Tian Wang and Zhiliang Jin · Results in Surfaces and Interfaces · 2024
Review graphdiyne-based photocatalysts for hydrogen evolution, with emphasis on graphdiyne structural properties, band-gap tunability, heterojunction design, charge separation, and representative photocatalyst families.
The review’s argument is preserved as a navigable set of section summaries.
Organises graphdiyne photocatalysts by host family: titanium/perovskite systems, metal oxides, hydrotalcite LDHs, MOFs/PBA-derived materials, and other semiconductors.
Relevance: Core · 3 · 3. Application of graphdiyne in photocatalytic hydrogen evolution
Reviews direct band-gap estimates, Dirac-cone-like behaviour, and H-substitution as a route to widen the band gap and support Type II TiO2 charge separation.
Relevance: Core · 2 · 2.1. Adjustable band structure · Fig. 2
Summarises application potential and lists future needs around low-cost non-toxic catalysts, heterojunction charge separation, GDY synthesis control, band-gap adjustment and combined theory/experiment.
Relevance: Core · 7 · 4. Conclusion and perspectives
Frames photocatalytic water splitting, limitations of common oxide and sulfide photocatalysts, and the emergence of graphdiyne as an sp/sp2 carbon allotrope with porosity and active alkyne units.
Relevance: Core · 1 · Introduction
Describes GDY bonding, charge mobility, porous structure, active sites, and the role of hydrogen substitution in modifying band structure and carrier separation.
Relevance: Core · 2 · 2. Properties of graphdiyne
Classification systems are attributed to this review and are not treated as a global material registry.
The review interprets performance gains largely through interfacial architectures designed to separate photogenerated charges while retaining redox ability.
Categories: Type II heterojunction · S-scheme heterojunction · double S-scheme heterojunction · Z-scheme heterojunction · p-n heterojunction · parallel double S-scheme heterojunction
5 · 3.3. Hydrotalcite based photocatalysts based on graphdiyne · Fig. 5E
The outlook condenses design levers into synthesis control, band-gap adjustment and mechanistic coupling between theory and experiment.
Categories: chemical doping or substitution · strong interfacial chemical bonding · morphology control · heterojunction construction · theory-guided mechanism study
7 · 4. Conclusion and perspectives
The review links GDY's bonding and pore structure to electron mobility, diffusion, doping/induction sites and catalyst stability.
Categories: sp/sp2 co-hybridised carbon network · diacetylene bonds · uneven charge distribution · porous structure for mass transfer · surface triple-bond active sites
2 · 2. Properties of graphdiyne
The review's main organisational framework classifies GDY photocatalysts by the semiconductor family or porous host with which GDY is combined.
Categories: titanium/perovskite based photocatalysts · metal oxide photocatalysts · hydrotalcite or layered double hydroxide photocatalysts · metal-organic framework photocatalysts · other semiconductor photocatalysts
1 · Abstract
The review uses the standard three-step photocatalysis sequence to motivate why light absorption, migration/separation and redox utilisation all matter.
Categories: light excitation generates electrons and holes · charge carriers separate and migrate to the catalyst surface · electrons and holes are consumed by reduction and oxidation reactions
3 · 3. Application of graphdiyne in photocatalytic hydrogen evolution
Review-defined families retain their representative materials and conduction descriptions.
Carbon allotropes based on conjugated sp/sp2 networks containing benzene rings and acetylenic linkages.
Conduction: The review emphasises high charge-carrier mobility, uneven charge distribution from diacetylene bonds, and rapid electron migration through integrated GDY networks.
Representative materials: GDY · gamma-GY · nanoscale graphdiyne · three-dimensional graphdiyne cages
Nodes / linkers: Not specified · diacetylene bonds · benzene rings · alkyne units
2 · 2. Properties of graphdiyne
GDY modified by H substitution to widen the electronic band gap and adjust band-edge positions for heterojunction construction.
Conduction: H substitution increases the band gap and improves CB/VB positioning, but the review notes that reduced conjugation affects charge-carrier mobility.
Representative materials: H-GDY · H-GDY/TiO2
Nodes / linkers: Not specified · hydrogen-substituted benzene-ring positions · sp/sp2 carbon network
2 · 2.1. Adjustable band structure · Fig. 2
Layered double hydroxide photocatalysts combined with GDY/CuI units and morphology control.
Conduction: GDY is interpreted as improving catalyst stability and conductivity, while LDH morphology supplies anchor points and reaction sites.
Representative materials: NiCoLDH/CuI/GDY · CuI-GDY/NiMn(LDHs)
Nodes / linkers: Ni · Co · Mn · Cu · graphdiyne · CuI-GDY
5 · 3.3. Hydrotalcite based photocatalysts based on graphdiyne · Fig. 5
Transition-metal oxides coupled with GDY, graphyne or CuI/GDY components to improve light absorption, charge transfer and active-site exposure.
Conduction: The review presents GDY as a porous electron-transfer support that improves charge separation, dispersion and redox ability in oxide heterojunctions.
Representative materials: Co3O4/GDY · GDY/CuI/NiO · Co3O4 quantum dots/GDY · gamma-GY/CuMoO4
Nodes / linkers: Co · Ni · Cu · Mo · graphdiyne · gamma-graphyne
4 · 3.2. Metal oxide photocatalyst based on graphdiyne
Porous MOF or PBA-derived hosts coupled with CuI-GDY or GDY wrapping to create active porous heterojunction photocatalysts.
Conduction: The review highlights built-in electric fields from work-function differences and GDY as an electron-rich capture and conduction layer.
Representative materials: CuI-GDY/Ni-MOF · CGN-20 · GDY/NiCo2O4 nanocages
Nodes / linkers: Ni · Co · Cu · MOF ligands · cyanide ligands in PBAs · graphdiyne
6 · 3.4. Metal organic skeleton photocatalysts based on graphdiyne · Fig. 6
GDY combined with non-oxide semiconductor systems such as Cu2O and C3N4 to build cascaded or complete heterojunctions.
Conduction: GDY is described as an electron bridge between light-harvesting semiconductors and as a loading layer that improves light capture.
Representative materials: CuCo2O4/GDY/Cu2O · GDY@C3N4
Nodes / linkers: Cu · Co · graphdiyne · C3N4
7 · 3.5. Other types of semiconductors based on graphdiyne · Fig. 7
Perovskite or titanium-containing semiconductors combined with GDY-derived components to reduce recombination and improve hydrogen evolution.
Conduction: GDY or CuI-GD acts as electron acceptor, electron bridge or band-alignment layer to promote interfacial carrier separation.
Representative materials: NiTiO3/CuI-GD · CoTiO3/GDY · H-GDY/TiO2
Nodes / linkers: Ti · Ni · Co · Cu · graphdiyne · CuI-GD hybrid
4 · 3.1. Titanium based photocatalyst based on graphdiyne · Fig. 3
Review-level synthesis principles remain separate from primary-study recipes.
Use ultrathin GDY nanosheets as bridges between light-harvesting semiconductors in cascaded nanocage structures.
Claimed effects: GDY serves as an electron bridge between semiconductors and supports high hydrogen-evolution activity.
Controlling variables: liquid-liquid interface GDY nanosheets · calcination-derived nanocages · multi-level cascade structure
Representative materials: CuCo2O4/GDY/Cu2O
Caveat: The review reports this as one example under other semiconductors rather than as a full nanocage design taxonomy.
7 · 3.5. Other types of semiconductors based on graphdiyne · Fig. 7A
Embed CuI into layered graphdiyne and anchor the hybrid on NiTiO3 to build a ternary S-scheme system.
Claimed effects: The thin GD layer acts as an electron acceptor, while CuI-GD improves system redox ability and hydrogen evolution.
Controlling variables: CuI embedding into layered GD · physical anchoring on NiTiO3 · distribution of CuI-GD on nanorods
Representative materials: NiTiO3/CuI-GD
Caveat: Review reports performance but does not independently resolve the primary charge-transfer mechanism.
4 · 3.1. Titanium based photocatalyst based on graphdiyne
Grow graphdiyne on C3N4 by a non-deprotection approach to create a complete GDY@C3N4 heterojunction.
Claimed effects: GDY loading enhances light-radiation capture and improves hydrogen evolution relative to pure C3N4.
Controlling variables: surface growth on C3N4 · GDY loading · heterojunction completeness
Representative materials: GDY@C3N4
Caveat: The review gives only a concise performance comparison; detailed mechanism should be checked in the original paper.
7 · 3.5. Other types of semiconductors based on graphdiyne · Fig. 7B
Mechanically prepare a gamma-GY carbon material and couple it with CuMoO4 to form a binary S-scheme composite.
Claimed effects: Large-pore gamma-GY provides loading positions and receives photogenerated electrons from CuMoO4 under illumination.
Controlling variables: pore shape of gamma-GY · CuMoO4 particle loading · interfacial electron-transfer pathway
Representative materials: gamma-GY/CuMoO4
Caveat: Mechanism is inferred from in-situ XPS peak shifts as summarised by the review.
5 · 3.2. Metal oxide photocatalyst based on graphdiyne · Fig. 4
Replace or substitute GDY with hydrogenated positions to widen the band gap and improve CB/VB alignment with TiO2.
Claimed effects: Wider band gap and more favourable interfacial carrier separation; caveat that limited conjugation can reduce mobility.
Controlling variables: degree and position of H substitution · retention of pi-conjugated structure · band-edge alignment with partner semiconductor
Representative materials: H-GDY · H-GDY/TiO2
Caveat: The review states that increased gap and limited conjugation affect carrier mobility, so band tuning is not cost-free.
2 · 2.1. Adjustable band structure · Fig. 2
Construct GDY-CuI binary units and combine them with NiCoLDH morphologies to form double S-scheme heterojunctions.
Claimed effects: Nanorod LDH morphology is described as more stable and provides more active sites than nanoflowers, enhancing electron transport and redox ability.
Controlling variables: LDH morphology · anchor-point density · GDY-CuI contact interface
Representative materials: NiCoLDH/CuI/GDY · NiCoLDH-R · NiCoLDH-F
Caveat: The review reports morphology comparison at a high level without reproducing a full synthesis-structure matrix.
5 · 3.3. Hydrotalcite based photocatalysts based on graphdiyne · Fig. 5
Fix CuI-GDY on Ni-MOF to reduce GDY aggregation and exploit Fermi-level differences that establish a built-in electric field.
Claimed effects: GDY acts as an electron-rich polymer layer with capture and conduction capability; built-in fields improve separation of photogenerated electrons and holes.
Controlling variables: CuI-GDY loading · MOF porosity · work-function differences · GDY aggregation
Representative materials: CuI-GDY/Ni-MOF · CGN-20
Caveat: Work-function values are review-reported from the cited DFT/experimental study and should not be treated as newly calculated here.
6 · 3.4. Metal organic skeleton photocatalysts based on graphdiyne · Fig. 6
Prepare GDY and introduce it onto hollow NiCo2O4 nanocages derived from Prussian blue analogue templates.
Claimed effects: p-n heterojunction construction separates carriers; hollow structures enhance light utilisation and potential intracavity reactions.
Controlling variables: PBA-derived hollow structure · GDY wrapping · crystalline/amorphous interface
Representative materials: GDY/NiCo2O4 nanocages
Caveat: The review's PBA discussion is selective and not a general PBA photocatalyst survey.
6 · 3.4. Metal organic skeleton photocatalysts based on graphdiyne
Use in-situ high-temperature calcination to form Co-C bonds between organic GDY and inorganic CoTiO3.
Claimed effects: Co-C bonding is interpreted as a high-speed electron-transfer bridge that reduces recombination and improves hydrogen evolution.
Controlling variables: calcination conditions · formation of Co-C interfacial bonds · GDY/CoTiO3 composition
Representative materials: 20%-GCTO · CoTiO3/GDY
Caveat: Secondary review interpretation relies on XPS shifts and photoluminescence evidence reported in the primary study.
4 · 3.1. Titanium based photocatalyst based on graphdiyne · Fig. 3
Couple Co3O4 or oxide quantum dots with two-dimensional porous GDY to form p-n or Z-scheme heterojunctions.
Claimed effects: Porous GDY anchors quantum dots, limits aggregation, exposes active sites and promotes charge separation.
Controlling variables: quantum-dot dispersion · GDY porous surface · electrostatic self-assembly
Representative materials: Co3O4/GDY · Co3O4 quantum dots/GDY
Caveat: The review groups different oxide/GDY architectures under a broad metal-oxide strategy, so primary papers remain necessary for detailed comparison.
4 · 3.2. Metal oxide photocatalyst based on graphdiyne
These are the review authors’ synthesis, not newly measured results.
Suitable band matching at conduction and valence edges is treated as central to maximising interface charge separation in graphdiyne photocatalysts.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: The review does not quantify a universal optimal offset.
2 · 2.1. Adjustable band structure
Across the review, hydrogen-evolution efficiency is linked to light capture, electron-hole separation, carrier migration and electron utilisation.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: This is a general photocatalysis framing applied to GDY systems.
3 · 3. Application of graphdiyne in photocatalytic hydrogen evolution
Even with improved heterojunctions, the review warns that Coulomb fields can still prevent some photogenerated charges from separating.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: The review proposes high charge-carrier capacity of GDY as a possible route, not a settled solution.
7 · 4. Conclusion and perspectives
Porous two-dimensional GDY can anchor oxide quantum dots, reduce aggregation and increase active sites, enabling improved charge transfer in Z-scheme or p-n structures.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: The review does not normalise performance across different testing conditions.
4 · 3.2. Metal oxide photocatalyst based on graphdiyne
The review presents GDY's sp/sp2 network, diacetylene bonds and porosity as the structural basis for high carrier mobility, mass transfer and catalytic-site clarity.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: The statement is a review-level synthesis, not a new mobility measurement.
2 · 2. Properties of graphdiyne
Hydrogen substitution in GDY can widen the band gap and improve TiO2 heterojunction band positioning, but reduced conjugation may impair carrier mobility.
Evidence basis: single_reference
Caveat: The review frames this as a design tradeoff rather than an unconditional improvement.
3 · 2.1. Adjustable band structure · Fig. 2
Hollow PBA-derived NiCo2O4/GDY nanocages are interpreted as improving light utilisation through multiple internal reflections and possible intracavity reactions.
Evidence basis: single_reference
Caveat: The review does not provide independent optical modelling.
6 · 3.4. Metal organic skeleton photocatalysts based on graphdiyne
For LDH composites, GDY conductivity is presented as a way to overcome slow electron transfer and low electron-hole separation rates.
Evidence basis: single_reference
Caveat: The review reports a material-specific example rather than a universal LDH rule.
5 · 3.3. Hydrotalcite based photocatalysts based on graphdiyne
In CuI-GDY/Ni-MOF, work-function differences are interpreted as producing electron flow and a built-in electric field that enhances carrier separation.
Evidence basis: single_reference
Caveat: Values and mechanism are secondary-source summaries of the cited study's DFT and experimental results.
6 · 3.4. Metal organic skeleton photocatalysts based on graphdiyne · Fig. 6
Transition-metal oxides are attractive for cost and stability but broad band gaps, lower carrier mobility and high recombination limit hydrogen evolution.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: The review gives a broad material-family limitation, not a material-specific quantitative ranking.
4 · 3.2. Metal oxide photocatalyst based on graphdiyne
S-scheme heterojunctions are repeatedly presented as improving photogenerated-carrier separation while maintaining strong photoreduction or redox ability.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: The conclusion is generalised from several examples, each requiring primary-paper validation.
5 · 3.2. Metal oxide photocatalyst based on graphdiyne · Fig. 4
Strong Co-C chemical bonding in CoTiO3/GDY is interpreted as creating a high-speed interfacial electron-transfer bridge in an S-scheme heterojunction.
Evidence basis: single_reference
Caveat: The conclusion depends on secondary interpretation of XPS, PL and band-diagram evidence from the cited paper.
4 · 3.1. Titanium based photocatalyst based on graphdiyne · Fig. 3
Every row remains visibly secondary and links to a primary dossier only where the mapping is verified.
| Material | Property | Reported value | Context and quality | Primary evidence | Review source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SecondaryCGN-20 | Apparent quantum efficiency | 0.80% at 475 nm | 475 nm irradiation Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 6 · 3.4. Metal organic skeleton photocatalysts based on graphdiyne · Fig. 6C |
| SecondaryCGN-20 / CuI-GDY modified Ni-MOF | Hydrogen evolution rate | 1553.60 umol h-1 g-1 | CuI-GDY modified Ni-MOF, highest rate in Fig. 6A Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 6 · 3.4. Metal organic skeleton photocatalysts based on graphdiyne · Fig. 6A |
| SecondaryCo3O4/GDY | Hydrogen evolution activity | 2336.6 umol g-1 h-1 | 0D/2D p-n heterojunction by combining graphdiyne with Co3O4 Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 4 · 3.2. Metal oxide photocatalyst based on graphdiyne |
| SecondaryCo3O4 quantum dot/GDY | Hydrogen evolution performance | 1500.85 umol h-1 g-1 | Co3O4 quantum dot/two-dimensional GDY Z-scheme heterojunction Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 4 · 3.2. Metal oxide photocatalyst based on graphdiyne |
| SecondaryCuCo2O4/GDY/Cu2O | Hydrogen evolution activity | 9617 umol h-1 g-1 | Hierarchical tandem double Z-scheme heterojunction Text · Rounded Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 7 · 3.5. Other types of semiconductors based on graphdiyne · Fig. 7A |
| SecondaryCuI-GDY/NiMn(LDHs) | Hydrogen evolution performance | 1094.6 umol g-1 h-1 | Composite catalysts prepared by solvothermal method Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 5 · 3.3. Hydrotalcite based photocatalysts based on graphdiyne |
| SecondaryCuI | Work function | 4.62 eV | DFT theory calculations; Fig. 6D-I comparison Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 6 · 3.4. Metal organic skeleton photocatalysts based on graphdiyne · Fig. 6D-I |
| Secondarygamma-GY/CuMoO4 | Hydrogen production | up to 197 umol within 5 h | Composite catalyst over 5 h Text · Rounded Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 4 · 3.2. Metal oxide photocatalyst based on graphdiyne · Fig. 4 |
| Secondary20%-GCTO | Photocatalytic hydrogen evolution performance | 3.5 mmol/g | In-situ calcined GDY/CoTiO3 composite; review reports comparison to CoTiO3 and GDY Text · Rounded Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 4 · 3.1. Titanium based photocatalyst based on graphdiyne · Fig. 3C |
| SecondaryGraphdiyne | Theoretical direct band gap | approximately 1.0 eV | First Brillouin zone; review-reported theoretical value Text · Approximate | No verified corpus mapping | 2 · 2.1. Adjustable band structure |
| SecondaryGDY@C3N4 | Hydrogen evolution activity | 798 umol g-1 h-1 | Optimised complete GDY@C3N4 heterojunction Text · Rounded Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 7 · 3.5. Other types of semiconductors based on graphdiyne · Fig. 7B |
| SecondaryGDY/CuI/NiO | Photocatalytic activity | 5955 umol g-1 | Ternary hybrid GDY/CuI/NiO photocatalyst; rate unit not fully specified in review text Text · Rounded Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 4 · 3.2. Metal oxide photocatalyst based on graphdiyne |
| SecondaryGDY | Work function | 5.34 eV | DFT theory calculations; Fig. 6D-I comparison Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 6 · 3.4. Metal organic skeleton photocatalysts based on graphdiyne · Fig. 6D-I |
| SecondaryH-GDY | DFT band gap after hydrogenation | 2.4 eV | DFT theory calculations for hydrogenation reaction of graphdiyne Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 2 · 2.1. Adjustable band structure · Fig. 2 |
| SecondaryNi-MOF | Work function | 3.50 eV | DFT theory calculations; Fig. 6D-I comparison Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 6 · 3.4. Metal organic skeleton photocatalysts based on graphdiyne · Fig. 6D-I |
| SecondaryGDY/NiCo2O4 nanocages | Photocatalytic activity | 4.84 mmol g-1 h-1 | Hollow NiCo2O4 nanocages derived from PBA and wrapped with GDY Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 6 · 3.4. Metal organic skeleton photocatalysts based on graphdiyne |
| SecondaryNiCoLDH/CuI/GDY | Hydrogen evolution activity | 12.09 umol h-1 | Double S-scheme heterojunction catalyst; morphology-controlled NiCoLDH Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 5 · 3.3. Hydrotalcite based photocatalysts based on graphdiyne · Fig. 5E |
| SecondaryNiTiO3/CuI-GD | Hydrogen evolution activity | 509.03 umol h-1 g-1 | Under light irradiation; review-reported activity Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 4 · 3.1. Titanium based photocatalyst based on graphdiyne |
Open questions are presented as review-author priorities, not conclusions from the primary database.
Narrow GDY band gap can hinder alignment with other semiconductors.
Proposed direction: Use chemical doping or substitution to tune GDY band gap for matched band alignment and heterojunction construction.
7 · 4. Conclusion and perspectives
Even improved S-scheme heterojunctions may leave some charges unseparated because of Coulomb fields.
Proposed direction: Investigate whether GDY's high charge-carrier capacity can mitigate Coulomb-field-limited separation.
7 · 4. Conclusion and perspectives
The review states that GDY preparation remains difficult and that catalytic performance varies greatly with synthesis method and sp-hybridisation degree.
Proposed direction: Find optimal synthesis strategies that control sp hybridisation and reproducible photocatalytic performance.
7 · 4. Conclusion and perspectives
The review identifies a need for efficient, non-toxic, recyclable and low-cost graphdiyne-based photocatalysts as hydrogen technologies move toward industrialisation.
Proposed direction: Develop sustainable GDY photocatalysts with cost, toxicity and recycling criteria considered alongside activity.
7 · 4. Conclusion and perspectives
Mechanisms of photocatalytic hydrogen evolution and interactions between photocatalysts need deeper exploration.
Proposed direction: Combine theoretical analysis and experimental research to study interfacial interactions and accelerate photocatalyst development.
7 · 4. Conclusion and perspectives
Mappings show which printed review references have a verified counterpart in the frozen primary corpus.
| Reference | Study | Role and context | Corpus mapping |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cao et al. 20212021 | Graphdiyne (g-CnH2n-2) coupled with Co3O4 formed a Zero-dimensional/two-dimensional p-n heterojunction for efficient hydrogen evolution | metal_oxide · transport_benchmark · heterojunctionUsed for a 0D/2D Co3O4/GDY p-n heterojunction benchmark. | Unmapped |
| Jin et al. 20222022 | Graphdiyne based GDY/CuI/NiO parallel double S-scheme heterojunction for efficient photocatalytic hydrogen evolution | metal_oxide · transport_benchmark · double_s_schemeCited for ternary GDY/CuI/NiO hybrid with high photocatalytic activity and stability. | Unmapped |
| Lan et al. 20212021 | Efficient hydrogen evolution on nanoscale graphdiyne | property_context · hydrogen_evolutionCited for graphdiyne's active alkyne units and latent photocatalyst potential. | Unmapped |
| Li et al. 20102010 | Architecture of graphdiyne nanoscale films | historical_origin · graphdiyne_synthesisCited for the 2010 preparation of graphdiyne thin films by cross-coupling on Cu foil. | Unmapped |
| Li et al. 2021a2021 | Tuning the electronic bandgap of graphdiyne by H-substitution to promote interfacial charge carrier separation for enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen production | band_structure · transport_mechanism · secondary_benchmarkKey cited study for H-substitution widening GDY band gap and promoting Type II TiO2 interfacial charge separation. | Unmapped |
| Li et al. 2023d2023 | Enhanced kinetics of photocatalytic hydrogen evolution by interfacial Co-C bonded strongly coupled S-scheme inorganic perovskite/organic graphdiyne (CnH2n-2) heterojunction | interfacial_bonding · transport_benchmark · synthesis_strategyCited for in-situ calcination forming Co-C bonds and improving S-scheme electron transfer in CoTiO3/GDY. | Unmapped |
| Li and Jin 20232023 | Rationally engineered avtive sites for efficient and durable hydrogen production over gamma-graphyne assembly CuMoO4 S-scheme heterojunction | metal_oxide · s_scheme · transport_benchmarkCited for gamma-GY/CuMoO4 S-scheme charge-transfer interpretation using in-situ XPS. | Unmapped |
| Liu and Jin 20232023 | Hydrogen production by graphdiyne (CnH2n-2)-based graphdiyne/CuI/NiMn(LDHs) double S-scheme heterojunctions | ldh · conductivity · transport_benchmarkCited for LDH/GDY conductivity improving electron-hole separation and hydrogen evolution. | Unmapped |
| Tan et al. 20122012 | First-principles study of hydrogenated graphyne and its family: stable configurations and electronic structures | band_structure · secondary_benchmarkCited in the band-structure discussion for the natural band gap arising from non-uniform pi bonds in sp-sp2 networks. | Unmapped |
| Wang et al. 20222022 | Synthesis of hierarchical tandem double Z-scheme heterojunctions for robust photocatalytic H2 generation | other_semiconductor · double_z_scheme · transport_benchmarkCited for hierarchical tandem CuCo2O4/GDY/Cu2O double Z-scheme nanocages. | Unmapped |
| Wang et al. 20232023 | In situ construction of graphdiyne based heterojunctions by a deprotection-free approach for photocatalytic hydrogen generation | other_semiconductor · c3n4 · transport_benchmarkCited for deprotection-free growth of GDY on C3N4 and enhanced light capture. | Unmapped |
| Wu et al. 20232023 | Graphdiyne (g-CnH2n-2) boosting electron transfer over rational design and construction of CuI/Ni-MOF photocatalyst for efficient hydrogen evolution | mof · work_function · transport_benchmarkKey MOF example for CuI-GDY/Ni-MOF activity, AQE and work-function-driven built-in electric field interpretation. | Unmapped |
| Xiang et al. 20222022 | Rational construction of Z-scheme charge transfer based on 2D graphdiyne (g-CnH2n-2) coupling with amorphous Co3O4 quantum dots for efficient photocatalytic hydrogen generation | metal_oxide · z_scheme · transport_benchmarkCited for a Z-scheme Co3O4 quantum dot/GDY heterojunction in which GDY disperses and anchors quantum dots. | Unmapped |
| Xie et al. 2023b2023 | Enwrapping graphdiyne (g-CnH2n-2) on hollow NiCo2O4 nanocages derived from a Prussian blue analogue as a p-n heterojunction for highly efficient photocatalytic hydrogen evolution | pba_derived · p_n_heterojunction · transport_benchmarkCited for GDY wrapping of hollow PBA-derived NiCo2O4 nanocages and p-n heterojunction carrier separation. | Unmapped |
| Yan et al. 20212021 | Graphdiyne based ternary GD-CuI-NiTiO3 S-scheme heterjunction photocatalyst for hydrogen evolution | titanium_perovskite · transport_benchmark · synthesis_strategyUsed for ternary GD-CuI-NiTiO3 S-scheme photocatalyst where GD acts as electron acceptor. | Unmapped |
| Zhang et al. 20232023 | Graphdiyne (CnH2n-2)-Based NiCo LDH - graphdiyne - CuI double S-scheme heterojunction for efficient photocatalytic hydrogen production | ldh · double_s_scheme · transport_benchmarkCited for morphology-controlled NiCoLDH/CuI/GDY double S-scheme heterojunctions. | Unmapped |
| Zhao et al. 20222022 | Layer-by-layer covalent bond coupling way making graphdiyne cages | structure_context · electron_migrationCited for 3D GDY cage structures providing electron-migration channels. | Unmapped |