Yiran Guan, Jianping Lai, Guobao Xu · ChemElectroChem · 2021
To summarise recent progress in using pristinely conductive MOFs and COFs directly as electrocatalysts for OER, HER, CO2RR and NRR, with attention to structural design, compositional modification, morphology control and future development needs.
The review’s argument is preserved as a navigable set of section summaries.
Covers conductive ZIFs, metalloporphyrin MOFs/COFs and metallophthalocyanine MOFs/COFs for CO2 reduction, with emphasis on selectivity, redox-active linkers, donor-acceptor charge transfer and light-enhanced phthalocyanines.
Relevance: Supporting · p009 · 4. Conductive MOFs and COFs as Electrocatalysts for CO2RR · Table 4
Synthesises the review into future needs: higher conductivity, better water/alkali stability, deeper structure-activity understanding, bifunctional catalysts and composite expansion.
Relevance: Core · p013 · 6. Conclusions
Organises HER examples into monometallic, multimetallic and metal-free conductive frameworks and links HER performance to MNx/MSx centres, narrow band gaps, Pd nanoclusters, and COF conjugation.
Relevance: Supporting · p007 · 3. Conductive MOFs and COFs as Electrocatalysts for HER · Table 3
Defines the energy-conversion context, introduces OER, HER, CO2RR and NRR, and explains why conductive MOFs and COFs are distinct from generally insulating porous frameworks.
Relevance: Supporting · p002 · Introduction
Briefly frames conductive MOFs/COFs for NRR as largely computationally screened porous, N2-adsorbing materials, with Mo-based examples highlighted for low predicted limiting steps.
Relevance: Peripheral · p011 · 5. Conductive MOFs and COFs as Electrocatalysts for NRR · Figure 11
Reviews monometallic, multimetallic, metal-free and morphology-modified conductive frameworks for OER, emphasising active metal nodes, mixed-metal effects, porosity, conductivity and nanosheet/layer control.
Relevance: Supporting · p003 · 2. Conductive MOFs and COFs as Electrocatalysts for OER · Table 2
Highlights nanosheet arrays and Langmuir-Blodgett few-layer films as structure controls that can raise exposed active-site density and conductivity while creating layer-thickness trade-offs.
Relevance: Core · p006 · 2.4. Structure Modification for Enhancing Electrocatalytic Activity for OER · Figures 4-5
Classification systems are attributed to this review and are not treated as a global material registry.
The CO2RR discussion is organised around catalytic motifs and reticular chemistry rather than solely around framework dimensionality.
Categories: zeolitic imidazolate frameworks · metalloporphyrin-based conductive MOFs and COFs · metallophthalocyanine-based conductive COFs and MOFs
p009 · 4. Conductive MOFs and COFs as Electrocatalysts for CO2RR
The introduction names three broad conductivity-enhancement routes that recur as explanatory mechanisms for later electrocatalytic performance.
Categories: frontier-orbital hybridisation between conjugated ligands and transition-metal d orbitals · planar pi-conjugation in COFs · conversion to nanosheets or nanowires
p002 · Introduction
The authors distinguish coordination frameworks with metal nodes from covalent organic frameworks made of light elements, and treat metal-free conductive COFs as a recurring subfamily for greener catalysis.
Categories: conductive MOFs · conductive COFs · metal-free conductive COFs
p002 · Introduction
The HER section groups examples by the same composition logic and highlights MNx/MSx molecular centres, bimetallic sites and pyrene-porphyrin COF conjugation.
Categories: monometallic CMOFs and CCOFs · multi-metallic conductive MOFs and COFs · metal-free conductive COFs
p007 · 3. Conductive MOFs and COFs as Electrocatalysts for HER
The OER section is explicitly divided by metal composition and structural modification, useful for mapping how the review interprets active sites versus transport morphology.
Categories: monometallic conductive MOFs and COFs · multi-metallic conductive MOFs · metal-free conductive COFs · structure-modified nanosheets or nanowires
p003 · 2. Conductive MOFs and COFs as Electrocatalysts for OER
The review uses the four small-molecule electrochemical reactions as its main organising axis and tabulates representative reaction pathways in acid, alkaline or unspecified conditions.
Categories: HER · OER · CO2RR · NRR
p001 · Introduction · Table 1
Review-defined families retain their representative materials and conduction descriptions.
Conductive MOFs in which partial replacement or co-assembly of metal nodes introduces mixed-metal active sites while preserving framework topology.
Conduction: Mixed metal nodes are interpreted as promoting charge transfer and tuning active-site electronic structure, often tracked by lower Rct values.
Representative materials: FeNi-DOBDC-3 · NiCo-UMOFNs · CoFe-MOF · PCN-250-Fe2Co
Nodes / linkers: Fe · Ni · Co · Cu · DOBDC · BDC · pyrazine · PCN-type carboxylates
p004 · 2.2. Multi-Metallic Conductive MOFs as Electrocatalysts for OER
Single-phase conductive MOFs incorporating five or more metal species to exploit interactions among multiple metal sites.
Conduction: The review frames multimetal interactions as a way to tailor properties, without deeply separating intrinsic conductivity from catalytic site effects.
Representative materials: HE-MOF-RT · HE-MOF-ST
Nodes / linkers: Mn · Fe · Co · Ni · Cu · not specified in reviewed passage
p005 · 2.2. Multi-Metallic Conductive MOFs as Electrocatalysts for OER
2D conjugated frameworks built from triphenylene-derived ligands such as HITP or HHTP and transition-metal nodes, used as conductive OER/HER platforms.
Conduction: Conductivity is attributed to conjugated planar frameworks, metal-ligand orbital coupling and layer-controlled charge transport.
Representative materials: Co3(HITP)2 · [Co3(HHTP)2]n · Ni3(HITP)2 · Fe1Ni4-HHTP NWS
Nodes / linkers: Co · Ni · Fe · HITP · HHTP · triphenylene catecholate/amine ligands
p004 · 2.1. Monometallic Conductive MOFs and COFs as Electrocatalysts for OER
Conductive coordination frameworks incorporating molecular MS2N2, MN4 or MS4 centres to probe active-site effects in HER.
Conduction: The framework immobilises molecular catalytic centres in a solid-state conductive material to retain stability and reactivity.
Representative materials: THTA-Co · THTA-Ni · THT-Co · THA-Co
Nodes / linkers: Co · Ni · metal dithiolene-diamine · MN4 · MS4 · MS2N2
p007 · 3.1. Monometallic Conductive MOFs and COFs as Electrocatalysts for HER
Fully organic conjugated COFs used as metal-free electrocatalysts, often relying on imine, thiadiazole, quinone, pyrene or porphyrin motifs.
Conduction: Planar conjugation, pi-pi stacking and low band gaps are described as making these COFs electrochemically responsive.
Representative materials: C4-SHz COF · DAAQ-COF · SB-PORPy-COF
Nodes / linkers: none · thiadiazole imine · anthraquinone · pyrene-porphyrin imine
p008 · 3.3. Metal-Free Conductive COFs as Electrocatalysts for HER
M-N4 phthalocyanine frameworks used as CO2RR single-site catalyst platforms with conductive lattices and, in some COFs, light-responsive behaviour.
Conduction: Conductivity and electrocatalytic activity are attributed to electroactive MPc sites embedded in conductive frameworks; phenazine linkages provide both stability and conductivity.
Representative materials: CoPc-Cu-O · CoPc-Cu-NH · NiPc-Cu-O · NiPc-COF · CoPc-PDQ-COF · NiPc-TFPN
Nodes / linkers: Co · Ni · Cu · Zn · phthalocyanine · phenazine · TFPN dioxin-linked COFs
p011 · 4.3. Metallophthalocyanine-Based Conductive COFs and MOFs as Electrocatalysts for CO2RR · Figure 9
Frameworks in which metalloporphyrin units serve as redox-active catalytic and charge-transfer components for CO2RR.
Conduction: Redox-active porphyrin linkers and donor-acceptor COF junctions are interpreted as facilitating electron transfer to CO2RR active centres.
Representative materials: Fe MOF-525 · PCN-222(Fe) · Co-PMOF · TTF-Por(Co)-COF · TT-Por(Co)-COF
Nodes / linkers: Fe · Co · Ni · Zn · Zr clusters · porphyrin · metalloporphyrin · tetrathiafulvalene · thienothiophene
p009 · 4.2. Metalloporphyrins-Based Conductive MOFs and COFs as Electrocatalysts for CO2RR
Computationally screened two-dimensional TM-based conductive COFs fabricated from octaamino-metallophthalocyanine and pyrene tetraone units for N2 reduction.
Conduction: The review reports DFT screening of potential-determining steps rather than measured conductivity.
Representative materials: Mo-based conductive COF · TM-COFs where TM = Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Nb, Mo, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, W, Ir, Pt, Au
Nodes / linkers: Mo · multiple transition metals · octaamino-metallophthalocyanine · pyrene-4,5,9,10-tetraone
p012 · 5. Conductive MOFs and COFs as Electrocatalysts for NRR · Figure 11
Zeolitic imidazolate frameworks used as CO2RR electrocatalysts, where topology, Zn nodes and ligand identity affect CO production.
Conduction: The review focuses more on catalytic selectivity and topology than on a detailed conduction mechanism for ZIFs.
Representative materials: ZIF-8 · ZIF-108 · ZIF-7 · SIM-1
Nodes / linkers: Zn · imidazolate ligands
p009 · 4.1. Zeolitic Imidazolate Frameworks as Electrocatalysts for CO2RR
Review-level synthesis principles remain separate from primary-study recipes.
Use photosensitive phthalocyanine macrocycles in conductive COFs and apply light during CO2RR to enhance FE and TOF.
Claimed effects: Light irradiation enhances CO faradaic efficiency and turnover frequency, especially at higher overpotential.
Controlling variables: phthalocyanine metal · illumination · overpotential · dioxin-linked TFPN network
Representative materials: NiPc-TFPN · CoPc-TFPN
Caveat: The review frames the activation qualitatively; primary data are needed to separate photothermal, photoconductive and catalytic effects.
p011 · 4.3. Metallophthalocyanine-Based Conductive COFs and MOFs as Electrocatalysts for CO2RR · Figure 10
Use conjugated ligands coordinated to transition-metal centres so ligand frontier orbitals and metal d orbitals support electronic delocalisation.
Claimed effects: Improved electronic conductivity and catalytic electron transfer in conductive MOFs.
Controlling variables: metal identity · conjugated ligand choice · coordination motif · planarity
Representative materials: Co3(HITP)2 · THTA-Co · THTA-Ni
Caveat: The review often infers catalytic gains from conductivity and active-site identity together, so transport and catalytic-site effects are not always experimentally separated.
p002 · Introduction
Partially replace metal nodes or co-assemble different metals to create bimetallic, trimetallic or high-entropy conductive MOFs.
Claimed effects: Mixed metals are claimed to enhance charge transfer, reduce Rct and improve overpotential/Tafel behaviour.
Controlling variables: metal ratio · dopant identity · node topology preservation · single-phase versus segregated metal distribution
Representative materials: FeNi-DOBDC-3 · NiCo-UMOFNs · FeCo0.6Ni0.4-CAT · HE-MOF-RT
Caveat: The review treats many mixed-metal improvements as electronic coupling effects, but benchmark comparisons vary by electrolyte and current density.
p004 · 2.2. Multi-Metallic Conductive MOFs as Electrocatalysts for OER
Use ultrathin 2D nanosheet arrays, nanowires or fewer-layer films to expose active sites and improve charge/electrolyte access.
Claimed effects: Greater exposed active-site density, hierarchical porosity and improved electrical conductivity.
Controlling variables: layer number · substrate · nanosheet thickness · array morphology · framework-electrode contact
Representative materials: NiFe-MOF nanosheet array · [Co3(HHTP)2]n LB nanosheets
Caveat: The Langmuir-Blodgett example shows that increasing catalyst amount can eventually reduce conductivity between reactants and electrodes.
p006 · 2.4. Structure Modification for Enhancing Electrocatalytic Activity for OER · Figure 5
Construct COFs with pi-conjugated linkages and building blocks so the organic framework itself can transport charge and host catalytic motifs.
Claimed effects: Enhanced electrochemical responsiveness, charge transfer and metal-free or single-site catalysis.
Controlling variables: linkage chemistry · monomer geometry · porphyrin or phthalocyanine catalytic block · donor-acceptor pairing
Representative materials: SB-PORPy-COF · TT-Por(Co)-COF · CoPc-PDQ-COF
Caveat: COF conductivity and catalytic metrics can depend strongly on film quality, contact and electrolyte stability, which the review does not standardise.
p002 · Introduction
Encapsulate highly dispersed Pd nanoclusters into a conductive MOF host to boost HER while reducing noble-metal loading.
Claimed effects: Enhanced catalytic activity and durability versus the parent MOF and some commercial materials.
Controlling variables: cluster dispersion · MOF pore structure · metal loading · acid and alkaline durability
Representative materials: Pd@MOF-74-Co
Caveat: This is no longer a purely pristine framework active-site example because Pd clusters contribute directly to HER activity.
p007 · 3.1. Monometallic Conductive MOFs and COFs as Electrocatalysts for HER · Figure 6
Incorporate metalloporphyrin or metallophthalocyanine units as structural linkers that also act as catalytic and charge-transfer sites.
Claimed effects: Improved CO2 activation, CO selectivity and redox hopping or donor-acceptor charge transfer.
Controlling variables: macrocycle metal · redox-active linker · framework topology · electron donor and acceptor pairing
Representative materials: Fe MOF-525 · Co-PMOF · TTF-Por(Co)-COF · CoPc-PDQ-COF
Caveat: The review reports performance comparisons but does not fully resolve whether conductivity, adsorption or intrinsic active-site kinetics dominate each case.
p009 · 4.2. Metalloporphyrins-Based Conductive MOFs and COFs as Electrocatalysts for CO2RR
These are the review authors’ synthesis, not newly measured results.
CO2RR is flagged as a stability challenge for MOFs because strongly reducing potentials can reduce metal ions, making the true active phase ambiguous.
Evidence basis: single_reference
Caveat: The cited reference is part of a compound reference entry; the review uses it to warn about reduced Cu under CO2RR.
p009 · 4. Conductive MOFs and COFs as Electrocatalysts for CO2RR
Co3(HITP)2 is interpreted as a high-conductivity OER example where porous structure and electrochemically active Co-N4 sites support activity.
Evidence basis: single_reference
Caveat: This is a secondary interpretation of one cited study and should be checked against primary controls.
p004 · 2.1. Monometallic Conductive MOFs and COFs as Electrocatalysts for OER
Poor intrinsic electrical conductivity is presented as a major limitation of most MOFs and COFs in electrocatalysis.
Evidence basis: single_reference
Caveat: The review cites this generally and then selects conductive exceptions; it does not provide a standardised conductivity threshold.
p002 · Introduction
Fe incorporation in CAT-type conductive MOFs is presented as lowering charge-transfer resistance and improving OER activity.
Evidence basis: single_reference
Caveat: The review reports Nyquist-derived Rct comparisons but does not discuss fitting assumptions or electrode-normalisation details.
p005 · 2.2. Multi-Metallic Conductive MOFs as Electrocatalysts for OER · Figure 2
The HAHATN bimetallic MOF example is used to link a narrow calculated band gap with rapid electron transfer during HER.
Evidence basis: single_reference
Caveat: The connection is based on calculated PDOS plus electrochemical performance; direct intrinsic conductivity measurement details are not extracted here.
p008 · 3.2. Multi-Metallic Conductive MOFs and COFs as Electrocatalysts for HER · Figure 7
For HER, conductive MOFs/COFs containing MNx and MSx centres are described as lower-cost alternatives to Pt, with immobilised molecular active sites improving stability in aqueous media.
Evidence basis: single_reference
Caveat: The review does not benchmark these materials against uniform Pt-normalised metrics.
p007 · 3.1. Monometallic Conductive MOFs and COFs as Electrocatalysts for HER
Layer-number optimisation in conductive MOF nanosheets involves a trade-off: catalyst amount rises with layer number, but interfacial conductivity can decrease.
Evidence basis: single_reference
Caveat: This claim is specific to the reviewed [Co3(HHTP)2]n Langmuir-Blodgett nanosheet system.
p006 · 2.4. Structure Modification for Enhancing Electrocatalytic Activity for OER · Figure 5
The review treats mixed-metal conductive MOFs as a way to improve OER through coupled metal-node effects and improved charge transfer.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: Evidence is assembled from examples measured under different conditions, so the claim is qualitative rather than a controlled comparison.
p004 · 2.2. Multi-Metallic Conductive MOFs as Electrocatalysts for OER
For NRR, the review emphasises gas adsorption and DFT screening as key tools, reflecting that this area is less experimentally mature in conductive MOF/COF electrocatalysis.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: The NRR section is brief and largely computational; experimental ammonia quantification caveats are not deeply discussed.
p011 · 5. Conductive MOFs and COFs as Electrocatalysts for NRR · Figure 11
For OER, conductive MOFs and COFs are argued to combine porous mass transport, exposed active sites and tunable structures with electron transfer benefits.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: The causal contributions of porosity, active-site chemistry and conductivity are often coupled in the cited examples.
p002 · 2. Conductive MOFs and COFs as Electrocatalysts for OER
Bifunctional conductive MOF/COF electrocatalysts for paired HER/OER cells are presented as attractive but still early-stage.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: The review frames this as a future need rather than a mature consensus supported by many examples.
p013 · 6. Conclusions
The authors identify framework stability, especially in water and alkaline media, as a serious concern for conductive MOFs and COFs under catalytic conditions.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: The conclusion generalises across many framework chemistries; individual stability depends on linker, node and operating potential.
p013 · 6. Conclusions
The review presents phthalocyanine COFs as light-responsive CO2RR catalysts whose FE and TOF can be enhanced by irradiation.
Evidence basis: single_reference
Caveat: The review reports the effect but does not fully discuss the physical mechanism of light enhancement.
p011 · 4.3. Metallophthalocyanine-Based Conductive COFs and MOFs as Electrocatalysts for CO2RR · Figure 10
Metalloporphyrin linkers are presented as dual-function elements: electrocatalytic sites and redox-hopping conduits for CO2RR.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: The review does not provide a uniform mechanistic comparison across porphyrin MOFs and COFs.
p009 · 4.2. Metalloporphyrins-Based Conductive MOFs and COFs as Electrocatalysts for CO2RR
The review is scoped to conductive MOFs and COFs used directly as electrocatalysts, distinguishing this from broader work on composites and derivatives.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: Some examples, such as Pd@MOF-74-Co, include loaded catalytic species and therefore blur the pristine-framework boundary.
p002 · Introduction
The review summarises three routes to improved conductivity: metal-ligand orbital hybridisation, planar pi-conjugated COFs and nanosheet/nanowire structuring.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: These routes are named at a conceptual level, not as a comparative mechanistic meta-analysis.
p002 · Introduction
Every row remains visibly secondary and links to a primary dossier only where the mapping is verified.
| Material | Property | Reported value | Context and quality | Primary evidence | Review source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SecondaryC4-SHz COF | OER Tafel slope | 39 mV dec-1 | 1.0 M KOH; Table 2 Table · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | p003 · 2.3. Metal-Free Conductive COFs as Electrocatalysts for OER · Table 2 |
| SecondaryCo3(HITP)2 | electrical conductivity | up to 1150 S m-1 | room temperature Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | p004 · 2.1. Monometallic Conductive MOFs and COFs as Electrocatalysts for OER |
| SecondaryCo3(HITP)2-MOF | OER overpotential at 10 mA cm-2 | 254 mV | 1.0 M KOH; Table 2 Table · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | p003 · 2.1. Monometallic Conductive MOFs and COFs as Electrocatalysts for OER · Table 2 |
| SecondaryCo-PMOF | CO2RR turnover frequency | 1656 h-1 | 0.5 M KHCO3; Table 4 Table · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | p010 · 4.2. Metalloporphyrins-Based Conductive MOFs and COFs as Electrocatalysts for CO2RR · Table 4 |
| SecondaryCoPc-Cu-O | charge-transfer resistance | 2.4 ohm | 0.1 M KHCO3; Table 4 Table · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | p010 · 4.3. Metallophthalocyanine-Based Conductive COFs and MOFs as Electrocatalysts for CO2RR · Table 4 |
| SecondaryCoPc-PDQ-COF | bulk conductivity | 3.68 x 10-3 S m-1 | 298 K; review text Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | p011 · 4.3. Metallophthalocyanine-Based Conductive COFs and MOFs as Electrocatalysts for CO2RR |
| SecondaryCoPc-PDQ-COF | CO2RR turnover frequency | 11412 h-1 | 0.5 M KHCO3; Table 4 Table · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | p010 · 4.3. Metallophthalocyanine-Based Conductive COFs and MOFs as Electrocatalysts for CO2RR · Table 4 |
| SecondaryFeCo0.6Ni0.4-CAT | charge-transfer resistance | 3.21 ohm | 1.0 M KOH; OER Table 2 and Nyquist comparison Table · Exact Reported | research_0093 | p003 · 2.2. Multi-Metallic Conductive MOFs as Electrocatalysts for OER · Table 2 |
| SecondaryMo-based conductive COF | predicted NRR overpotential | 0.16 V | DFT computational screening for N2 fixation Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | p012 · 5. Conductive MOFs and COFs as Electrocatalysts for NRR · Figure 11 |
| SecondaryNi3(Ni3.HAHATN)2 | HER Tafel slope | 45 mV dec-1 | 0.1 M KOH; Table 3 Table · Exact Reported | research_0513 | p007 · 3.2. Multi-Metallic Conductive MOFs and COFs as Electrocatalysts for HER · Table 3 |
| SecondaryNiCo-UMOFNs | OER overpotential at 10 mA cm-2 | 189 mV | 1.0 M KOH; Table 2 Table · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | p003 · 2.2. Multi-Metallic Conductive MOFs as Electrocatalysts for OER · Table 2 |
| SecondaryNiFe-MOF nanosheet array | electrical conductivity | (1 +/- 0.2) x 10-3 S m-1 | 2D conductive NiFe-MOF nanosheet arrays on substrates Text · Range | research_0071 | p006 · 2.4. Structure Modification for Enhancing Electrocatalytic Activity for OER · Figure 4 |
| SecondaryNiPc-TFPN-light | CO faradaic efficiency under light | 95% in Table 4; ca. 100% at 0.9 V in text | 0.5 M KHCO3; light-coupled CO2RR at about 0.9 V Table · Approximate | No verified corpus mapping | p010 · 4.3. Metallophthalocyanine-Based Conductive COFs and MOFs as Electrocatalysts for CO2RR · Table 4 |
| SecondaryPd@MOF-74-Co | HER overpotential at 10 mA cm-2 | 126 mV | 0.5 M H2SO4; Table 3 Table · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | p007 · 3.1. Monometallic Conductive MOFs and COFs as Electrocatalysts for HER · Table 3 |
| SecondarySB-PORPy-COF | charge-transfer resistance | 145 ohm | 0.5 M H2SO4; HER Table 3 Table · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | p007 · 3.3. Metal-Free Conductive COFs as Electrocatalysts for HER · Table 3 |
| SecondaryTHTA-Co | HER overpotential at 10 mA cm-2 | 283 mV | 0.5 M H2SO4; Table 3 Table · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | p007 · 3.1. Monometallic Conductive MOFs and COFs as Electrocatalysts for HER · Table 3 |
| SecondaryTT-Por(Co)-COF | conductivity | 1.38 x 10-8 S m-1 | 0.5 M KHCO3 CO2RR comparison in Table 4 Table · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | p010 · 4.2. Metalloporphyrins-Based Conductive MOFs and COFs as Electrocatalysts for CO2RR · Table 4 |
| SecondaryZIF-8 | CO faradaic efficiency | 81.0% | 0.25 M K2SO4; -1.1 V; review text Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | p009 · 4.1. Zeolitic Imidazolate Frameworks as Electrocatalysts for CO2RR |
Open questions are presented as review-author priorities, not conclusions from the primary database.
Low-cost and high-efficiency bifunctional conductive MOF/COF catalysts for combined HER/OER remain in an early development stage.
Proposed direction: Develop single materials that can operate efficiently at both anode and cathode while retaining stability.
p013 · 6. Conclusions
MOF- and COF-composite materials are proposed as a way to broaden applications, but the review treats this as an outlook rather than a resolved design space.
Proposed direction: Explore combinations with MXenes, transition-metal dichalcogenides, perovskites, graphene, carbon nanomaterials, carbon nitrides, LDHs and black phosphorus.
p013 · 6. Conclusions
Framework integrity in water and strongly polar or alkaline electrolytes remains a serious concern.
Proposed direction: Improve ligand and backbone stability under electrochemical conditions and track structural collapse, metal nanoparticle agglomeration and active-site loss.
p013 · 6. Conclusions
New conductive MOFs and COFs with higher conductivity are needed to improve electrocatalytic electron transfer.
Proposed direction: Introduce electron-collecting and electron-donating nodes and design frameworks with stronger charge-transfer pathways.
p012 · 6. Conclusions
A deeper understanding of how framework structure controls catalytic activity is needed.
Proposed direction: Relate metal active centres, functional groups, defects, morphology, pores, conductivity and mass transport to measured catalytic outcomes.
p013 · 6. Conclusions
Mappings show which printed review references have a verified counterpart in the frozen primary corpus.
| Reference | Study | Role and context | Corpus mapping |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ref. 8d2021 | Title unavailable | co2rr_stability_caveatCited by the review for the caveat that Cu ions in MOFs may reduce to metallic Cu under CO2RR conditions, complicating active-phase assignment. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 14a2016 | Title unavailable | oer_benchmark · cof_catalysisCited for a Co-modified conductive COF used as an OER catalyst under neutral pH conditions. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 14c2017 | Title unavailable | her_benchmark · metal_free_cofCited for a pyrene-porphyrin imine COF used as a metal-free HER electrocatalyst. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 162020 | Title unavailable | co2rr_benchmark · conductive_cof · donor_acceptorCited for donor-acceptor porphyrin COF charge transfer and CO2RR performance. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 182020 | Title unavailable | nrr_computational_screeningCited for computational screening of two-dimensional transition-metal conductive COFs for NRR. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 232020 | Title unavailable | oer_benchmark · conductivity_benchmarkCited for conductive Co3(HITP)2 as an OER catalyst with high conductivity and Co-N4 active sites. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 242017 | Title unavailable | oer_benchmark · figure_exampleCited for cobalt-citrate conductive MOF UTSA-16 as an alkaline OER example. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 272018 | Title unavailable | nanosheet_layer_control · oer_benchmarkCited for Langmuir-Blodgett layer-by-layer conductive MOF nanosheets and layer-number-dependent OER behaviour. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 282017 | Title unavailable | nanosheet_array · oer_benchmark · her_benchmarkCited for ultrathin conductive NiFe-MOF nanosheet arrays on substrates with enhanced conductivity and OER/HER activity. | research_0071 |
| Ref. 292016 | Title unavailable | mixed_metal_oerCited for NiCo mixed ultrathin conductive MOFs with lower OER overpotential and Tafel slope than single-metal analogues. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 542020 | Title unavailable | trimetallic_oer · rct_benchmarkCited for mono-, bi- and trimetallic M-CAT conductive MOFs and the review's claim that Fe enhances charge transfer. | research_0093 |
| Ref. 562020 | Title unavailable | metal_free_oer · cof_benchmarkCited for a thiadiazole imine-linked metal-free conductive COF with OER activity. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 572019 | Title unavailable | her_benchmark · pd_cluster_mofCited for Pd nanoclusters encapsulated in conductive Co-MOF-74 for HER. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 592020 | Title unavailable | her_benchmark · bandgapCited for bimetallic HAHATN conductive MOFs with narrow calculated band gap and HER activity. | research_0513 |
| Ref. 612017 | Title unavailable | her_benchmark · molecular_active_sitesCited for dithiolene-diamine conductive MOFs that compare molecular active-site motifs for HER. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 64a2018 | Title unavailable | co2rr_zif · selectivity_benchmarkCited for comparison of several conductive ZIFs for CO2RR with ZIF-8 and ZIF-108 highlighted. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 672015 | Title unavailable | co2rr_porphyrin_mofCited for Fe-porphyrin MOF-525 as a redox-conductive linker framework for CO2-to-CO conversion. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 722018 | Title unavailable | co2rr_porphyrin_mof · tof_benchmarkCited for POM-metalloporphyrin conductive MOFs for CO2RR, with Co-PMOF highlighted. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 762020 | Title unavailable | co2rr_phthalocyanine_mof · rct_benchmarkCited for metallophthalocyanine conductive MOFs with M-N4 sites for CO2-to-CO selectivity. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 812020 | Title unavailable | co2rr_phthalocyanine_cof · conductivity_benchmark · tof_benchmarkCited for phenazine-linked CoPc-PDQ-COF with both stability and conductivity and high CO2RR TOF. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 862021 | Title unavailable | photo_coupled_co2rr · phthalocyanine_cofCited for dioxin-linked metallophthalocyanine TFPN COFs and light-enhanced CO2RR performance. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 872019 | Title unavailable | nrr_dft_screeningCited for DFT screening of transition-metal conductive MOFs for N2 adsorption and NRR. | Unmapped |