Yu-Jia Tang and Ya-Qian Lan · Science China Chemistry · 2023
Summarise rational design concepts, synthesis techniques and material classifications for MOF electrocatalysts in HER, OER and overall water splitting, with emphasis on structure-property relationships and performance limitations.
The review’s argument is preserved as a navigable set of section summaries.
Classifies representative MOF electrocatalysts into pristine, mixed-metallic, nanosheet, conductive, substrate-supported and POM-based families, with Tables 1 and 2 summarising secondary HER/OER benchmarks.
Relevance: Core · p. 949 · 4 Classification of MOFs for water splitting
Presents four design levers: precise structural modulation, dimensional control, metal-node/ligand modification, and structural reconstruction under electrochemical operation.
Relevance: Core · p. 944 · 2 Design concepts of MOF electrocatalysts
Frames water splitting, noble-metal benchmark limitations, and MOFs as porous crystalline candidates with tunable pores, morphologies, metal nodes and functional ligands.
Relevance: Core · p. 944 · 1 Introduction
Synthesises consensus and gaps: multi-metallic 2D nanosheet MOFs are highlighted, while cost, conductivity, structural transformation and mechanistic understanding remain major challenges.
Relevance: Core · p. 961 · 5 Summary and outlooks
Compares hydro-/solvothermal synthesis, exfoliation of bulk MOFs and deposition of MOFs on substrates as strategy-level routes that affect crystallinity, porosity, size, yield, conductivity and morphology.
Relevance: Core · p. 948 · 3 Synthesis techniques of MOFs for water splitting
Classification systems are attributed to this review and are not treated as a global material registry.
The review organises rational design around structural precision, morphology/dimensionality, chemical modification of nodes/linkers, and operation-induced reconstruction.
Categories: precise structure modulation · regulation of MOF dimensions · metal node and ligand modification · structural reconstruction
p. 944 · 2 Design concepts of MOF electrocatalysts · Scheme 1
Dimensionality is linked to exposed active sites, conductivity, stability, surface area and charge-transfer pathways.
Categories: 0D particles · 1D nanorods/nanowires/nanotubes/nanofibers · 2D nanosheets · 3D hierarchical porous MOFs
p. 945 · 2.2 Regulation of MOF dimensions
The main evidence synthesis is grouped by these six classes and associated HER/OER tables.
Categories: pristine MOFs · mixed-metallic MOFs · MOF nanosheets · electrically conductive MOFs · MOFs on substrates · polyoxometalate-based MOFs
p. 949 · 4 Classification of MOFs for water splitting
Mixed-metallic MOFs are classified by number of metal sources, with synergistic metal effects presented as a central OER/HER design strategy.
Categories: binary metallic MOFs · ternary metallic MOFs · high entropy MOFs
p. 951 · 4.2 Mixed-metallic MOFs
POMs are presented either as structural nodes or as pore-confined guests that improve stability and provide redox-active oxygen-rich sites.
Categories: POMs as inorganic nodes · POMs confined in pores or cavities · POM@MOF composites
p. 960 · 4.6 Polyoxometalate-based MOFs
Three routes are treated as representative methods for constructing MOF electrocatalysts with different crystallinity, sizes, conductivities and array architectures.
Categories: hydro-/solvothermal method · exfoliation of bulk MOFs · deposition on substrates
p. 948 · 3 Synthesis techniques of MOFs for water splitting
Review-defined families retain their representative materials and conduction descriptions.
MOFs designed with pi-conjugated coordination motifs or conductive linkers to improve electron transport.
Conduction: Pi-conjugated coordination increases electrical conductivity and supports faster electron transfer, although still not comparable to typical nanocatalysts.
Representative materials: Cu-BHT · Ni3(Ni3.HAHATN)2 · NiPc-MOF · NiPc-Ni
Nodes / linkers: Cu · Ni · Co · benzenehexathiol · HAHATN · phthalocyanine · HHTP
p. 957 · 4.4 Electrically conductive MOFs
MOFs in which missing linkers, substituted ligands or functional groups alter coordination environments and create active sites.
Conduction: Ligand substitution and defects alter electronic structure, pore environment and coordinatively unsaturated sites.
Representative materials: CoBDC FcCA · plasma-treated ZIF-67 · MCl2@Th-MOF
Nodes / linkers: Co · Ni · Cu · Th · FcCA · BPYDC · functionalised carboxylates
p. 947 · 2.3 Modifications of metal nodes/ligands
MOFs in which binary, ternary or higher metal nodes are used to tune active sites and electronic structure.
Conduction: Synergistic metal combinations regulate electronic structures, adsorption energies and charge/mass transfer.
Representative materials: NNU-23 · A2.7B-MOF-FeCo1.6 · NiCoFe-NDA · NiYCe-MOF
Nodes / linkers: Fe · Co · Ni · Mn · Mo · W · rare-earth dopants · BPTC · BDC/NH2-BDC · NDA · gallic acid
p. 951 · 4.2 Mixed-metallic MOFs
Ultrathin 2D MOF structures, including bottom-up, exfoliated or electrochemically transformed nanosheets.
Conduction: Short transfer paths and exposed coordinatively unsaturated metal sites improve charge/mass transfer and activity.
Representative materials: NiCo-UMOFNs · Fe:2D-Co-NS · M-PCBN · NiFe-MOF-BF4
Nodes / linkers: Ni · Co · Fe · BDC · dhbdc · CoN4-based ligands
p. 955 · 4.3 MOF nanosheets
MOF arrays grown in situ on conductive foams, foils or carbon supports to act as self-supported electrodes.
Conduction: Conductive substrates provide electron pathways, binder-free contact, electrolyte access and high-current stability.
Representative materials: NiFe MOF on NF · NH2-MIL-88B(Fe2Ni) on NF · Co/Ni(BDC)2TED on Cu foam · cMOF/LDH on CC
Nodes / linkers: Ni · Fe · Co · Cu · naphthalene-based acid ligands · 2-aminoterephthalic acid · BDC/TED
p. 957 · 4.5 MOFs on substrates
MOFs incorporating POM units as nodes or pore-confined components.
Conduction: POMs provide redox-active oxygen-rich sites and reversible electron transfer while MOF pores disperse or stabilise them.
Representative materials: epsilon(trim)4/3 · NENU-500 · ZnMo-POMOF · HUST-200 · SiW9Co3@ZIF-67
Nodes / linkers: Mo · W · Zn · Co · Cu · BTB · BPB · pzta/bpy · ZIF imidazolate linkers
p. 960 · 4.6 Polyoxometalate-based MOFs
Crystalline MOF particles or powders with determined structures and no additional structural or compositional modification.
Conduction: Often intrinsically poor conductors; usually mixed with conductive additives or loaded onto glassy-carbon/support electrodes.
Representative materials: CTGU-5 · IFP-8 · Fe-MOFs@Ni-MOFs
Nodes / linkers: Co · Ni · Fe · imidazolate ligands · carboxylate ligands
p. 949 · 4.1 Pristine MOFs
MOFs that transform partially or fully into oxyhydroxides, oxides, nitrides or LDH-like species during electrocatalysis.
Conduction: Reconstruction creates real active species and can change valence states, coordination and charge-transfer pathways.
Representative materials: Ni0.5Co0.5-MOF-74 · FeCoNiBTC · NiCoFe-NDA · Ni-MOF@Fe-MOF
Nodes / linkers: Ni · Co · Fe · Mn · MOF-74 linkers · BTC · NDA
p. 947 · 2.4 Structural reconstruction
Review-level synthesis principles remain separate from primary-study recipes.
Use delocalised conjugated ligands and square-planar or extended coordination networks to improve electron transport in MOF catalysts.
Claimed effects: Improves electrical conductivity and facilitates electron transfer during water splitting.
Controlling variables: conjugated ligand · metal-ligand linkage · band gap · morphology · film or nanosheet form
Representative materials: Cu-BHT · Ni3(Ni3.HAHATN)2 · NiPc-Ni
Caveat: Conductive MOFs are still few and their conductivity is generally below typical nanocatalysts.
p. 957 · 4.4 Electrically conductive MOFs
Preparation of 2D MOF nanosheets by bottom-up surfactant-controlled assembly or top-down physical, chemical or electrochemical exfoliation of bulk MOFs.
Claimed effects: Ultrathin sheets expose active sites and accelerate charge/mass transfer.
Controlling variables: surfactant choice · growth direction · solvent mixture · exfoliation energy · interlayer interactions
Representative materials: Ni-M-MOF NSs · Fe:2D-Co-NS
Caveat: Surfactant residues can block active sites; top-down methods may produce fragments and low exfoliation efficiency.
p. 948 · 3.2 Exfoliation of bulk MOFs
Conventional closed-system MOF crystal synthesis at elevated temperature and pressure with controlled precursor ratios, solvent and reaction time.
Claimed effects: Produces porous, thermally and chemically stable MOFs but often with large crystals and poor conductivity; modulators can reduce particle size.
Controlling variables: temperature · pressure · molar ratio · reaction time · solvent · modulators
Representative materials: Ni3(1-x)Fe3x-MOF · Ni-M-MOF nanosheets
Caveat: Large particle size and poor conductivity make many products unsuitable without additional engineering.
p. 948 · 3.1 Hydro-/solvothermal method
Modify organic linkers or create missing-linker defects to alter electronic structures and expose coordinatively unsaturated active sites.
Claimed effects: Can form defects, regulate metal-ion environments and improve intrinsic activity.
Controlling variables: functional groups · partial ligand substitution · missing ligand density · plasma etching · coordination environment
Representative materials: CoBDC FcCA · MCl2@Th-MOF
Caveat: The review states ligand-modification studies in MOF electrocatalysts remain less reported and need further investigation.
p. 946 · 2.3 Modifications of metal nodes/ligands
Introduce second or third metal ions into MOF nodes to adjust valence, adsorption strength, coordination environment and electronic structure.
Claimed effects: Creates synergistic metal sites and optimised adsorption of OER/HER intermediates.
Controlling variables: metal identity · metal molar ratio · node geometry · valence state · rare-earth dopants
Representative materials: NNU-23 · NiCoFe-NDA · NiYCe-MOF
Caveat: Optimal performance depends on specific molar ratios and may involve reconstructed active oxyhydroxides.
p. 951 · 4.2 Mixed-metallic MOFs
Integrate Mo- or W-based polyoxometalates as redox-active nodes or pore-confined guests within MOFs.
Claimed effects: Combines MOF porosity with POM redox activity, structural stability and abundant oxygen sites.
Controlling variables: POM type · POM loading · MOF pore/cavity size · node versus guest mode · dispersion
Representative materials: NENU-500 · HUST-200 · SiW9Co3@ZIF-67
Caveat: Some early POMOF reports had incomplete HER evaluation parameters and limited mechanism analysis.
p. 960 · 4.6 Polyoxometalate-based MOFs
Treat unstable MOFs as precatalysts whose active oxyhydroxide, oxide, nitride or LDH-like species form under electrochemical conditions.
Claimed effects: Reconstruction can generate abundant active species and improve durability, but changes the identity of the active catalyst.
Controlling variables: electrolyte · potential cycling · metal valence · coordination stability · operando characterisation
Representative materials: Ni0.5Co0.5-MOF-74 · FeCoNiBTC · NiCoFe-NDA
Caveat: The review cautions that structural transformation must be considered, especially for OER and increasingly for HER.
p. 948 · 2.4 Structural reconstruction
Grow MOFs directly on metal foams, foils or carbon supports by hydrothermal or electrodeposition conditions to create binder-free electrodes.
Claimed effects: Improves conductivity, mass/electron transfer and active-site exposure through ordered arrays and intimate substrate contact.
Controlling variables: substrate composition · growth condition · loading mass · morphology · adhesion · metal source from substrate
Representative materials: NiFc-MOF/NF · NH2-MIL-88B(Fe2Ni)/NF · Co/Ni(BDC)2TED on Cu foam
Caveat: Performance can reflect electrode architecture and substrate contribution, so intrinsic MOF activity must be interpreted carefully.
p. 949 · 3.3 Depositing MOFs on substrates
These are the review authors’ synthesis, not newly measured results.
Lowering dimensionality to 2D nanosheets is presented as a strong route to expose active sites and accelerate charge and mass transfer.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: Uniform dispersed synthesis and agglomeration control remain challenges.
p. 945 · 2.2 Regulation of MOF dimensions
In the review's summary, multi-metallic MOFs with 2D nanosheet structures are singled out as showing enhanced intrinsic performance because they combine conductivity, adjustable active nodes and ultrathin morphology.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: This is a review-level synthesis, not a direct quantitative meta-analysis.
p. 961 · 5 Summary and outlooks
Pi-conjugated coordination frameworks are presented as an intrinsic strategy for improving MOF electron transport during water splitting.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: The review states conductive MOFs cannot yet match typical nanocatalyst conductivities and remain underreported for HER/OER.
p. 957 · 4.4 Electrically conductive MOFs
2D MOF synthesis must balance active-site exposure against surfactant blocking and poor exfoliation efficiency.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: Mostly framed as a processing caveat rather than a quantified comparison.
p. 948 · 3.2 Exfoliation of bulk MOFs
The review argues that HER structural evolution deserves more attention, because many studies do not verify whether the active MOF species changes during HER.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: Evidence is based on selected examples rather than exhaustive comparison.
p. 948 · 2.4 Structural reconstruction
Ligand modification can regulate electronic structure and form defects, but the review says such MOF electrocatalyst studies are still comparatively sparse.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: The claim reflects the review authors' interpretation of literature density rather than a bibliometric analysis.
p. 947 · 2.3 Modifications of metal nodes/ligands
Mixed-metal MOFs are a recurring high-value design family because multiple metals tune intermediate adsorption and electronic structure.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: Optimisation is composition-specific and several examples reconstruct during operation.
p. 951 · 4.2 Mixed-metallic MOFs
MOFs are attractive electrocatalyst candidates because ordered pores, high surface areas, modifiable metal nodes and functional ligands can jointly support mass/electron transfer and active-site exposure.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: The same introduction states most MOFs still suffer from low conductivity, poor stability and unsatisfactory activity.
p. 944 · 1 Introduction
Advanced operando methods are considered necessary to distinguish precursor structure from active species and clarify catalytic mechanisms.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: The review lists methods but does not standardise a protocol.
p. 962 · 5 Summary and outlooks
The review identifies a 2011 POMOF as the first reported direct MOF catalyst for electrocatalytic water splitting.
Evidence basis: single_reference
Caveat: The review immediately notes incomplete HER evaluation parameters and no mechanism analysis for that early report.
p. 960 · 4.6 Polyoxometalate-based MOFs
Precise crystalline MOF structures enable more direct structure-property interpretation than many porous materials, especially when single-crystal XRD, physical characterisation and theory are combined.
Evidence basis: single_reference
Caveat: Precise precursor structure does not guarantee the active structure remains intact during electrocatalysis.
p. 944 · 2.1 Precise structure modulation
Pristine MOFs are treated as structurally instructive but generally limited electrocatalysts because of poor conductivity, limited active sites and instability.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: Hybridisation or structural changes can partially overcome these limits.
p. 951 · 4.1 Pristine MOFs
For OER, many MOFs should be interpreted as precatalysts because they reconstruct into oxyhydroxide or oxide active intermediates under harsh electrolyte conditions.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: The review also notes that some MOFs can remain stable in HER after stability tests.
p. 947 · 2.4 Structural reconstruction
In situ growth on conductive substrates improves extrinsic transport by providing direct electron pathways, electrolyte access and binder-free contact.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: Substrate effects complicate separation of intrinsic MOF activity from electrode architecture.
p. 957 · 4.5 MOFs on substrates
Synthesis technique is treated as a transport-relevant variable because it controls crystal size, porosity, morphology, yield and conductivity.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: The review only details three representative synthesis strategies.
p. 948 · 3 Synthesis techniques of MOFs for water splitting
Every row remains visibly secondary and links to a primary dossier only where the mapping is verified.
| Material | Property | Reported value | Context and quality | Primary evidence | Review source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SecondaryAB&CTGU-5 (1:4) | HER overpotential at -10 mA cm-2 | 44 mV@-10 mA cm-2 | 0.5 M H2SO4; glassy carbon electrode; 96 h stability at -0.255 V vs RHE Table · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | p. 950 · 4 Classification of MOFs for water splitting · Table 1 |
| SecondaryCo4Mo | OER overpotential at 2 mA cm-2 | 388 mV@2 mA cm-2 | 0.1 M PBS; glassy carbon electrode Table · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | p. 951 · 4 Classification of MOFs for water splitting · Table 2 |
| SecondaryCoBDC-Fc | OER overpotential at 10 mA cm-2 | 178 mV@10 mA cm-2 | 1 M KOH; Ni foam substrate Table · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | p. 951 · 4 Classification of MOFs for water splitting · Table 2 |
| SecondaryCu-BHT | HER overpotential at -10 mA cm-2 | 450 mV@-10 mA cm-2 | 0.5 M H2SO4; glassy carbon electrode Table · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | p. 950 · 4 Classification of MOFs for water splitting · Table 1 |
| SecondaryD-Ni-MOF NSA | HER overpotential at -10 mA cm-2 | 101 mV@-10 mA cm-2 | 1 M KOH; Ni foil substrate Table · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | p. 950 · 4 Classification of MOFs for water splitting · Table 1 |
| SecondaryFe:2D-Co-NS | OER overpotential at 10 mA cm-2 | 211 mV@10 mA cm-2 | 0.1 M KOH; Ni foam substrate; 96 h at 10 mA cm-2 Table · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | p. 951 · 4 Classification of MOFs for water splitting · Table 2 |
| SecondaryFe-Co-Ni MOF | HER overpotential at -10 mA cm-2 | 116 mV@-10 mA cm-2 | 1 M KOH; Ni foam substrate Table · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | p. 950 · 4 Classification of MOFs for water splitting · Table 1 |
| SecondaryFe-Co-Ni MOF | OER overpotential at 10 mA cm-2 | 254 mV@10 mA cm-2 | 1 M KOH; Ni foam substrate Table · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | p. 951 · 4 Classification of MOFs for water splitting · Table 2 |
| SecondaryFeNi MOFs | OER overpotential at 50 mA cm-2 and long-term stability | 239 mV@50 mA cm-2; 1,033 h@100 mA cm-2 | 1 M KOH; Ni foam substrate Table · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | p. 951 · 4 Classification of MOFs for water splitting · Table 2 |
| SecondaryNi3(Ni3.HAHATN)2 | HER overpotential and calculated conductivity | 115 mV@-10 mA cm-2; electrical conductivity 2 S cm-2 | 0.1 M KOH; rotating disk electrode; conductivity discussed in text Table · Exact Reported | research_0513 | p. 950 · 4 Classification of MOFs for water splitting · Table 1 |
| SecondaryHUST-200 | HER overpotential at -10 mA cm-2 | 88 mV@-10 mA cm-2 | acidic medium; glassy carbon electrode Table · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | p. 950 · 4 Classification of MOFs for water splitting · Table 1 |
| SecondaryM-PCBN | OER overpotential at 10 mA cm-2 | 232 mV@10 mA cm-2 | 1 M KOH; carbon cloth; 60 h stability Table · Exact Reported | research_0632 | p. 951 · 4 Classification of MOFs for water splitting · Table 2 |
| SecondaryMn0.52Fe0.71Ni-MOF-74 | HER overpotential and stability | 99 mV@-10 mA cm-2; 100 h@-10 mA cm-2 | 1 M KOH; Ni foam substrate Table · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | p. 950 · 4 Classification of MOFs for water splitting · Table 1 |
| SecondaryNENU-500 | HER overpotential at -10 mA cm-2 | 237 mV@-10 mA cm-2 | 0.5 M H2SO4; glassy carbon electrode Table · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | p. 950 · 4 Classification of MOFs for water splitting · Table 1 |
| SecondaryNH2-MIL-88B(Fe2Ni) MOF | HER overpotential at -10 mA cm-2 | 87 mV@-10 mA cm-2 | 1 M KOH; Ni foam substrate Table · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | p. 950 · 4 Classification of MOFs for water splitting · Table 1 |
| SecondaryNi0.9Co0.1-MOF-74 | OER overpotential at 10 mA cm-2 | 198 mV@10 mA cm-2 | 1 M KOH; glassy carbon electrode; reconstructed oxyhydroxide discussed in text Table · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | p. 951 · 4 Classification of MOFs for water splitting · Table 2 |
| SecondaryNiCoFe-NDA | OER overpotential at 10 mA cm-2 | 215 mV@10 mA cm-2 | 1 M KOH; Ni foam substrate; 50 h at 100 mA cm-2 Table · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | p. 951 · 4 Classification of MOFs for water splitting · Table 2 |
| SecondaryNiFe-GA | OER overpotential at 10 mA cm-2 | 185 mV@10 mA cm-2 | 1 M KOH; carbon paper; stability 60 h at 10 and 100 mA cm-2 Table · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | p. 951 · 4 Classification of MOFs for water splitting · Table 2 |
| SecondaryNiFe-MOF-BF4-0.3 | OER overpotential at 10 mA cm-2 | 237 mV@10 mA cm-2 | 1 M KOH; glassy carbon electrode Table · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | p. 951 · 4 Classification of MOFs for water splitting · Table 2 |
| SecondarySiW9Co3[h]@ZIF-67 | OER overpotential at 10 mA cm-2 | 420 mV@10 mA cm-2 | 0.1 M KOH; rotating disk electrode Table · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | p. 951 · 4 Classification of MOFs for water splitting · Table 2 |
Open questions are presented as review-author priorities, not conclusions from the primary database.
Easy agglomeration of 2D MOFs hinders highly dispersed nanosheet preparation.
Proposed direction: Solve agglomeration and dispersion control for ultrathin 2D MOF nanosheets.
p. 962 · 5 Summary and outlooks
Low-cost, high-yield and non-toxic MOF catalyst production remains unresolved for industrial application.
Proposed direction: Design MOF electrocatalysts using abundant raw materials, facile synthetic routes and mass-production-compatible processes.
p. 961 · 5 Summary and outlooks
Structural evolution during HER is often neglected compared with OER reconstruction.
Proposed direction: Investigate HER valence changes, new species formation and active-site identity using in situ and ex situ characterisation.
p. 948 · 2.4 Structural reconstruction
Poor electrical conductivity limits most pristine MOFs as direct electrocatalysts.
Proposed direction: Develop pi-conjugated and ultrathin 2D structures or modify metal nodes and ligands to improve intrinsic conductivity and charge transfer.
p. 962 · 5 Summary and outlooks
Ligand-modified MOF electrocatalysts are less reported than metal-node modifications.
Proposed direction: Expand systematic studies of functional groups, missing linkers and ligand substitutions for active-site and electronic-structure control.
p. 947 · 2.3 Modifications of metal nodes/ligands
Comprehensive reaction mechanisms and structure-property relationships remain insufficiently understood.
Proposed direction: Combine operando characterisation with theoretical calculations to identify specific electrocatalysis processes.
p. 962 · 5 Summary and outlooks
Instant or complex OER reconstruction makes it difficult to identify real active species and mechanisms.
Proposed direction: Apply operando ATR-IR, Raman, XAS and scanning probe microscopy to track structural transformation.
p. 962 · 5 Summary and outlooks
Mappings show which printed review references have a verified counterpart in the frozen primary corpus.
| Reference | Study | Role and context | Corpus mapping |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ref. 292020 | Title unavailable | morphology_review_contextCited for the variety of MOF morphologies used to optimise electrocatalytic activity. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 352017 | Title unavailable | structure_property_exampleUsed as an example of single-crystal-defined MOF structure linked to OER activity. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 432017 | Title unavailable | 2d_mof_transportCited for 2D NiFe-MOF nanosheet arrays on conductive supports with exposed sites and improved conductivity. | research_0071 |
| Ref. 442020 | Title unavailable | secondary_benchmark · 2d_mof_transportDefect-rich alkali-etched Ni-MOF nanosheet array used for HER/OER performance and dimensionality discussion. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 452020 | Title unavailable | secondary_benchmark · reconstructionTrimetallic MOF-74 example used for HER/OER benchmarking and HER valence-state evolution. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 472019 | Title unavailable | secondary_benchmark · metal_node_modificationNon-3d metal-modulated cobalt imidazolate framework cited for node modification and OER performance. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 502019 | Title unavailable | secondary_benchmark · ligand_modification_contextTable 2 lists CoBDC-Fc as a ligand-modified OER benchmark; text groups it with linker/coordination environment changes. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 512022 | Title unavailable | ligand_modificationUsed for ligand substitution and microreactor strain effects in CoBDC FcCA nanosheets. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 532022 | Title unavailable | ligand_modificationSingle-metal-site Th-MOF example in ligand modification discussion. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 552020 | Title unavailable | secondary_benchmark · reconstructionOperando XAS example showing MOF-74 transformation to oxyhydroxide species during OER. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 612022 | Title unavailable | reconstructionUsed for FeCoNiBTC phase transformation to FeCoNiOx(OH)y during alkaline water oxidation. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 662018 | Title unavailable | secondary_benchmark · substrate_growth · her_oerAmino-functionalised water-stable MOF nanosheets on NF, used for HER/OER and substrate transport discussion. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 672020 | Title unavailable | secondary_benchmark · conductive_mofConjugated HAHATN-based conductive MOF used for conductivity and HER benchmark. | research_0513 |
| Ref. 682022 | Title unavailable | reconstruction · her_oerChiral trimetallic MOF example where XPS and in situ Raman suggested Ni/Co-N active centres for HER despite apparent morphological stability. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 692012 | Title unavailable | synthesis_contextCited for synthesis techniques influencing MOF structures and properties. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 702019 | Title unavailable | synthesis_contextGeneral synthesis-method context cited in the review's synthesis section. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 712020 | Title unavailable | synthesis_contextGeneral synthesis-method context cited in the review's synthesis section. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 722021 | Title unavailable | secondary_benchmark · hydro_solvothermalIsostructural solvothermal MOF series cited for hydro-/solvothermal synthesis and Fe/Ni cluster modulation. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 732022 | Title unavailable | 2d_mof_synthesis_contextCited for the fundamental role of 2D MOFs in electrochemical applications. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 752019 | Title unavailable | 2d_mof_synthesis · charge_transferBottom-up solvothermal bimetallic Ni-M MOF nanosheets cited for ultrathin morphology and charge-transfer acceleration. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 822017 | Title unavailable | secondary_benchmark · pristine_mofPristine Co-MOF plus acetylene black example used for HER benchmark and Co electron/proton trapping interpretation. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 832019 | Title unavailable | pristine_mof · oerImidazolate Co-MOF example showing OER activity and degradation to CoOOH after stability testing. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 842019 | Title unavailable | pristine_mof · reconstructionHybrid pristine MOF example where electrocatalysis transformed ligands to active NiFe-LDH sheets and defects. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 852022 | Title unavailable | secondary_benchmark · mixed_metalLayer-by-layer trimetallic Fe-Co-Ni MOF used for HER/OER secondary benchmarks and O-H activation interpretation. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 952018 | Title unavailable | mixed_metal · oerBimetallic Fe2M cluster MOF series used to discuss d-band centre tuning and OER activity. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 982022 | Title unavailable | secondary_benchmark · mixed_metalBioinspired NiFe-gallate MOF cited for bimetal nodes and active oxygen species formation for OER. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1022021 | Title unavailable | secondary_benchmark · mixed_metal · reconstruction2D trimetallic MOF on NF; in situ Raman/TEM/XRD suggested oxyhydroxide active sites during OER. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1062022 | Title unavailable | secondary_benchmark · rare_earth_dopingRare-earth Y/Ce co-doped trimetallic MOF nanosheet array on NF, used for HER/OER/overall water splitting context. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1102018 | Title unavailable | secondary_benchmark · 2d_mofPillared-layer MOF electrochemically transformed to ultrathin 2D nanosheets, used for OER benchmark. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1122020 | Title unavailable | secondary_benchmark · 2d_mofCoN4-based MOF monolayered nanosheets with CoFeOx nanoparticles; cited for interface sites and OER benchmark. | research_0632 |
| Ref. 1132022 | Title unavailable | secondary_benchmark · 2d_mofNiFe MOF nanosheets interspersed with Fe3+ and BF4-; used for small-molecule/anion electronic-structure tuning. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1232017 | Title unavailable | secondary_benchmark · conductive_mofCopper benzenehexathiol conductive MOF morphology series used for conductivity and HER comparison. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1252021 | Title unavailable | conductive_mof · secondary_benchmarkDual-metal-site conductive MOF series used for OER and narrow-bandgap/electrical-conductivity discussion. | research_0483 |
| Ref. 1352019 | Title unavailable | substrate_growth · oerUV-treated lattice-strained NiFe MOF arrays on NF used for OER and operando intermediate discussion. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1362021 | Title unavailable | secondary_benchmark · substrate_growthFeNi-MOF nanoarrays on NF used for high-current OER and long-duration stability context. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1372019 | Title unavailable | substrate_growth · oerLayer-by-layer Co/Ni MOF thin film arrays on Cu foam used for substrate-growth and bimetal-node OER interpretation. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1452011 | Title unavailable | historical_framing · pomofIdentified by the review as the first direct MOF electrocatalytic water splitting catalyst report, with caveats. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1462015 | Title unavailable | secondary_benchmark · pomofPOMOF with Zn-epsilon-Keggin and BTB ligands, used for acidic HER and structural tolerance context. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1482018 | Title unavailable | secondary_benchmark · pomofPOM-encapsulated metal-organic nanotube framework used for HER benchmark and POM-in-pore strategy. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1492020 | Title unavailable | secondary_benchmark · pomofKeggin-type POMs encapsulated in ZIF-67; used for OER benchmark and POM loading discussion. | Unmapped |