Maximizing the Potential of Electrically Conductive MOFs

7review sections

6material families

12review claims

16secondary benchmarks

21cited studies

5research gaps

Review scope

Summarise the Park group's design logic for overcoming limited molecular accessibility and limited functional diversity in electrically conductive MOFs while preserving charge transport.

Coverage: 2012–2024
Category: Review Transport Physics
Material scope: electrically conductive metal-organic frameworks · two-dimensional EC-MOFs with square-planar metal nodes · macrocyclic ligand EC-MOFs based on HHTC and EP · pillar-inserted EC-MOFs · metal-node-functionalised and mixed proton-electron conducting EC-MOFs
Transport scope: d-p conjugation between ligands and metal nodes · pi-pi stacked 2D transport pathways · electrolyte accessibility and electrochemical capacitance · Warburg impedance as electrolyte diffusion context · mixed proton-electron conduction

Application scope: energy storage · electrocatalysis · chemiresistive sensing · electronic devices · ion selectivity and host-guest functionality
Explicit exclusions: exhaustive conductive MOF bibliography · full synthetic recipes · primary extraction of all numerical values · non-conductive conventional MOFs except as design contrast
Source: 580 · Conspectus
Evidence role: Context, taxonomy and secondary benchmarking

Section map

The review’s argument is preserved as a navigable set of section summaries.

Conclusion and Perspectives

587

States remaining needs: larger macrocyclic and 3D-promoting ligands, heteroatom/functional-group design, ionic pathways and functional pillars.

Relevance: Core · 587 · Conclusion and Perspectives

Conspectus

580

Frames EC-MOFs as porous conductors whose 2D structures and restricted functional building blocks limit accessibility and functional diversity.

Relevance: Core · 580 · Conspectus

Imparting Diverse Functionality in EC-MOFs

585-587

Frames functional ligands and metal-node functionalisation as ways to add ion selectivity, metalation and proton-conducting pathways without losing electronic conduction.

Relevance: Core · 585 · Imparting Diverse Functionality in EC-MOFs

Introduction

581

Defines MOFs and EC-MOFs, contrasts conventional carboxylate MOF tunability with EC-MOF conductivity requirements, and introduces d-p conjugation as a main transport motif.

Relevance: Core · 581 · Introduction

Macrocyclic Ligand Motifs

582-583

Explains why HHTC and EP macrocycles can increase theoretical and experimental surface area while retaining planar conjugation and pi-pi stacking.

Relevance: Core · 582 · Macrocyclic Ligand Motifs · Figure 2

Enhancing Molecular Accessibility within EC-MOFs

581-585

Develops accessibility strategies: macrocyclic ligand pockets, improved crystallinity, larger channels, pillar insertion and metal-node geometry tuning.

Relevance: Core · 581 · Enhancing Molecular Accessibility within EC-MOFs · Figure 1

Pillar Insertion and Coordination Geometry

583-585

Describes requirements for postsynthetic pillar insertion and shows how square-planar, tetrahedral and octahedral coordination geometries change EC-MOF dimensionality and accessibility.

Relevance: Core · 584 · Coordination Geometry · Figure 5

Taxonomies

Classification systems are attributed to this review and are not treated as a global material registry.

Coordination GeometryAuthor-proposed

Metal-node coordination geometry and framework dimensionality

Coordination geometry is used to rationalise why similar ligand symmetry can lead to 2D or 3D EC-MOF architectures and altered accessibility.

Categories: square-planar nodes producing honeycomb 2D lattices · tetrahedral nodes producing 3D frameworks · octahedral nodes preserving in-plane conjugation while adding axial ligands

584 · Coordination Geometry · Figure 5

Problem-Solution Design FrameworkAuthor-proposed

EC-MOF accessibility and functionality design routes

Figure 1 organises the review around routes to overcome stacked-layer, non-macrocyclic-ligand and underutilised-site limitations in 2D EC-MOFs.

Categories: accessibility through expanded interlayer distance · accessibility and functionality through intrinsic macrocyclic pockets · functionality through metal-node or ligand functionalisation

581 · Introduction · Figure 1

Site Of Chemical ModificationAuthor-proposed

Functionalisation site in EC-MOFs

The review distinguishes ligand-pocket hosting and metal-node axial substitution as ways to add function without destroying conductive pathways.

Categories: functional ligand pockets · metal-node axial ligands · postsynthetic pillar insertion

585 · Imparting Diverse Functionality in EC-MOFs

Organic Linker TopologyAuthor-proposed

Ligand motif surface-area ladder

The review compares common benzene and triphenylene EC-MOF motifs with HHTC and EP macrocycles to explain how intrinsic pockets and larger channels increase theoretical surface area.

Categories: benzene-derived hexasubstituted ligands · triphenylene-derived ligands · HHTC macrocyclic ligands · EP macrocyclic ligands

582 · Macrocyclic Ligand Motifs · Figure 2

Material families

Review-defined families retain their representative materials and conduction descriptions.

3D EC-MOFs from alternative metal-node geometries

3D EC-MOF Frameworks

Conductive frameworks where metal-node geometry, rather than ligand symmetry alone, promotes three-dimensional structures.

Conduction: Effective conjugation is retained while tetrahedral or octahedral coordination creates non-2D architectures.

Representative materials: Zn-based 3D semiconductive MOF · 3D Fe-THQ EC-MOF

Nodes / linkers: Zn(II) · Fe · hexasubstituted benzene · tetrahydroxyquinone

584 · Coordination Geometry · Figure 5

Common benzene and triphenylene 2D EC-MOFs

Predominantly 2D Stacked Layers

2D EC-MOFs built from hexasubstituted benzene or triphenylene ligands coordinated to square-planar metal nodes.

Conduction: Rigid planar conjugated ligands and square-planar metal nodes support in-plane d-p conjugation and pi-pi interlayer pathways.

Representative materials: Ni3(HIB)2 · Cu3(HIB)2 · HHTP-based EC-MOFs

Nodes / linkers: Cu(II) · Ni(II) · hexasubstituted benzene · triphenylene · HITP/HHTP-like conjugated cores

582 · Macrocyclic Ligand Motifs · Figure 2

Macrocyclic Cu-HHTC and Cu-EP EC-MOFs

2D EC-MOF With Intrinsic Pockets And Hexagonal Channels

Cu-O coordinated 2D EC-MOFs using HHTC or EP macrocyclic ligands with intrinsic alkyne-rich pockets.

Conduction: Planar, shape-persistent and fully conjugated macrocycles satisfy d-p conjugation prerequisites while retaining conductive Cu-O4 node motifs.

Representative materials: Cu-HHTC · Cu-EP

Nodes / linkers: Cu(II) · 2,3,8,9,14,15-hexahydroxyltribenzocyclyne · ethynylphenanthrene

582 · Macrocyclic Ligand Motifs · Figure 2

Pillar-inserted Cu-THQ-BPY

2D Parent Framework With Postsynthetic 3D Pillar Insertion

A postsynthetically modified Cu-THQ EC-MOF in which 4,4'-bipyridyl pillars convert a 2D framework toward a 3D expanded architecture.

Conduction: The account frames BPY coordination as expanding layer spacing while preserving in-plane ligand-metal bonding.

Representative materials: Cu-THQ · Cu-THQ-BPY

Nodes / linkers: Cu · tetrahydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone · 4,4'-bipyridyl pillar

584 · Pillar Insertion · Figure 4

Axially ligated Fe-HHTP

Distorted 2D Layers With Expanded Stacking Distance

Iron HHTP EC-MOF with octahedral Fe nodes and axial DMF-derived distortion that expands interlayer spacing.

Conduction: Octahedral geometry is interpreted as retaining d-p conjugation within 2D layers while axial ligands increase interlayer spacing.

Representative materials: Fe-HHTP

Nodes / linkers: Fe · 2,3,6,7,10,11-hexahydroxytriphenylene · axial DMF ligands

585 · Coordination Geometry · Figure 6

Zn-HHTP-H2O and Zn-HHTP-urea dual conductors

2D EC-MOF With Octahedral Zn Nodes And Axial Ligands

Zn-HHTP EC-MOFs with replaceable axial water ligands that can be substituted by urea to introduce proton-conducting sites.

Conduction: The framework is described as an electronically conducting platform that can gain proton conduction through hydrogen-bonding axial ligand substitution.

Representative materials: Zn-HHTP-H2O · Zn-HHTP-urea

Nodes / linkers: Zn · HHTP · axial water · urea

587 · Functionalization of Metal Nodes · Figure 8

Synthesis strategies

Review-level synthesis principles remain separate from primary-study recipes.

Substitute weak axial ligands at metal nodes

Use octahedral metal nodes with replaceable axial ligands so functional molecules can be installed postsynthetically while keeping the conductive in-plane network.

Claimed effects: Introduces proton-conducting pathways while retaining electronic conductivity in the same order of magnitude.

Controlling variables: weak axial ligand lability · functional molecule hydrogen-bonding ability · relative humidity · temperature · framework retention after substitution

Representative materials: Zn-HHTP-H2O · Zn-HHTP-urea

Caveat: The example is promising but framed as a platform approach; generality across other EC-MOFs remains a future direction.

586 · Functionalization of Metal Nodes · Figure 8

Tune metal-node coordination geometry

Select metal nodes and axial ligands that shift frameworks from square-planar 2D sheets toward tetrahedral or octahedral geometries and expanded accessible structures.

Claimed effects: Enables 3D or expanded-layer EC-MOFs with higher expected porosity and enhanced accessibility.

Controlling variables: metal identity · coordination geometry · axial ligand presence · effective conjugation

Representative materials: Zn-based 3D EC-MOF · Fe-THQ · Fe-HHTP

Caveat: Geometry changes must preserve electronic coupling; axial ligands are framed as useful only when d-p conjugation remains intact.

584 · Coordination Geometry · Figure 5

Use macrocyclic ligands with intrinsic pockets

Replace smaller benzene/triphenylene motifs with HHTC or EP macrocycles whose alkyne pockets add internal surface area and host sites while preserving planar conjugation.

Claimed effects: Raises accessible surface area, introduces additional pores and enables transition-metal or alkali-ion hosting.

Controlling variables: macrocycle size · intrinsic pocket diameter · ligand planarity · metal-ligand bond reversibility · framework crystallinity

Representative materials: Cu-HHTC · Cu-EP

Caveat: Large ligands alone are insufficient; poor crystallinity can keep experimental surface areas below theoretical values.

582 · Macrocyclic Ligand Motifs · Figure 2

Postsynthetic pillar insertion into stacked 2D EC-MOFs

Insert axial pillar ligands into a 2D EC-MOF to expand interlayer distance and add through-layer porosity.

Claimed effects: Can increase surface area, generate new pores and improve electrochemical capacitance through better electrolyte access.

Controlling variables: metal-node preference for square-planar and octahedral geometries · pillar basicity · pi-accepting character · framework stability during exfoliation or insertion

Representative materials: Cu-THQ-BPY

Caveat: Requires overcoming strong pi-pi stacking and avoiding degradation or disruption of in-plane bonding.

583 · Pillar Insertion

Exploit electron-rich macrocyclic pockets for metalation and ion selectivity

Use HHTC and EP ligand pockets as host sites for transition metals or size-selected alkali ions.

Claimed effects: Adds sensing, catalytic or ion-selective functionality and offers a tunable handle over surface area and conductivity.

Controlling variables: pocket size · ion diameter · electron-rich alkyne character · metalation dose · pocket occupancy

Representative materials: Co-metalated Cu-HHTC · Ni-metalated Cu-HHTC · Cs-metalated Cu-EP

Caveat: The review presents functionality as promising; specific sensing or catalytic performance still requires primary-paper validation.

585 · Functional Ligands · Figure 7

Review claims

These are the review authors’ synthesis, not newly measured results.

Consensus SummaryHigh supportApplication Relevance

Greater pore accessibility is treated as important for electrolyte, analyte and substrate access in energy storage, sensing and electrocatalysis.

Evidence basis: single_reference

Caveat: Accessibility alone does not guarantee application performance; electronic coupling and crystallinity remain coupled constraints.

581 · Enhancing Molecular Accessibility within EC-MOFs

Author InterpretationHigh supportStructure Property Link

Changing metal-node coordination geometry can shift EC-MOF dimensionality from 2D honeycomb sheets toward 3D or expanded-layer frameworks with greater accessibility.

Evidence basis: multi_reference

Caveat: The accessibility benefit depends on preserving effective conjugation while changing geometry.

584 · Coordination Geometry · Figure 5

Author InterpretationMedium supportMeasurement Interpretation

The review interprets lower Warburg coefficient for Cu-EP than Cu-HHTC as evidence for more effective electrolyte diffusion due to larger channels and pockets.

Evidence basis: single_reference

Caveat: This is an electrochemical interpretation from EIS in the cited primary study, not an independently established review measurement.

583 · Macrocyclic Ligand Motifs · Figure 3

Consensus SummaryHigh supportTransport Mechanism

Electrical conductivity in the EC-MOF class is commonly pursued through effective d-p conjugation between conjugated organic cores and metal nodes.

Evidence basis: multi_reference

Caveat: The review does not resolve microscopic transport mechanisms for all EC-MOFs.

581 · Introduction

Author InterpretationMedium supportTransport Mechanism

Replacing axial water with urea in Zn-HHTP is interpreted as adding proton hopping sites while keeping electronic conductivity in the same order.

Evidence basis: single_reference

Caveat: The account reports a single platform example; primary humidity- and temperature-dependent data remain the authority.

587 · Functionalization of Metal Nodes · Figure 8

Author InterpretationHigh supportCaveat

Most EC-MOFs adopt 2D structures with modest surface areas and short interlayer distances, so the same design features that help conductivity can limit molecular accessibility.

Evidence basis: multi_reference

Caveat: The statement is a review-level synthesis rather than a universal rule for every EC-MOF.

581 · Introduction

Author InterpretationHigh supportCaveat

Functionalising EC-MOF building blocks can disrupt preferred geometries and conducting pathways, making functional diversity harder than in conventional MOFs.

Evidence basis: review_reasoning

Caveat: The contrast with conventional MOFs is broad and application-dependent.

585 · Imparting Diverse Functionality in EC-MOFs

SpeculativeMedium supportOther

The account identifies functional pillars as a future route to combine increased accessibility and new chemical functionality in EC-MOFs.

Evidence basis: review_reasoning

Caveat: Presented as an outlook rather than demonstrated broadly.

587 · Conclusion and Perspectives

Author InterpretationHigh supportCaveat

Increasing ligand size can raise theoretical surface area, but experimental surface area depends strongly on crystallinity.

Evidence basis: multi_reference

Caveat: The review focuses on BET-accessible surface area, not necessarily all forms of molecular accessibility.

581 · Enhancing Molecular Accessibility within EC-MOFs

Author InterpretationHigh supportStructure Property Link

HHTC and EP macrocyclic ligands are interpreted as simultaneously increasing surface area and creating host pockets while satisfying planar conjugation requirements.

Evidence basis: multi_reference

Caveat: The account centres on the authors' own materials and should be cross-checked against primary papers for detailed metrics.

582 · Macrocyclic Ligand Motifs · Figure 2

Author InterpretationMedium supportSynthesis Strategy

Pillar insertion into EC-MOFs requires metal nodes able to accommodate axial ligands and pillars with suitable donor and acceptor character.

Evidence basis: multi_reference

Caveat: The review notes the approach was not previously reported for EC-MOFs and derives part of the design logic from computation.

583 · Pillar Insertion

Author InterpretationMedium supportStructure Property Link

Ion occupancy in macrocyclic pockets is presented as a chemical handle for tuning surface area and conductivity.

Evidence basis: single_reference

Caveat: The review discusses Cs/Li selectivity in Cu-EP; generality across other ions and frameworks is not established here.

586 · Functional Ligands · Figure 7

Secondary benchmarks

Every row remains visibly secondary and links to a primary dossier only where the mapping is verified.

Material	Property	Reported value	Context and quality	Primary evidence	Review source
SecondaryCu-EP	electrical conductivity	1.0 x 10^-3 S/cm	Review comparison to other 2D EC-MOFs with CuO4 nodes Text · Exact Reported	research_0086	583 · Macrocyclic Ligand Motifs · Figure 2d
SecondaryCs-metalated Cu-EP	Cs pocket occupancy	approximately 52% of pockets	Postsynthetic alkali-ion metalation; Li not detected in paired comparison Text · Approximate	research_0086	586 · Functional Ligands · Figure 7e,f
SecondaryCu-EP	BET surface area	1502 m2/g	N2 sorption; review text summary of macrocyclic ligand EC-MOF Text · Exact Reported	research_0086	583 · Macrocyclic Ligand Motifs · Figure 2d
SecondaryCu-EP	Warburg coefficient	1100	EIS electrolyte diffusion comparison against Cu-HHTC Text · Exact Reported	research_0086	583 · Macrocyclic Ligand Motifs · Figure 3d
SecondaryCu-HHTC	electrical conductivity	3.0 x 10^-3 S/cm	Review comparison to other 2D EC-MOFs with CuO4 nodes Text · Exact Reported	research_0025	583 · Macrocyclic Ligand Motifs · Figure 2d
SecondaryCu-HHTC	BET surface area	1193 m2/g	N2 sorption; review text summary of macrocyclic ligand EC-MOF Text · Exact Reported	research_0025	583 · Macrocyclic Ligand Motifs · Figure 2d
SecondaryCu-HHTC	Warburg coefficient	45 000	EIS electrolyte diffusion comparison against Cu-EP Text · Exact Reported	research_0025	583 · Macrocyclic Ligand Motifs · Figure 3d
SecondaryCu-THQ-BPY	gravimetric capacitance	66.1 F/g at 10 mV/s	Cyclic voltammetry, 10 mV/s, 1 M aqueous KOH Text · Exact Reported	research_0038	584 · Pillar Insertion · Figure 4d,e
SecondaryCu-THQ-BPY	new pore width after BPY insertion	7.3 A	NL-DFT pore width distribution from N2 sorption after pillar insertion Text · Exact Reported	research_0038	584 · Pillar Insertion · Figure 4c
SecondaryCu-THQ-BPY	BET surface area after pillar insertion	139.5 to 196.9 m2/g	BET surface area before and after postsynthetic BPY pillar insertion Text · Exact Reported	research_0038	584 · Pillar Insertion · Figure 4c
SecondaryFe-HHTP	double-layer capacitance gain	approximately 150% higher than Cu and Ni analogs	Relative double-layer capacitance comparison to Cu and Ni analogues Text · Approximate	research_0017	585 · Coordination Geometry · Figure 6
SecondaryFe-HHTP	expanded interlayer distance	approximately 12.9 A versus approximately 3.4 A common stacking distance	DMF-distorted Fe-HHTP structure compared with common 2D stacking distance Text · Approximate	research_0017	585 · Coordination Geometry · Figure 6a,b
SecondaryFe-HHTP	BET surface area	675 m2/g	N2 sorption of Fe-HHTP Text · Exact Reported	research_0017	585 · Coordination Geometry · Figure 6c
SecondaryZn-HHTP-H2O	electrical conductivity	4.5 x 10^-2 S/cm	343 K and 95% relative humidity Text · Exact Reported	research_0039	587 · Functionalization of Metal Nodes · Figure 8d,e
SecondaryZn-HHTP-H2O	proton conductivity	1.6 x 10^-5 S/cm	343 K and 95% relative humidity Text · Exact Reported	research_0039	587 · Functionalization of Metal Nodes · Figure 8d,e
SecondaryZn-HHTP-urea	proton conductivity	up to 1.0 x 10^-4 S/cm	After postsynthetic urea treatment; 343 K and 95% relative humidity context Text · Exact Reported	research_0039	587 · Functionalization of Metal Nodes · Figure 8d,e

Research gaps

Open questions are presented as review-author priorities, not conclusions from the primary database.

Molecular accessibility and functional diversity

High

EC-MOFs must overcome limited molecular accessibility and functional diversity to become practical beyond promising demonstrations.

Proposed direction: Combine intrinsic pockets, expanded interlayer distances and molecular-level functionalisation while preserving charge transport.

587 · Conclusion and Perspectives

Functional pillar design

Medium

Functional pillars are proposed as a route to combine interlayer expansion and added chemical function, but the account presents this as future work.

Proposed direction: Develop pillars that both increase molecular accessibility and introduce useful chemical functionality.

587 · Conclusion and Perspectives

Functional ligand chemistry

Medium

EC-MOF ligands that include heteroatoms and functional groups for pre- or postsynthetic modification are still needed.

Proposed direction: Design redox-compatible ligand functionalities that do not disrupt the geometry required for conductive pathways.

587 · Conclusion and Perspectives

Mixed ionic/electronic conduction

Medium

Ionic conducting pathways, including Li+ and Na+ pathways, are proposed but remain underdeveloped in EC-MOFs.

Proposed direction: Introduce suitable interactive functionalities at metal nodes to support ionic conduction alongside electronic transport.

587 · Conclusion and Perspectives

Ligand design

Medium

Larger macrocyclic ligands with spacious pockets and 3D-promoting ligands remain a future need for greater accessibility.

Proposed direction: Explore macrocycles and ligand structures that tailor pore shapes and apertures for targeted applications.

587 · Conclusion and Perspectives

Cited-study map

Mappings show which printed review references have a verified counterpart in the frozen primary corpus.

Show 21 cited-study records

Reference	Study	Role and context	Corpus mapping
Ref. 12022	From 2D to 3D: Postsynthetic Pillar Insertion in Electrically Conductive MOF	pillar_insertion · accessibility_benchmark · electrochemical_contextUsed as the account's proof of postsynthetic BPY pillar insertion, higher surface area, new pore formation and enhanced capacitance.	research_0038
Ref. 22022	Imparting Functionality and Enhanced Surface Area to a 2D Electrically Conductive MOF via Macrocyclic Linker	macrocyclic_ligand · surface_area_benchmark · pocket_functionalitySupports the macrocyclic linker strategy and Cu-HHTC surface area, conductivity and transition-metal hosting discussion.	research_0025
Ref. 32023	2D Conjugated Metal-Organic Framework as a Proton-Electron Dual Conductor	mixed_conduction · metal_node_functionalisation · proton_transportUsed for axial-ligand substitution on Zn-HHTP and proton-electron dual conduction benchmarks.	research_0039
Ref. 42024	Macrocyclic Ligand-Driven Ion Selectivity and High Surface Area in a 2D Conductive MOF	macrocyclic_ligand · ion_selectivity · surface_area_benchmarkSupports Cu-EP surface area, electrolyte diffusion, Cs/Li ion selectivity and pocket-occupancy claims.	research_0086
Ref. 122020	Electrically Conductive Metal-Organic Frameworks	background_review · transport_motif · field_scopeCited for conductive MOF background, carboxylate-MOF insulation contrast and d-p conjugation design constraints.	Unmapped
Ref. 132023	2D Metal-Organic Frameworks as an Emerging Platform with Tunable Electronic Structures	background_review · electronic_structureCited in the introduction for electronic-structure background and the insulating nature of typical carboxylate MOFs.	Unmapped
Ref. 172018	Robust and Conductive Two-Dimensional Metal-organic Frameworks with Exceptionally High Volumetric and Areal Capacitance	2d_ec_mof_baseline · electrochemical_contextUsed as an example of square-planar Cu/Ni 2D honeycomb EC-MOFs and as application background for energy storage.	Unmapped
Ref. 182021	Metal-Organic Framework-Based Hierarchically Porous Materials: Synthesis and Applications	accessibility_context · porosity_backgroundCited for the general premise that accessibility enables interactions with electrolytes, analytes and substrates.	Unmapped
Ref. 222023	In Silico High-Throughput Design and Prediction of Structural and Electronic Properties of Low-Dimensional Metal-Organic Frameworks	theoretical_surface_area · ligand_motif_contextSource for theoretical surface-area ceilings and the gap between predicted and experimental EC-MOF surface areas.	Unmapped
Ref. 232021	Electronic Challenges of Retrofitting 2D Electrically Conductive MOFs to Form 3D Conductive Lattices	pillar_insertion_theory · electronic_structureCited for computational criteria governing whether pillar insertion can create bonding rather than nonbonding interactions in 2D EC-MOFs.	Unmapped
Ref. 252021	Atomically Precise Single-Crystal Structures of Electrically Conducting 2D Metal-Organic Frameworks	crystallinity · 2d_ec_mof_structureUsed as an illustrative example that ligand design can improve crystallinity and bridge theoretical and experimental surface areas.	Unmapped
Ref. 272017	Signature of Metallic Behavior in the Metal-Organic Frameworks M3(Hexaiminobenzene)2 (M = Ni, Cu)	2d_ec_mof_baseline · metallic_behaviourUsed as part of the square-planar 2D honeycomb EC-MOF baseline.	Unmapped
Ref. 372020	High Thermopower in a Zn-Based 3D Semiconductive Metal-Organic Framework	3d_ec_mof · coordination_geometry · thermoelectric_contextUsed as an example where Zn(II) tetrahedral geometry produces a 3D framework rather than square-planar 2D sheets.	research_0141
Ref. 382020	Valence-Dependent Electrical Conductivity in a 3D Tetrahydroxyquinone-Based Metal-Organic Framework	3d_ec_mof · coordination_geometry · electrical_conductivityUsed as an example of an octahedral Fe-based 3D EC-MOF with THQ ligands.	research_0066
Ref. 392022	Iron-Based 2D Conductive Metal-Organic Framework Nanostructure with Enhanced Pseudocapacitance	coordination_geometry · surface_area_benchmark · electrochemical_contextSupports the Fe-HHTP interlayer expansion, surface-area and capacitance-gain discussion.	research_0017
Ref. 412019	Single Crystals of Electrically Conductive Two-Dimensional Metal-Organic Frameworks: Structural and Electrical Transport Properties	2d_ec_mof_baseline · transport_propertiesCited as part of the comparison set for common HHTP-based EC-MOF surface areas.	research_0005
Ref. 422012	New Porous Crystals of Extended Metal-Catecholates	2d_ec_mof_baseline · porosity_baselineCited as part of the HHTP-based comparison set for Fe-HHTP accessibility.	Unmapped
Ref. 432020	Postsynthetic Modification: An Enabling Technology for the Advancement of Metal-Organic Frameworks	postsynthetic_modification · conventional_mof_contextUsed to contrast broad conventional MOF functionalisation with more constrained EC-MOF functionalisation.	Unmapped
Ref. 452014	Tuning the Structure and Function of Metal-Organic Frameworks via Linker Design	linker_design · conventional_mof_contextUsed as conventional MOF linker-functionality context before contrasting EC-MOF constraints.	Unmapped
Ref. 541989	Synthesis and Structural and Theoretical Characterization of a Nickel(0) Complex of Tribenzocyclyne (TBC) and the Preparation of a Novel Organometallic Conductor	macrocyclic_pocket_context · metalation_contextCited for precedent relevant to transition-metal hosting in HHTC-like macrocyclic pockets.	Unmapped
Ref. 551994	Crystal Structures of Synthetic 7 A and 10 A Manganates Substituted by Mono- and Divalent Cations	ion_size_context · ion_selectivityCited for ionic diameter context used in the Cs versus Li pocket selectivity discussion.	Unmapped