely from conductivity enhancement.
4 · 4. Determining Electrical Conductivity · Figure 3
In chromophore-based SURMOF heterojunctions, interface quality strongly influences triplet transfer and photon upconversion properties.
Evidence basis: single_reference
Caveat: The review cites a specific Pd-DCP/ADB SURMOF heterojunction example.
10 · 7. Transfer of Electronic Excitations · Figure 9
Fluorinated azobenzene SURMOFs can modulate proton conduction of pore guests by light-induced changes in MOF-guest hydrogen bonding.
Evidence basis: single_reference
Caveat: The review discusses guest molecules such as butanediol and triazole; this is not general intrinsic proton conduction of the framework.
8 · 6.3. Photoswitchable Proton Conduction · Figure 7
A two-part azobenzene SURMOF can act as a light-controlled nanoporous container whose top layer gates guest release.
Evidence basis: single_reference
Caveat: Demonstrated with 1,4-butanediol uptake/release in the cited example.
8 · 6.1. Remote-Controlled Release · Figure 6a-b
High-quality SURMOFs can show substantially lower defect densities than normal bulk samples, improving their suitability for optical applications and spectroscopy.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: Defect identity and density remain material- and processing-dependent.
3 · 3. MOF Thin Films with Very Low Defect Density · Figure 2
MOF powders are often poor platforms for optical and electrical characterisation because scattering and electrode-contact issues obscure reliable measurements.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: The claim is made in the context of SURMOF advantages; it does not imply all powder measurements are invalid.
4 · 4. Determining Electrical Conductivity
Pristine HKUST-1 SURMOFs show quadratic cyclohexane uptake-time scaling with film thickness, which the review interprets as diffusion-limited uptake with negligible surface-barrier influence.
Evidence basis: single_reference
Caveat: Exposure to humid air or water can create surface defects and change this behaviour.
6 · 5.1. The Surface Barrier Phenomenon · Figure 5
Surface barriers at external crystal surfaces can dominate apparent mass transfer and make diffusion coefficients in MOF powders differ by orders of magnitude.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: The review attributes barriers mostly to near-surface structural imperfections but acknowledges measurement-to-measurement variability.
5 · 5.1. The Surface Barrier Phenomenon · Figure 5
SURMOFs are presented as monolithic, ordered MOF thin films that make MOFs usable as model systems for quantitative studies of molecular interactions in porous media.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: This is the review's synthetic and measurement framing, not a universal property of all MOF films.
1 · Abstract
TCNQ-loaded HKUST-1 shows high conductivity that the review says cannot be reconciled with simple hopping or band transport; an extended hopping or molecular superexchange model fits the data.
Evidence basis: single_reference
Caveat: This is a mechanistic interpretation of the cited work; primary papers should be checked for model assumptions.
4 · 4. Determining Electrical Conductivity
Thin SURMOFs overcome the long uptake times of large crystals for slow diffusion, making low diffusion coefficients experimentally accessible.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: Shorter diffusion lengths help only if film quality and surface barriers are controlled.
5 · 5. Unique Model System for Diffusion Experiments
Photoswitchable azobenzene SURMOF membranes can dynamically and reversibly tune H2/CO2 separation by controlling the cis-azobenzene ratio with light.
Evidence basis: single_reference
Caveat: The reported membrane relies on a specific pillared-layer azobenzene framework and in situ illumination.
8 · 6.2. Dynamic Remote-Control · Figure 6c-e
Rinsing optimisation by ultrasonication during LbL growth can strongly improve morphology and visible transparency of HKUST-1 SURMOFs.
Evidence basis: single_reference
Caveat: Demonstrated for HKUST-1 films in the cited work.
4 · 3. MOF Thin Films with Very Low Defect Density · Figure 2b
Water or humid-air exposure can slow uptake without changing bulk XRD, supporting the interpretation that near-surface defects generate mass-transfer barriers.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: The mechanism is proposed from combined uptake and XRD evidence rather than directly imaged pore blocking.
6 · 5.1. The Surface Barrier Phenomenon · Figure 5b-c
Every row remains visibly secondary and links to a primary dossier only where the mapping is verified.
| Material | Property | Reported value | Context and quality | Primary evidence | Review source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SecondaryCu2(DMTPDC)2(AzoBiPyB) SURMOF | thermal cis-to-trans isomerisation activation energy | 1.09 eV +/- 0.09 eV | IR vibrational spectroscopy after UV irradiation; dark thermal relaxation Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 10 · 6.4. SURMOFs as Regular Model System · Figure 8 |
| SecondaryFerrocene in Cu2(ndc)2(dabco) SURMOF | diffusion activation energy | approximately +90 kJ mol^-1 (0.93 eV) | Temperature-dependent QCM uptake in SURMOF films Text · Approximate | No verified corpus mapping | 5 · 5. Unique Model System for Diffusion Experiments |
| SecondaryFerrocene-loaded HKUST-1 SURMOF | conductivity increase upon ferrocene loading | about an order of magnitude | Mercury-droplet tunnelling junction conductivity measurements Text · Approximate | No verified corpus mapping | 4 · 4. Determining Electrical Conductivity · Figure 3 |
| SecondaryHKUST-1 SURMOF on Si | in-plane thermal expansion coefficient | (11.7 +/- 3.7) x 10^-6 K^-1 | In situ heating X-ray diffractometry; parallel to substrate Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 2 · 2. MOF Mechanical Properties |
| SecondaryHKUST-1 SURMOF on Si | out-of-plane thermal expansion coefficient | (-75 +/- 16) x 10^-6 K^-1 | In situ heating X-ray diffractometry; z-direction perpendicular to surface Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 2 · 2. MOF Mechanical Properties |
| SecondaryHKUST-1 SURMOF | missing-linker defect density | as low as 3%-4% | Combination of XPS and IRRAS with CO probing of Cu ions Text · Range | No verified corpus mapping | 3 · 3. MOF Thin Films with Very Low Defect Density |
| SecondaryHKUST-1 SURMOF | Young's modulus | 9.3 GPa | Standard indentation on HKUST-1 SURMOF Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 2 · 2. MOF Mechanical Properties |
| SecondaryCu2(AzoBPDC)2(AzoBiPyB) SURMOF membrane | cis-azobenzene ratio switching range | 0% to 63% | UV or blue light irradiation; UV-vis and IR spectroscopy Text · Range | No verified corpus mapping | 8 · 6.2. Dynamic Remote-Control · Figure 6e |
| SecondaryCu2(AzoBPDC)2(AzoBiPyB) SURMOF membrane | H2/CO2 selection factor switching range | between 3 and 8 | Wicke-Kallenbach H2:CO2 separation under UV and blue light Text · Range | No verified corpus mapping | 8 · 6.2. Dynamic Remote-Control · Figure 6d-e |
| SecondaryCu2(BPDC)2(BiPy)/Cu2(AzoBPDC)2(BiPy) SURMOF | uptake rate-constant decrease on trans-to-cis switching | factor of 15 | QCM uptake of 1,4-butanediol probe molecule Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 8 · 6.1. Remote-Controlled Release · Figure 6b |
| SecondaryMOF crystal versus SURMOF film | uptake time comparison for D = 10^-18 m2 s^-1 | more than a year for 50 um crystal; one hour for 100 nm film | Illustrative diffusion-length comparison for slow guest uptake Text · Approximate | No verified corpus mapping | 5 · 5. Unique Model System for Diffusion Experiments |
| SecondaryMOFs | structurally characterised examples by early 2017 | more than 70,000 | Literature count after about 20 years of MOF research Text · Approximate | No verified corpus mapping | 1 · Introduction |
| SecondaryTCNQ-loaded HKUST-1 SURMOF | conductivity increase upon guest loading | six orders of magnitude | TCNQ loaded into pores of originally insulating HKUST-1 SURMOF Text · Rounded Reported | research_0088 | 4 · 4. Determining Electrical Conductivity |
| SecondaryUHM-3 SURMOF | Cu+ concentration | below 1% | Pristine sample; XPS with IRRAS corroboration Text · Approximate | No verified corpus mapping | 3 · 3. MOF Thin Films with Very Low Defect Density · Figure 2a |
Open questions are presented as review-author priorities, not conclusions from the primary database.
The precise structures of self-assembled chromophore aggregates are often unknown, hindering mechanistic understanding of chromophore-chromophore coupling.
Proposed direction: Use crystalline chromophore assembly SURMOFs and heteromultilayers with defined packing and optical quality.
10 · 8. SURMOFs as Model-Systems
The review shows that defects affect optical transparency, surface barriers and conduction contexts, but cross-property defect-transport correlations remain system-specific.
Proposed direction: Pair quantitative defect spectroscopy with conductivity, diffusion and optical measurements on the same controlled film series.
1 · Abstract
Particulate MOF materials make it challenging to form reproducible, well-defined electrode contacts for conductivity analysis.
Proposed direction: Use oriented thin films and defined electrode geometries to separate intrinsic film transport from contact artefacts.
4 · 4. Determining Electrical Conductivity
Amorphous photoswitchable materials lack structural definition, limiting quantitative comparison between molecular changes and macroscopic material response.
Proposed direction: Use crystalline porous SURMOFs with defined switch spacing and free volume for model-system comparisons with theory.
6 · 6. Photoswitchable Nanoporous Coating
Conventional diffusion tools are often unsuitable for low diffusion coefficients of large guests, especially below about 10^-12 m2 s^-1.
Proposed direction: Use thin SURMOF films and QCM or optical measurements to reduce diffusion length and measure slow uptake.
4 · 5. Unique Model System for Diffusion Experiments
Surface barriers vary between measurements and batches, causing reported diffusion coefficients for identical powder materials to differ by orders of magnitude.
Proposed direction: Measure pristine films with controlled environmental exposure and separate surface resistance from intrinsic diffusion.
5 · 5.1. The Surface Barrier Phenomenon
High conductivity in guest-loaded MOFs may not fit conventional hopping or band models, requiring more detailed theoretical and experimental discrimination.
Proposed direction: Combine thickness-dependent device data with electronic-structure modelling and guest-specific transport models.
4 · 4. Determining Electrical Conductivity
Some photoswitchable MOF functions rely on UV light, which can be undesirable for practical or biological applications.
Proposed direction: Use fluorinated azobenzene moieties or other visible-light switches to avoid UV activation.
8 · 6.2. Dynamic Remote-Control
Mappings show which printed review references have a verified counterpart in the frozen primary corpus.
| Reference | Study | Role and context | Corpus mapping |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ref. 32017 | Title unavailable | scope_benchmarkCited for the reported count of structurally characterised MOFs by early 2017. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 62016 | Title unavailable | exciton_transfer · heterojunctionPrimary example for Dexter triplet transfer and photon upconversion across a SURMOF-SURMOF heterojunction. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 92015 | Title unavailable | synthesis_quality · optical_qualityCited for ultrasonication-assisted LbL synthesis improving SURMOF roughness, homogeneity and transparency. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 122016 | Title unavailable | mechanical_benchmark · thermal_expansion · surmof_orientationCited for oriented HKUST-1 SURMOF diffraction, mechanical properties and anisotropic thermal expansion benchmarks. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 132012 | Title unavailable | defect_benchmark · spectroscopyCited for CO-probe spectroscopy and XPS/IRRAS evidence that missing-linker defects in HKUST-1 SURMOFs can be low. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 142015 | Title unavailable | defect_benchmark · annealingCited for XPS and IRRAS monitoring of Cu+ defect concentration in UHM-3 SURMOFs during annealing. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 152017 | Title unavailable | defects · optical_absorptionCited for correlating visible absorption in regular films to Cu paddle-wheel defects where Cu++ is reduced to Cu+. | research_0608 |
| Ref. 172018 | Title unavailable | defect_control · modulationCited as evidence that SURMOF defect density can be controlled using water as a growth modulator. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 182018 | Title unavailable | defect_control · synthesis_parametersCited for optimised synthesis parameters as another route to control SURMOF defect density. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 202012 | Title unavailable | guest_conductivityCited as early work showing guest-driven conductivity changes in HKUST-1 SURMOFs. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 212014 | Title unavailable | guest_conductivity · tcnqCited for strong conductivity enhancement of HKUST-1 after TCNQ loading. | research_0088 |
| Ref. 222015 | Title unavailable | conductivity_measurement · ferroceneCited for mercury-droplet junction measurements of HKUST-1 SURMOF conductivity before and after ferrocene loading. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 232016 | Title unavailable | transport_mechanism · superexchangeCited for detailed transport modelling of high conductivity in TCNQ-loaded HKUST-1, including molecular superexchange. | research_0492 |
| Ref. 272012 | Diffusion in Nanoporous Materials | diffusion_contextCited for diffusion-length/time context used to motivate thin SURMOFs for slow diffusion measurements. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 282017 | Title unavailable | qcm_method · diffusionCited for QCM-based monitoring of guest uptake and mass transfer in SURMOFs. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 302013 | Title unavailable | diffusion_benchmark · activation_energyCited for QCM-derived ferrocene diffusion activation energy in Cu2(ndc)2(dabco) SURMOF films. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 332011 | Title unavailable | surface_barriers · large_crystalsCited for experiments in large MOF crystals showing additional mass-transfer resistance at external surfaces. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 342016 | Title unavailable | surface_barriers · zeolitesCited for surface barriers in zeolites and variability between measurements and batches. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 352011 | Title unavailable | surface_barriers · near_surface_defectsCited for the interpretation that surface barriers likely arise from near-surface structural imperfections. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 382014 | Title unavailable | surface_barrier_benchmark · qcm_diffusionCited for thickness-dependent QCM cyclohexane uptake experiments in HKUST-1 SURMOFs and water-induced surface barriers. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 392019 | Title unavailable | surface_defect_repairCited for dissolving surface defects at elevated temperature in ethanol, restoring fast uptake and release. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 472012 | Title unavailable | photoswitch_linkersCited for incorporating azobenzene units into crystalline nanoporous MOF structures. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 482015 | Title unavailable | azobenzene_switching · linker_designCited for adjusting linker length so trans-cis azobenzene switching is not sterically hindered. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 502014 | Title unavailable | remote_release · photoswitchable_surmoFCited for a two-part SURMOF molecular container with an azobenzene top layer acting as a light-controlled valve. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 532016 | Title unavailable | photoswitchable_membrane · selectivity_benchmarkCited for light-tunable SURMOF membrane separation of H2/CO2 mixtures and continuous selectivity tuning. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 562018 | Title unavailable | proton_conduction · photoswitchable_surmoFCited for visible-light-switchable proton conduction of guest molecules in fluorinated azobenzene SURMOFs. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 632015 | Title unavailable | azobenzene_isomerisation · activation_energyCited for IR measurements and Arrhenius analysis of isolated azobenzene cis-to-trans thermal relaxation in SURMOFs. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 652011 | Title unavailable | chromophore_aggregatesCited for H- and J-aggregate photophysics as context for crystalline chromophore assemblies in SURMOFs. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 662017 | Title unavailable | crystalline_chromophore_assemblyCited for the first example of crystalline H-aggregate SURMOFs with monitored emission-property changes. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 672018 | Title unavailable | anisotropic_exciton_transport · chromophore_assemblyCited for highly anisotropic crystalline chromophore assemblies with directional exciton diffusion in SURMOF heteromultilayers. | Unmapped |