Mark D. Allendorf, Michael E. Foster, Francois Leonard et al. · The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters · 2015
Define and motivate the Guest@MOF concept as a route to emergent electronic, excitonic, and photonic properties in MOFs, using zinc-carboxylate and copper-paddlewheel frameworks as case studies.
The review’s argument is preserved as a navigable set of section summaries.
Develops a donor-bridge-acceptor superexchange/hopping interpretation, distinguishes it from mixed-valence and chemical mechanisms, and identifies unresolved carrier and transition-state questions.
Relevance: Core · 1191 · Mechanism for TCNQ@HKUST-1 Electronic Conductivity · Figures 12-13
Uses HKUST-1 and copper acetate analogues to explain open metal sites, antiferromagnetic dimers, ligand-field/charge-transfer states, and why copper paddlewheels are attractive for guest-induced transport.
Relevance: Core · 1186 · Copper Paddlewheel MOFs · Figures 4-6
Discusses when band-like versus molecular-orbital descriptions are useful and narrows the review to zinc and copper carboxylate frameworks.
Relevance: Core · 1184 · Electronic Structure Of MOFs
Reviews Guest@MOF examples for triplet harvesting, radiation detection and light harvesting, emphasizing confinement and energy-transfer roles rather than electrical conduction.
Relevance: Supporting · 1188 · Applications of Guest@MOF Materials · Figure 7
Defines Guest@MOF by emergent properties, stronger-than-physisorption guest-framework bonding, generic interactions, reversibility, and patternability.
Relevance: Core · 1184 · Defining the Guest@MOF Concept · Figure 1
Frames MOFs as crystalline, tailorable porous coordination materials whose traditional adsorption uses contrast with underdeveloped electronic, magnetic and photonic applications.
Relevance: Core · 1182 · Introduction
Adapts primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structural concepts to MOFs, stressing coordination environment, pore dimensions and topology as design variables.
Relevance: Core · 1184 · Structure-Determining Factors and Length Scales in MOFs
Lists design challenges: quantum-level guest-framework understanding, pore-environment effects, water/defects/microstructure, and robust large-area film fabrication.
Relevance: Core · 1192 · Challenges and the Path Forward
Summarises TCNQ infiltration of HKUST-1 thin films, the large conductivity increase, Ohmic two-probe behaviour, activated transport, and spectroscopic evidence for coordination to open Cu sites.
Relevance: Core · 1189 · TCNQ@HKUST-1: An Electronically Conducting Guest@MOF Material · Figures 9-11
Presents closed-shell zinc-carboxylate MOFs as mostly linker-localised, flat-band, luminescent but electronically insulating hosts for excitonic Guest@MOF systems.
Relevance: Core · 1185 · Zinc-Containing MOFs · Figures 2-3
Classification systems are attributed to this review and are not treated as a global material registry.
The authors interpret TCNQ@HKUST-1 using mixed-valence/DBA language but argue against a true mixed-valence or chemical intermediate mechanism for the observed conductivity.
Categories: superexchange mechanism · chemical mechanism through an oxidised or reduced bridge · mixed-valence interpretation ruled out for TCNQ@HKUST-1 · thermally activated hopping over long-range organised DBA sites
1191 · Mechanism for TCNQ@HKUST-1 Electronic Conductivity · Figure 12
The review separates Guest@MOF materials from ordinary sorption or sensing by requiring a new material-level property, stronger interaction than weak physisorption, and a generic design principle.
Categories: emergent properties absent from isolated components · relatively strong guest-MOF bonding · generic rather than molecule-unique interaction · stand-alone stability · reversibility by guest removal · patternability by local infiltration
1184 · Defining the Guest@MOF Concept
Guest molecules are grouped by how they couple to the host: exciton scavenging, FRET/donor-acceptor organisation, coordination-enabled charge transport, or luminescence perturbation.
Categories: triplet harvester for scintillation · donor or acceptor confined in pores for light harvesting · redox-active bridge for electronic conductivity · charge-transfer perturbant for sensing
1182 · Abstract
A protein-inspired hierarchy is used to organise MOF structure-property arguments, with primary and secondary levels highlighted as most relevant to direct guest binding and pore occupancy.
Categories: primary structure: metal ions, linkers, coordination environment/SBU · secondary structure: SBU assembly into net and pore dimensions · tertiary structure: net/sublattice interactions and supramolecular isomerism · quaternary structure: multiple or interpenetrated nets
1184 · Structure-Determining Factors and Length Scales in MOFs
The review uses zinc and copper carboxylates as paired limiting cases: simple luminescent hosts for energy transfer versus electronically richer open-metal-site hosts for charge transfer.
Categories: closed-shell zinc-carboxylate MOFs with linker-localised states · copper-paddlewheel MOFs with open metal sites, d-d states and charge-transfer transitions
1185 · Electronic Structure Of MOFs
Review-defined families retain their representative materials and conduction descriptions.
Frameworks built from Cu(II) paddlewheel SBUs bridged by carboxylates, often exposing axial open metal sites.
Conduction: Not intrinsically conductive in the examples discussed, but open metal sites and antiferromagnetically coupled Cu dimers enable guest coordination and charge-transfer pathways.
Representative materials: HKUST-1 · nbo MOFs · NOTT series · PCN-14 · rht MOFs
Nodes / linkers: Cu(II) paddlewheel · Cu2+ dimers · benzenetricarboxylate · tetracarboxylates · carboxylates
1186 · Copper Paddlewheel MOFs · Figure 4
Computationally proposed MOF-74 topology variants using electron-rich/electron-poor conjugated linkers for visible absorption and alignment with fullerene acceptors.
Conduction: Designed for absorption and energy transfer; charge extraction remains unresolved unless paired with conductors or conducting frameworks.
Representative materials: IRMOF-74-BT-TT-BT(Mg) · BT-TT-BT linker systems
Nodes / linkers: Mg in IRMOF-74 topology · MOF-74 metal nodes · benzothiadiazole · thienothiophene · conjugated MOF-74 linkers
1189 · Light Harvesting · Figure 8
Large-pore MOF-177 used to host fullerene acceptors and thiophene oligomer donors for energy-transfer/light-harvesting concepts.
Conduction: The framework is treated as an insulating scaffold that confines donor and acceptor species and broadens spectral absorption rather than as a charge conductor.
Representative materials: MOF-177 · PCBM@MOF-177 · DH6T/PCBM@MOF-177
Nodes / linkers: Zn-based SBU · BTB · benzene tribenzoate
1189 · Light Harvesting
Guest@MOF formed by infiltrating the redox-active acceptor TCNQ into HKUST-1, where it coordinates to Cu open metal sites.
Conduction: Guest infiltration increases conductivity by many orders of magnitude; review interprets transport as thermally activated hopping through organised donor-bridge-acceptor sites.
Representative materials: TCNQ@HKUST-1 · F4-TCNQ@HKUST-1 · H4-TCNQ@HKUST-1
Nodes / linkers: Cu(II) paddlewheel · benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylate
1191 · Mechanism for TCNQ@HKUST-1 Electronic Conductivity · Figure 12
Closed-shell Zn(II)-carboxylate frameworks with no d-d or LMCT transitions and linker-dominated optical states.
Conduction: Reviewed as electronically insulating or poorly conducting hosts with flat bands and localised carriers; useful for luminescence and energy transfer rather than intrinsic charge transport.
Representative materials: MOF-177 · IRMOF-1 · IRMOF-8 · DUT-6
Nodes / linkers: Zn(II) · Zn4O clusters · carboxylate linkers · BTB · naphthalenedicarboxylate
1185 · Zinc-Containing MOFs · Figures 2-3
Review-level synthesis principles remain separate from primary-study recipes.
Load large-pore MOFs with fullerene acceptors and organic donors so the framework controls nanoscale separation, phase behaviour and energy transfer.
Claimed effects: Provides a well-characterised heterojunction-like environment, suppresses phase segregation and broadens spectral coverage.
Controlling variables: pore diameter · acceptor loading · donor size · spectral overlap · phase separation
Representative materials: PCBM@MOF-177 · DH6T/PCBM@MOF-177
Caveat: Charge extraction after exciton splitting remains a major unresolved problem.
1189 · Light Harvesting
Use computationally guided donor-acceptor linker design in a fixed MOF topology to tune absorption onset and LUMO alignment with fullerene acceptors.
Claimed effects: Could produce MOF linkers with visible absorption and energy-level alignment suitable for light harvesting.
Controlling variables: electron-rich linker segment · electron-deficient linker segment · MOF topology · LUMO alignment · channel size
Representative materials: IRMOF-74-BT-TT-BT(Mg)
Caveat: Predicted light harvesting requires a still-unsolved path for extracting separated charge.
1189 · Light Harvesting · Figure 8
Select a framework with coordinatively unsaturated metal sites and infiltrate a redox-active guest capable of binding those sites to create charge-transfer pathways.
Claimed effects: Can transform an insulating MOF into a conducting Guest@MOF by creating donor-bridge-acceptor pathways.
Controlling variables: presence of open metal sites · guest redox level · guest binding geometry · pore size and connectivity · guest loading and infiltration time
Representative materials: TCNQ@HKUST-1 · F4-TCNQ@HKUST-1 · H4-TCNQ@HKUST-1
Caveat: Mechanism, carrier identity and uniformity of infiltration remain partly unresolved; review emphasises this is not a generic primary-data leaderboard.
1189 · TCNQ@HKUST-1 · Figures 9-10
Deposit HKUST-1 films on patterned substrates and introduce guest molecules in selected regions to create measurable or patterned device behaviour.
Claimed effects: Enables transport measurements and offers a route to spatially patterned Guest@MOF device function.
Controlling variables: film continuity · electrode pattern · activation · infiltration solvent · infiltration uniformity
Representative materials: HKUST-1 film on SiO2/Pt · TCNQ@HKUST-1 film
Caveat: Raman/cAFM images show infiltration can be nonuniform; robust pinhole-free large-area fabrication remains a challenge.
1190 · TCNQ@HKUST-1 · Figures 9 and 11
Use closed-shell luminescent zinc-carboxylate MOFs as host scaffolds for heavy-metal organometallic guests that harvest triplet excitons.
Claimed effects: Increases scintillation light output and enables spectral-shape discrimination for radiation detection.
Controlling variables: host transparency · guest dopant level · spin-orbit coupling strength · pore compatibility · blue/red emission ratio
Representative materials: DUT-6 with tris(2-phenylpyridinato)iridium(III) · IRMOF-8 with tris(1-phenylisoquinoline)iridium(III)
Caveat: This is primarily excitonic functionality rather than electronic charge transport.
1188 · Applications of Guest@MOF Materials · Figure 7
These are the review authors’ synthesis, not newly measured results.
For MOF light-harvesting concepts, the review identifies charge extraction after exciton splitting as a major unresolved issue.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: This caveat concerns photovoltaic/light-harvesting applications rather than the TCNQ@HKUST transport case.
1189 · Light Harvesting · Figure 8
Copper-paddlewheel MOFs, especially HKUST-1, are important for Guest@MOF transport because their open metal sites allow direct guest coordination rather than only weak adsorption.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: Coordination alone does not guarantee conduction; guest electronic structure and long-range organisation also matter.
1186 · Copper Paddlewheel MOFs · Figure 4
The authors favour a donor-bridge-acceptor superexchange picture for TCNQ@HKUST-1 over a chemical intermediate or mixed-valence mechanism.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: This is mechanistic interpretation; the review says some other aspect of electronic structure must create charge carriers.
1191 · Mechanism for TCNQ@HKUST-1 Electronic Conductivity · Figure 12
Guest@MOF should be distinguished from ordinary adsorption or sensing: the guest-framework interaction must produce a new material-level property not present in either isolated component.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: The definition is proposed by the Perspective authors and should be presented as conceptual framing, not as a settled community standard.
1184 · Defining the Guest@MOF Concept
The review argues that Guest@MOF may constitute a new class of electronic materials combining structural order, tunable electronic structure and porosity.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: The authors explicitly state that the field is in its infancy and practical realisation remains challenging.
1192 · Challenges and the Path Forward
A local DBA mechanism is insufficient for device-scale conductivity; long-range organisation of guest-bridged sites is required.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: The proposed one-TCNQ-per-pore chain is inferred from modelling and conductivity versus infiltration time rather than directly established in this review.
1192 · Mechanism for TCNQ@HKUST-1 Electronic Conductivity
MOF crystallinity and coordination-defined local environments make them useful platforms for controlled guest-framework interactions compared with amorphous polymers or solution complexes.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: The review acknowledges that non-coordination forces and longer length scales also influence MOF formation and properties.
1184 · Structure-Determining Factors and Length Scales in MOFs
Raman nitrile shifts/splitting in TCNQ@HKUST-1 are treated as spatial diagnostics for guest coordination and conductive regions.
Evidence basis: single_reference
Caveat: The review links Raman signatures to conductivity spatially, but also notes infiltration is not uniform.
1190 · TCNQ@HKUST-1 · Figure 11
TCNQ infiltration of HKUST-1 is presented as a canonical emergent transport example because neither the host nor TCNQ is conducting in isolation yet the composite becomes conductive.
Evidence basis: single_reference
Caveat: This row reflects the review's interpretation of the cited Science study and should not be reused as primary measured evidence.
1183 · Defining the Guest@MOF Concept
EPR and XPS are used to argue against full electron transfer from HKUST-1 to TCNQ and against a TCNQ radical-anion dominated picture.
Evidence basis: single_reference
Caveat: The review reports partial charge-transfer estimates and unchanged Cu(II)-like signatures; details should be checked in the primary article.
1190 · TCNQ@HKUST-1
The temperature dependence of TCNQ@HKUST-1 conductivity is interpreted as thermally activated hopping rather than a localized-to-delocalized transition.
Evidence basis: single_reference
Caveat: The authors infer the mechanism from Arrhenius behaviour; carrier identity and transition state are explicitly not fully resolved.
1190 · TCNQ@HKUST-1 · Figure 10
The review argues that common zinc-carboxylate MOFs are not semiconductors in the long-range transport sense, despite earlier analogies to ZnO or quantum dots.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: The claim concerns the specific Zn-carboxylate examples discussed; the authors note some IRMOFs may show photocatalytic behaviour without long-range charge transport.
1186 · Zinc-Containing MOFs
Every row remains visibly secondary and links to a primary dossier only where the mapping is verified.
| Material | Property | Reported value | Context and quality | Primary evidence | Review source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SecondaryBT-TT-BT linker in IRMOF-74-type framework | LUMO offset versus PCBM | 0.2 eV above PCBM | LC-BLYP/6-311G(d,p) predicted linker/acceptor energy alignment Text · Rounded Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 1189 · Light Harvesting · Figure 8 |
| SecondaryHKUST-1 | singlet-triplet splitting / superexchange coupling | -2J of 370 cm^-1 from EPR data | HKUST-1 EPR; review notes value may be overestimated by about 30 cm^-1 relative to susceptibility comparison Text · Rounded Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 1187 · Copper Paddlewheel MOFs |
| SecondaryHKUST-1 | pore diameter | approximately 1.3 nm | Early HKUST-1 report, network of enclosed pores Text · Approximate | No verified corpus mapping | 1182 · Introduction |
| SecondaryMOF-177 | solid-state excitation/emission maxima | lambda(ex)max = 345 nm; lambda(em)max = 380 nm | Solid-state MOF-177 compared with dilute H3BTB in DMF Caption · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 1185 · Zinc-Containing MOFs · Figure 2 |
| SecondaryPCBM@MOF-177 | PCBM loading | up to 22 wt % | MOF-177 infiltrated with PCBM, with remaining pore volume for thiophene oligomers Text · Rounded Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 1189 · Light Harvesting |
| SecondaryMOF-5 / IRMOF-1 | computed band gap using hybrid B3LYP | 5.0 eV | Later calculations using hybrid B3LYP functional Text · Rounded Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 1186 · Zinc-Containing MOFs |
| SecondaryTCNQ@HKUST-1 | partial charge transferred to TCNQ | 0.3-0.4 e- | Estimated from vibrational spectra of TCNQ@HKUST-1 Text · Range | research_0088 | 1190 · TCNQ@HKUST-1 · Figure 11 |
| SecondaryTCNQ@HKUST-1 | activation energy for conductivity | 0.04-0.05 eV | Arrhenius behaviour over 125-300 K Text · Range | research_0088 | 1190 · TCNQ@HKUST-1 · Figure 10 |
| SecondaryTCNQ@HKUST-1 | electronic conductivity | from <10^-8 S cm^-1 to approximately 0.1 S cm^-1 | TCNQ infiltration of HKUST-1 pores; comparison to uninfiltrated MOF Text · Approximate | research_0088 | 1183 · Defining the Guest@MOF Concept |
| SecondaryTCNQ@HKUST-1 films | conductivity increase factor versus activated HKUST-1 film | at least a factor of 10^7 higher | Two-point probe measurements of TCNQ-infiltrated HKUST-1 thin films Text · Rounded Reported | research_0088 | 1189 · TCNQ@HKUST-1 · Figure 10 |
Open questions are presented as review-author priorities, not conclusions from the primary database.
The DBA analysis does not fully specify the charge carriers or the transition state responsible for the low activation barrier.
Proposed direction: Combine Seebeck, temperature-dependent transport, spectroscopy and modelling to resolve hole generation and hopping coordinates.
1192 · Mechanism for TCNQ@HKUST-1 Electronic Conductivity
For linker/guest light-harvesting MOFs, the review states that extracting charge after exciton splitting remains unsolved.
Proposed direction: Pair MOF absorbers with electron/hole conductors or intrinsically conducting frameworks that can remove separated charge.
1189 · Light Harvesting · Figure 8
Defects and microstructure may limit MOF performance but their role in Guest@MOF electronic behaviour remains insufficiently investigated.
Proposed direction: Correlate local spectroscopic, topographic and transport probes with defect density and film microstructure.
1192 · Challenges and the Path Forward
The influence of pore contents, especially atmospheric water or other constituents, on bulk Guest@MOF properties is not understood.
Proposed direction: Separate dielectric, coordination-specific and defect-mediated effects of co-adsorbed species in pores.
1192 · Challenges and the Path Forward
The review identifies quantum-mechanical understanding of guest-MOF interactions as essential for designing Guest@MOF materials with targeted electronic properties.
Proposed direction: Develop theory and experiments that bridge molecular and periodic descriptions of guest-framework electronic structure.
1192 · Challenges and the Path Forward
Practical Guest@MOF devices require robust methods to deposit uniform, pinhole-free and defect-free films over large or patterned areas.
Proposed direction: Improve scalable thin-film growth and postsynthetic guest patterning methods compatible with electrodes and devices.
1192 · Challenges and the Path Forward
Mappings show which printed review references have a verified counterpart in the frozen primary corpus.
| Reference | Study | Role and context | Corpus mapping |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ref. 11999 | A Chemically Functionalizable Nanoporous Material [Cu3(TMA)2(H2O)3]n | historical_framing · material_family_context · benchmark_contextOriginal high-surface-area HKUST-1 report used for pore-size, copper paddlewheel and early postsynthetic modification context. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 262014 | Tunable Electrical Conductivity in Metal-Organic Framework Thin-Film Devices | transport_benchmark · mechanism · thin_films_and_devices · guest_induced_transportCentral primary study for TCNQ-induced conductivity, thin-film measurement, spectroscopic evidence and the DBA mechanism used by the Perspective. | research_0088 |
| Ref. 272014 | Energy and Charge Transfer by Donor-Acceptor Pairs Confined in a Metal-Organic Framework: A Spectroscopic and Computational Investigation | energy_transfer · light_harvesting · benchmark_contextPrimary source for MOF-177 luminescence, donor-acceptor confinement and high PCBM loading discussed as a Guest@MOF light-harvesting example. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 332014 | Crystal Engineering, Structure-Function Relationships, and the Future of Metal-Organic Frameworks | taxonomy · structure_property_relationshipsCited for the structural-length-scale paradigm used to organise MOF primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 362012 | Connecting Structure with Function in Metal-Organic Frameworks to Design Novel Photo- and Radioluminescent Materials | photoluminescence · radioluminescence · zinc_mof_contextSupports the review's discussion of carboxylate linker fluorescence and zinc-MOF luminescence behaviour. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 372006 | Ab-Initio Prediction of Materials Properties with Crystal: MOF-5 as a Case Study | electronic_structure · benchmark_contextCited for hybrid-functional band-gap and band-dispersion interpretation used to reject simple semiconductor analogies for zinc carboxylate MOFs. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 432007 | Semiconductor Behavior of a Metal-Organic Framework (MOF) | controversy · electronic_structureCited as part of earlier literature comparing IRMOF-1 to semiconductors or quantum dots, which the review calls misleading. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 442010 | Metal-Organic Frameworks as Semiconductors | controversy · electronic_structureCited in the review's discussion of semiconductor analogies for MOFs, used as a contrast to the authors' transport-focused caution. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 452004 | Electronic and Vibrational Properties of a MOF-5 Metal-Organic Framework: ZnO Quantum Dot Behaviour | controversy · electronic_structureCited as a quantum-dot analogy that the Perspective argues can mislead transport interpretation. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 482012 | Investigation of the Synthesis, Activation, and Isosteric Heats of CO2 Adsorption of the Isostructural Series of Metal-Organic Frameworks M3(BTC)2 (M = Cr, Fe, Ni, Cu, Mo, Ru) | material_family_context · open_metal_sitesSupports the review's statement that metal-substituted HKUST-1 analogues enable systematic variation of metal ions and linkers. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 502008 | CW and Pulsed ESR Spectroscopy of Cupric Ions in the Metal-Organic Framework Compound Cu3(BTC)2 | electronic_structure · magnetic_context · benchmark_contextSource for HKUST-1 EPR coupling context and comparison with TCNQ@HKUST-1 EPR spectra. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 642014 | Doped Luminescent Materials and Particle Discrimination Using Same | application_context · radiation_detection · energy_transferCited for reducing spectral-shape discrimination using triplet-harvesting Guest@MOF materials to practice. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 662004 | A Route to High Surface Area, Porosity and Inclusion of Large Molecules in Crystals | light_harvesting · porosity_contextSource for MOF-177 pore size and ability to include large molecules, used in the review's light-harvesting discussion. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 682014 | Novel Metal-Organic Framework Linkers for Light Harvesting Applications: A First Principles Perspective | computational_design · light_harvesting · benchmark_contextComputational design study for visible-absorbing IRMOF-74-type linkers and energy alignment with fullerene acceptors. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 742010 | Control of Charge Transfer in a Series of Ru-2(II,II)/TCNQ Two-Dimensional Networks by Tuning the Electron Affinity of TCNQ Units: A Route to Synergistic Magnetic/Conducting Materials | conducting_coordination_polymers · mechanism_contextPrior coordination-polymer precedent used to motivate redox-active TCNQ guests coordinated to paddlewheel nodes. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 752008 | Electron Transfer at the Class II/III Borderline of Mixed Valency: Dependence of Rates on Solvent Dynamics and Observation of a Localized-to-Delocalized Transition in Freezing Solvents | mechanism_context · mixed_valencyUsed as a comparison for localized-to-delocalized transitions that the review argues are not observed in TCNQ@HKUST-1. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 762007 | Solvent Dynamical Control of Ultrafast Ground State Electron Transfer: Implications for Class II-III Mixed Valency | mechanism_context · mixed_valencyPaired with Ref. 75 as comparison literature for localized-to-delocalized transitions and solvent dynamics. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 782002 | Optical Transitions of Symmetrical Mixed-Valence Systems in the Class II-III Transition Regime | mechanism_context · DBA_model · charge_transferProvides the mixed-valence/DBA theoretical frame invoked for superexchange and chemical charge-transfer mechanisms. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 791980 | Raman Spectra of Conducting TCNQ Salts; Estimation of the Degree of Charge Transfer from Vibrational Frequencies | measurement_interpretation · charge_transferBasis for using C=N vibrational shifts to assess charge transfer in TCNQ-containing materials. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 802000 | Hexagonal Layered Materials Composed of M2(O2CCF3)4 (M = Ru and Rh) Donors and TCNQ Acceptors | measurement_interpretation · charge_transfer · conducting_coordination_polymersExample where vibrational spectra were used to estimate charge on TCNQ in coordination polymers, supporting the review's TCNQ@HKUST-1 charge-transfer estimate. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 812003 | Charge Transfer on the Nanoscale: Current Status | mechanism_context · charge_transferGeneral nanoscale charge-transfer reference paired with the DBA/superexchange discussion. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 822011 | Probing Hopping Conduction in Conjugated Molecular Wires Connected to Metal Electrodes | mechanism_context · hopping_transportUsed to compare thermally activated hopping in molecular wires with possible TCNQ twisting/vibrational reorientation in TCNQ@HKUST-1. | Unmapped |