Qian Zhang, Yimeng Sun, Wei Xu, and Daoben Zhu · Advanced Materials · 2014
Summarise thermoelectric properties, measurement practices, device demonstrations, and future directions for organic thermoelectric materials, especially conductive polymers and small molecules.
The review’s argument is preserved as a navigable set of section summaries.
Organises conductive-polymer research into established conducting polymers, solution-processable semiconductor polymers, and newly designed molecular structures.
Relevance: Core · 6831 · 2
Explains conjugated-polymer generations, doping mechanisms, polaron and bipolaron transport, and optimisation via carrier concentration, morphology, orientation, interfaces, backbone structure, side chains, and counterions.
Relevance: Core · 6832 · 2.1 · Figure 2
Reviews coordination polymers as metal-ligand networks, highlights poly[A_x(M-ett)] as a high-performing n-type organic thermoelectric family, and discusses counterion and metal-ion effects.
Relevance: Core · 6840 · 2.2 · Figure 8
Reviews all-organic device demonstrations and concludes that stronger materials, better n-type candidates, printing-aware characterisation, and device engineering are decisive for flexible organic TEGs.
Relevance: Core · 6848 · 5-6 · Figure 15
Frames thermoelectric generators, defines ZT and PF, contrasts inorganic and organic materials, and motivates organics by flexibility, processability, low thermal conductivity, and tunable electronic structure.
Relevance: Core · 6829 · 1. Introduction
Summarises electrical, Seebeck, and thermal-conductivity measurement methods, emphasising film geometry, contact resistance, anisotropy, and superimposed errors in ZT.
Relevance: Core · 6845 · 4 · Figure 13
Identifies needs for material screening, quantitative thermopower understanding, better thermal-conductivity data, direct carrier measurements, n-type polymers, and device design.
Relevance: Core · 6841 · 2.3
Covers charge-transfer complexes, pentacene p-type films, fullerene n-type films, and FET-based measurement as a tool for mechanism and screening.
Relevance: Supporting · 6841 · 3 · Figure 10
Classification systems are attributed to this review and are not treated as a global material registry.
Device examples are grouped by fabrication route, showing both performance and manufacturability trade-offs.
Categories: compressed-pellet p-n couples · ink-jet printed thermocouples · vacuum-deposited small-molecule thin films · roll-to-roll printed polymer devices
6847-6848 · 5 · Figure 15
The review distinguishes electron-transfer doping from proton-addition doping, which matters because counterions and carrier nature influence TE behaviour.
Categories: redox doping · protonic acid doping
6833 · 2.1.2
The review separates organic thermoelectrics into polymer-based materials and small molecules, with coordination polymers treated under conductive polymers and charge-transfer complexes under small molecules.
Categories: conductive polymers · coordination polymers · charge-transfer complexes · small-molecule semiconductors
6831 · Introduction
The review uses three optimisation subsections to organise conductive-polymer thermoelectric design.
Categories: carrier concentration · microscopic morphology · other methods including interfaces, orientation, and chemical structure
6833-6838 · 2.1.2-2.1.4
This taxonomy distinguishes optimisation of existing conducting polymers, adaptation of organic-electronics semiconducting polymers, and de novo backbone design.
Categories: established highly conducting polymers · solution-processable polymeric semiconductors · newly tailored molecular structures
6831 · 2
The review contrasts steady and transient thermal-conductivity methods and notes that access to in-plane versus cross-plane values depends on method.
Categories: steady-state · laser-flash · time-domain thermal reflectance · differential three-omega
6846 · 4.3 · Figure 14
Review-defined families retain their representative materials and conduction descriptions.
Small-molecule donor-acceptor conductors such as TTF-TCNQ and related radical salts.
Conduction: Can show high conductivity and thermopower, but thermal conductivity, crystal size, brittleness, and stoichiometric rigidity constrain applications.
Representative materials: TTF-TCNQ · EDO-S,S-DMEDT-TTF salts · TTT2I3
Nodes / linkers: Not specified · tetrathiafulvalene derivatives · tetracyanoquinodimethane acceptors
6842 · 3.1 · Figure 10
Polymers whose repeat units are connected by non-localised pi bonds and can become conductive after doping.
Conduction: Electrical carriers are described as polarons and bipolarons whose localisation or delocalisation depends on doping, crystallinity, morphology, conformation, and stacking.
Representative materials: polyacetylene · polypyrrole · polythiophene · polyaniline · PEDOT · P3HT · MEH-PPV
Nodes / linkers: Not specified · Not specified
6832-6833 · 2.1.1 · Figure 2
Polymers built from metal ions and ligands, where metal ions act as connectors and ligands as linkers.
Conduction: Thermopower and conductivity are influenced by metal ions, counter cations, and packing; hopping and interchain transport are invoked.
Representative materials: Cu(L-1) · Cu(L-2) · PSF-Cs · poly[A_x(M-ett)]
Nodes / linkers: Cu · Ni · Co · bis-thiosemicarbazone ligands · bisphenolic ligands · ethenetetrathiolate
6839-6840 · 2.2 · Figure 8
C60-based small-molecule organic semiconductors doped with alkali metals, Cs2CO3, or strong molecular donors to provide n-type TE legs.
Conduction: Improved n-type power factors come from combining thermopower near 200 microV K-1 with conductivities of a few S cm-1.
Representative materials: K-doped C60 · Rb-doped C60 · Cs2CO3-doped C60 · Cr2(hpp)4-doped C60 · W2(hpp)4-doped C60
Nodes / linkers: Not specified · fullerene cage
6844 · 3.2.3
Solution-processable thiophene-based polymers developed in organic electronics and adapted for thermoelectrics through controlled oxidation and counterion choice.
Conduction: Thermoelectric response depends on oxidation level, counterion, backbone/side-chain structure, and carrier transport pathways.
Representative materials: P3HT:PF6 · P3HT:TFSI · PBTTT:TFSI · P3HT-P3HTT blends
Nodes / linkers: Not specified · Not specified
6837-6839 · 2.1.2 and 2.1.4 · Figure 6
Highly studied conducting polymer systems including PEDOT:Tos, PEDOT:PSS, PEDOT:ClO4, and PEDOS derivatives.
Conduction: Performance is tuned by dedoping, counterion removal, electrochemical gating, secondary doping, and morphology control.
Representative materials: PEDOT:Tos · PEDOT:PSS · PEDOT:ClO4 · PEDOS-C6:ClO4
Nodes / linkers: Not specified · Not specified
6837-6838 · 2.1.3 · Figure 7; Table 1
Benchmark p-type organic semiconductor films used for thermoelectric tests by charge-transfer doping, bilayers, iodine doping, and FET modulation.
Conduction: Carrier concentration is modulated by molecular dopants or gate voltage; mobility loss from dopant scattering is a major trade-off.
Representative materials: pentacene:F4TCNQ blends · pentacene/F4TCNQ bilayers · iodine-doped pentacene
Nodes / linkers: Not specified · Not specified
6843-6844 · 3.2.1-3.2.2 · Figures 11-12
Ethenetetrathiolate-linked coordination polymers with variable counter cations and Ni or Cu metal ions.
Conduction: Close packing and smaller counterions support better interchain transport; Seebeck sign can be tuned by metal ion/cation choice.
Representative materials: poly[K_x(Ni-ett)] · poly[Na_x(Ni-ett)] · poly[Cu_x(Cu-ett)]
Nodes / linkers: Ni · Cu · 1,1,2,2-ethenetetrathiolate
6840 · 2.2 · Figure 9
Review-level synthesis principles remain separate from primary-study recipes.
Modify polymer backbones, side substituents, and counterions to alter electronic localisation, molecular stacking, mobility, thermopower, and stability.
Claimed effects: Localized electron-cloud distribution may favour higher Seebeck coefficients once adequate mobility is achieved.
Controlling variables: backbone repeat unit · side-chain length · counterion identity · electron-cloud localisation · polymer stability
Representative materials: carbazole polymers · P3HT:TFSI · PBTTT:TFSI · polythiophene derivatives
Caveat: The review states that much more work is required to generalise chemical-structure and counterion effects.
6839 · 2.1.4 · Figure 6
Optimise thermoelectric properties by stepwise increasing or decreasing apparent monomer/counterion ratios through reducing, oxidation, gating, solvent treatment, or reactive exposure.
Claimed effects: Often maximises PF or ZT at intermediate doping levels; mechanisms remain incompletely resolved because carrier nature, trapping, and counterions also matter.
Controlling variables: dopant/counterion level · redox state · gating voltage · reducing or oxidising treatment time · polymer and counterion identity
Representative materials: PEDOT:Tos · PEDOT:PSS · P3HT:TFSI · PEDOS-C6
Caveat: Doping level is not identical to free-carrier concentration; XPS is surface-sensitive and deep traps/counterions can distort inference.
6833-6834 · 2.1.2 · Figures 3-7
Exploit anisotropy by mechanically stretching conducting polymers to improve aligned transport pathways.
Claimed effects: EtOPV-co-PV achieved a higher PF after stretching, suggesting anisotropy can be useful for thermoelectric optimisation.
Controlling variables: elongation ratio · copolymer composition · side-chain length · film orientation
Representative materials: EtOPV-co-PV
Caveat: Requires morphology and orientation control, and may not generalise to all conductive polymer systems.
6839 · 2.1.4 · Table 1
Alter counter cations and metal ions in ett-based coordination polymers to control chain packing, interchain transport, and carrier type.
Claimed effects: Na and K counterions perform better than tetraalkylammonium; Seebeck sign can be tuned through metal-ion choice.
Controlling variables: counter cation · coordination metal · chain packing · powder processing
Representative materials: poly[K_x(Ni-ett)] · poly[Na_x(Ni-ett)] · poly[Cu_x(Cu-ett)]
Caveat: Powder insolubility and processing constraints remain important limitations.
6840 · 2.2 · Figure 8
Dope C60 films with alkali metals, Cs2CO3, or molecular donors to provide n-type organic thermoelectric legs.
Claimed effects: Nonstoichiometric Cs2CO3 doping of C60 yields PF values comparable to P3HT-based p-type materials.
Controlling variables: dopant stoichiometry · single-layer versus bilayer film · evaporation conditions · dopant strength
Representative materials: Cs2CO3-doped C60 · Cr2(hpp)4-doped C60 · W2(hpp)4-doped C60
Caveat: The review stresses that transport in n-type doped polymers is rarely reported and n-type organics remain a device need.
6844 · 3.2.3
Use sandwich device structures to suppress thermal conduction while maintaining electrical conduction across polymer/electrode interfaces.
Claimed effects: Can enhance Seebeck coefficient through interface-related carrier entropy effects, but has not yet produced high conductivities.
Controlling variables: polymer thickness · electrode material · working temperature · interface quality
Representative materials: PPy · PEDOT:PSS · MEH-PPV
Caveat: Reported conductivities are below 1e-4 S cm-1, so effectiveness at higher carrier density remains unresolved.
6839 · 2.1.4
Tune polymerisation and processing to produce smoother, denser, more crystalline, or better oriented films that improve mobility and charge transport.
Claimed effects: Improved crystallinity and mobility can increase PF independently of carrier concentration alone.
Controlling variables: polymerisation method · current density · oxidation potential · template or nanochannel geometry · precursor additives
Representative materials: PEDOT:Tos · PEDOS-C6 · PTh · PPy
Caveat: Morphology is correlated with multiple variables, making causal attribution difficult without coordinated structural and TE measurements.
6835-6837 · 2.1.3 · Figure 5
Use ink-jet, screen-printing, solution composites, polymer emulsions, or roll-to-roll printing to build flexible all-organic thermoelectric generators.
Claimed effects: Demonstrates manufacturable flexible devices, but material ZT and ink-state property changes remain decisive constraints.
Controlling variables: ink formulation · packing density · leg geometry · internal resistance · film versus powder properties
Representative materials: poly[K_x(Ni-ett)]/poly[Cu_x(Cu-ett)] · PEDOT:Tos and TTF-TCNQ · PEDOT:PSS
Caveat: Thermoelectric properties of materials prepared as inks may differ from pristine materials.
6847-6848 · 5 · Figure 15
Dope molecular semiconductors using acceptors, iodine, or interfacial bilayers to raise conductivity while preserving thermopower where possible.
Claimed effects: Bilayer or iodine-doped pentacene can improve PF, but dopant scattering and stability limit performance.
Controlling variables: dopant identity · doping concentration · bilayer thickness · dopant scattering · film stability
Representative materials: pentacene:F4TCNQ · iodine-doped pentacene
Caveat: Pentacene iodine-doped films have poor stability; F4TCNQ blends suffer mobility loss from dopant scattering.
6843-6844 · 3.2.1 · Figures 11-12
Use polar solvents or solvent baths to modify PEDOT:PSS morphology, remove PSS counterions selectively, change conductivity and Seebeck coefficient, and reduce thermal conductivity.
Claimed effects: Can raise PEDOT:PSS Seebeck coefficient and PF while lowering thermal conductivity, producing the review's highest p-type ZT.
Controlling variables: EG or DMSO treatment · commercial PEDOT:PSS source · PSS removal · film thickness · inert atmosphere
Representative materials: PEDOT:PSS
Caveat: Commercial source differences in molecular weight, EDOT:PSS ratio, and pH limit cross-study comparability.
6837-6838 · 2.1.3 · Figure 7
These are the review authors’ synthesis, not newly measured results.
Theoretical work predicts high ZT for some charge-transfer crystals under carrier-concentration modification, but nonstoichiometric crystals and practical demonstrations remain lacking.
Evidence basis: single_reference
Caveat: The review explicitly notes that no nonstoichiometric TTTI_x crystal had been reported.
6845 · 3.3
In ett-based coordination polymers, smaller Na or K counterions enable better thermoelectric properties than tetraalkylammonium, likely by preserving close packing and interchain transport.
Evidence basis: single_reference
Caveat: The interpretation is based on review summary of one major CP study and needs broader confirmation.
6840 · 2.2 · Figure 9
The mechanisms by which doping-level tuning optimises polymer thermoelectric properties remain unclear because carrier concentration, carrier species, traps, counterions, and morphology are intertwined.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: XPS-derived counterion ratios may not equal the concentration of electrically active carriers.
6833-6834 · 2.1.2 · Figures 3-7
After the PEDOT:Tos TDAE work, intentional tuning of carrier concentration or doping level became a routine optimisation step for polymer thermoelectrics.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: Optimal doping levels vary by polymer, counterion, and processing method.
6833 · 2.1.2 · Figures 3-7
Four-contact electrical measurement is preferred, but soft, inhomogeneous, anisotropic organic films require caution with mechanical contacts, geometry, and Ohmic contact validation.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: Work functions should be checked because Fermi levels vary with doping.
6845 · 4.1 · Figure 13
FET-based thermopower measurement may be powerful for screening organic semiconductors and revealing transport mechanisms, even if transistor geometry is not directly practical for TE modules.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: Translation from FET measurements to practical generator architectures is limited.
6844 · 3.2.2
The review concludes that organic thermoelectrics need more efficient materials, n-type candidates, device engineering, and fundamental structure-property understanding.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
6848 · 6. Conclusions and Outlook
Thermoelectric measurement of organic materials predates the 2010s, but earlier work mainly used thermopower to study electronic structure rather than to optimise energy materials.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
6831 · 1. Introduction
Because sigma, S, and kappa are measured separately and then combined, errors in organic TE measurements can compound in ZT.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: The issue is especially important for thin films and anisotropic, soft, inhomogeneous organics.
6845 · 4 · Figure 13
Microscopic morphology is a major determinant of polymer thermoelectric behaviour because it reflects crystallinity, density, chain order, mobility, and heterogeneity.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: Morphological metrics should be measured alongside synthesis and thermoelectric properties to separate correlated variables.
6835-6838 · 2.1.3 · Figures 5 and 7
Organic thermoelectrics are attractive because they may be abundant, lightweight, flexible, solution-processable, low-cost, low in thermal conductivity, and electronically tunable.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: The same section notes bottlenecks in low carrier mobility and mediocre Seebeck coefficients.
6831 · 1. Introduction
PEDOT:PSS comparisons across studies require caution because commercial sources and formulation variables differ.
Evidence basis: single_reference
Caveat: This affects interpretation of solvent treatment, PSS content, molecular weight, and pH.
6838 · 2.1.3
In conjugated polymers, the relevant electrical carriers are polarons and bipolarons, and their transport can range from hopping to delocalised diffusion depending on structure and morphology.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: Carrier concentration alone is insufficient; carrier nature and mobility also matter.
6833 · 2.1.2
Thermal conduction in conjugated polymers is generally considered phonon-dominated because electronic thermal conduction is marginal for most polymer conductivities.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: The authors state thermal conductivity of conductive polymers is under-studied and lacks systematic conclusions.
6833 · 2.1.2
Printing enables flexible organic TEGs, but high material ZT, ink formulation, packing density, and internal resistance remain decisive bottlenecks.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: Ink-processed material properties may differ from pristine film or powder values.
6848 · 5 · Figure 15
Small-molecule organic thermoelectric materials lag conductive polymers in explored performance but are attractive because purification, crystallisation, and n-type conduction may be easier.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: Measurement and stability limitations remain substantial.
6841 · 3
Thermal-conductivity method choice controls whether cross-plane or in-plane conductivity is accessible, which is critical for anisotropic polymer films.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: Cross-study comparison should note method, film thickness, and anisotropy assumptions.
6846-6847 · 4.3 · Figure 14
The review treats thermopower as an entropy-of-carrier property and argues that the origins of thermopower in conductive polymers should be clarified quantitatively.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: Suggested spectroscopic and temperature-dependent magnetic/electrical studies are qualitative starting points.
6841 · 2.3
For thermoelectric materials, ZT combines Seebeck coefficient, electrical conductivity, temperature, and thermal conductivity, while PF is useful when thermal-conductivity variation is secondary.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: The review stresses that these parameters are coupled, so optimising one can change the others.
6829 · 1. Introduction
Every row remains visibly secondary and links to a primary dossier only where the mapping is verified.
| Material | Property | Reported value | Context and quality | Primary evidence | Review source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SecondaryCs2CO3-doped C60 | power factor | 28.8 | nonstoichiometric doping; C60 film Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 6844 · 3.2.3 |
| SecondaryCs2CO3-doped C60 | power factor | 20.5 | nonstoichiometric doping; bilayer or single-layer context in review Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 6844 · 3.2.3 |
| Secondarypoly[K_x(Ni-ett)]/poly[Cu_x(Cu-ett)] TEG | output power per area | 2.8 | extrapolated; optimum packing density 0.94; DeltaT = 30 K Text · Exact Reported | research_0296 | 6847 · 5 · Figure 9 |
| Secondarytau-(EDO-S,S-DMEDT-TTF)2(AuBr2)1+y | ZT | 1.1 x 10^-2 | around 160 K; small crystal Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 6843 · 3.1.2 |
| SecondaryEtOPV-co-PV | power factor | 78.1 | iodine vapour; stretching ratio 3.1; around 300 K Table · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 6835 · 2.1.2 · Table 1 |
| Secondaryink-jet printed PEDOT:Tos/TTF-TCNQ TEG | output power per area | 0.27 | 54 thermocouples; optimum packing density; DeltaT = 30 K Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 6847-6848 · 5 · Figure 15 |
| Secondaryiodine-doped pentacene thin film | power factor | 13 | iodine vapour doping; pentacene film Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 6844 · 3.2.1 · Figure 12 |
| SecondaryP3HT:TFSI | power factor | 22.5 | as-synthesised; around 300 K Table · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 6835 · 2.1.2 · Table 1 |
| SecondaryPEDOS-C6:ClO4 | power factor | 354.7 | electrochemically reduced; around 300 K Table · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 6835 · 2.1.2 · Table 1 |
| SecondaryPEDOT:PSS (Clevios PH1000) | power factor | 469 | DMSO treated; sigma 957 S cm-1, S 70 microV K-1; around 300 K Table · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 6835 · 2.1.2 · Table 1 |
| SecondaryPEDOT:PSS | Seebeck coefficient | 101 | PSSH-gated; 14.5% doping level; around 300 K Table · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 6835-6836 · 2.1.2 · Table 1 and Figure 4 |
| SecondaryDMSO-treated PEDOT:PSS | ZT | 0.42 | p-type; solvent-induced dedoping treatment; around room temperature context in review Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 6838 · 2.1.3 · Figure 7 |
| SecondaryPEDOT:Tos | power factor | 1270 | electrochemically reduced; around 300 K Table · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 6835 · 2.1.2 · Table 1 |
| SecondaryPEDOT:Tos | power factor | 324 | TDAE-reduced; 22% doping level; around 300 K Table · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 6835 · 2.1.2 · Table 1 |
| Secondarypentacene/F4TCNQ bilayer | power factor | 2.0 | 6 nm pentacene sample; bilayer charge-transfer interface Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 6843 · 3.2.1 · Figure 11 |
| Secondarypoly[K_x(Ni-ett)] | ZT | 0.2 | 400 K; n-type coordination polymer Text · Exact Reported | research_0296 | 6840 · 2.2 · Figure 9 |
Open questions are presented as review-author priorities, not conclusions from the primary database.
Flexible all-organic TEGs are attractive but require much higher material ZT and better processing-device integration.
Proposed direction: Engineer materials as inks, control packing density and internal resistance, and design architectures that exploit organic advantages.
6848 · 5 · Figure 15
The mechanism behind optimum polymer thermoelectric performance after carrier-concentration tuning is not clarified.
Proposed direction: Separate carrier concentration, carrier species, counterion content, traps, and morphology using direct carrier measurements and complementary spectroscopy.
6833 · 2.1.2
Thermoelectric properties of materials processed as inks may differ from pristine powders or films.
Proposed direction: Characterise the actual printed/ink-processed material state rather than relying on pristine-material benchmarks.
6848 · 5
Errors in separate sigma, S, and kappa measurements can accumulate, especially in thin, soft, anisotropic organic films.
Proposed direction: Report contact geometry, electrode work functions, thermal method directionality, validation standards, and linear Seebeck regression.
6845 · 4 · Figure 13
High-performance n-type organic thermoelectric candidates remain insufficient for practical p-n devices.
Proposed direction: Develop efficient and stable n-type organic polymers and small molecules.
6848 · 6. Conclusions and Outlook
Thermal conduction in conductive polymers remains much less studied than electrical properties.
Proposed direction: Measure dependence on counterions, doping level, anisotropy, film thickness, and interfaces with clear method reporting.
6841 · 2.3
Small-molecule thermoelectric properties are less explored than polymer thermoelectrics.
Proposed direction: Investigate charge-transfer complexes, doped pentacene/rubrene-like semiconductors, fullerene n-type films, and stable doping methods.
6844 · 3.3
Organic polymers have many coupled degrees of freedom, making dominant structure-property factors difficult to identify.
Proposed direction: Use crystalline conductive polymers, transistor modulation, and coordinated synthesis/structure/TE measurements.
6840 · 2.3
The origins of thermopower in conductive polymers are not yet quantitatively understood.
Proposed direction: Combine UV-vis NIR, ESR, IR, Raman, magnetic, and temperature-dependent transport measurements.
6841 · 2.3
Mappings show which printed review references have a verified counterpart in the frozen primary corpus.
| Reference | Study | Role and context | Corpus mapping |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ref. 22013 | Title unavailable | thermoelectric_backgroundUsed by the review for thermoelectric efficiency, ZT framing, and thermal engineering context. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 32006 | Title unavailable | thermoelectric_backgroundUsed for the statement that sigma, S, and kappa are interdependent. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 52011 | Title unavailable | organic_semiconductor_contextSupports the review's claim that organic electronics has produced high-mobility organic semiconductors. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 62001 | Title unavailable | conducting_polymer_backgroundSupports the review's statement that organic electronic structures are tunable through molecular chemistry and doping. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 71967 | Title unavailable | historical_measurementCited for early thermoelectric measurement of organic semiconductors. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 81979 | Title unavailable | historical_conducting_polymersCited as early thermoelectric measurement work in conducting polymers. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 141997 | Title unavailable | FET_thermopower · mechanismUsed for FET-based thermopower measurement and transport mechanism discussion in organic semiconductors. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 172011 | Title unavailable | n_type_fullerene · small_molecule_device · transport_benchmarkUsed for Cs2CO3-doped C60 n-type benchmark and a small-molecule thin-film TEG prototype. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 182013 | Title unavailable | transport_benchmark · PEDOT_PSS · thermal_conductivityKey review benchmark for solvent-induced dedoping of PEDOT:PSS and ZT 0.42. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 192012 | Title unavailable | transport_benchmark · coordination_polymer · device_benchmarkKey coordination-polymer study behind n-type ZT and all-organic device power benchmarks. | research_0296 |
| Ref. 202011 | Title unavailable | transport_benchmark · PEDOT_Tos · printed_deviceCited for PEDOT:Tos TDAE reduction and ink-jet printed all-organic thermoelectric modules. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 252012 | Title unavailable | conducting_polymer_reviewCited as a review for fundamental aspects of conjugated polymers and noted in the carrier-concentration mechanism caveat. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 261984 | Title unavailable | thermal_conductivity · polymer_benchmarkUsed for early polymer thermal-conductivity observations across large changes in electrical conductivity. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 272010 | Title unavailable | thermal_conductivity · polymer_fibresCited for chain alignment, interfaces, boundaries, and modified 3-omega thermal measurements. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 292013 | Title unavailable | transport_benchmark · morphologyTable 1 benchmark for high-PF PEDOT:Tos and morphology discussion using triblock copolymer-assisted processing. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 302013 | Title unavailable | transport_benchmark · electrochemical_polymerisationUsed for PEDOS-C6 morphology/electrochemical reduction and PF improvement benchmark. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 312007 | Title unavailable | orientation · transport_benchmarkUsed for polymer stretching/orientation and anisotropic high-PF strategy. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 322013 | Title unavailable | PEDOT_PSS · ionic_liquidCited for ionic-liquid treatment of PEDOT:PSS and Seebeck coefficient increase context. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 332012 | Title unavailable | electrochemical_modulation · transport_benchmarkUsed for PEDOT:PSS electrochemical transistor tuning and gated Seebeck/PF values. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 352012 | Title unavailable | transport_benchmark · chemical_dopingUsed for P3HT:TFSI doping and counterion effect discussion. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 382011 | Title unavailable | morphology · nanochannelsUsed as evidence that nano-sized channel deposition can improve PEDOT PF via crystallinity and mobility. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 432010 | Title unavailable | chemical_doping · P3HTUsed in comparison of P3HT counterion/doping behaviour and Figure 6. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 512012 | Title unavailable | PEDOT_PSS_caveatCited in the review's caveat about commercial PEDOT:PSS source differences. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 532011 | Title unavailable | interface_engineering · vertical_architectureUsed for vertical/sandwich architectures and interface-related Seebeck enhancement concepts. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 602012 | Title unavailable | counterion_effect · chemical_structureUsed for TFSI counterion effects and chemical-structure interpretation of Seebeck coefficient. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 702013 | Title unavailable | roll_to_roll_device · device_designUsed for roll-to-roll printed PEDOT:PSS device and device-design outlook. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 782008 | Title unavailable | charge_transfer_complex · transport_benchmarkUsed for simultaneous sigma, S, kappa measurement and ZT of a low-dimensional charge-transfer complex. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 802011 | Title unavailable | organic_semiconductor_mobilitySupports the review's statement that high-mobility small-molecule OSCs provide TE candidates. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 822010 | Title unavailable | pentacene · small_molecule_benchmarkUsed for F4TCNQ-doped pentacene and bilayer PF benchmark. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 842011 | Title unavailable | pentacene · iodine_dopingUsed for iodine-doped pentacene PF and stability caveat. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 852007 | Title unavailable | FET_thermopower · pentaceneUsed for a FET-based mechanism involving lattice hardening and vibrational entropy in pentacene. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 862013 | Title unavailable | n_type_contextUsed to note that high-performance n-type polymer semiconductors existed but TE transport reports were rare. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 872012 | Title unavailable | n_type_fullerene · molecular_dopingUsed for doped C60 with strong molecular donors and n-type TE comparison. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 902013 | Title unavailable | n_type_fullerene · transport_benchmarkUsed for one of the reported high PF values in nonstoichiometrically doped C60 films. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 912009 | Title unavailable | theoretical_prediction · charge_transfer_complexUsed for theoretical prediction that carrier-concentration adjustment could yield high ZT in a charge-transfer crystal. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 962011 | Title unavailable | thermal_conductivity · small_molecule_measurementUsed for small-molecule thin-film thermal-conductivity measurement and thermal boundary resistance. | Unmapped |