Bioapplications of 2D MOFs
4Introduces the biomedical-application logic: atomic-layered 2D MOFs are argued to offer advantages from structural diversity and unique nanosheet properties.
Relevance: Supporting · 4 · Bioapplications of 2D MOFs
Review · secondary evidenceReview
Two-dimensional metal-organic frameworks: from synthesis to bioapplications
Weiqi Wang, Yuting Yu, Yilan Jin, Xiao Liu, Min Shang, Xiaohua Zheng, Tingting Liu and Zhigang Xie · Journal of Nanobiotechnology · 2022
9review sections
6material families
11review claims
17secondary benchmarks
26cited studies
7research gaps
Review scope
To summarise design strategy, fabrication methodology, structure-property relations and bioapplications of ultrathin two-dimensional metal-organic framework nanosheets, especially porphyrinic MOF nanosheets and ROS-related nanomedicine.
- Coverage
- 2004–2022
- Category
- Review Transport Physics
- Material scope
- two-dimensional metal-organic frameworks · ultrathin MOF nanosheets · porphyrinic MOF nanosheets · metal-organic layers for biomedical applications
- Transport scope
- diffusion of ROS and molecular oxygen through ultrathin layers · charge transfer and light harvesting in engineered MOF heterojunctions · electrical conductivity and light transmittance as planar-topography properties
- Application scope
- biocatalysis · biosensing · biodiagnosis · molecular imaging · antibacterial therapy · cancer theranostics
- Explicit exclusions
- Not specified
- Source
- 1 · Abstract
- Evidence role
- Context, taxonomy and secondary benchmarking
Section map
The review’s argument is preserved as a navigable set of section summaries.
Biocatalysis and biosensor
4-7Discusses linker/metal selection, exposed active sites, lower diffusion barriers and nanozyme-like catalysis in layered MOFs, with detection-limit examples in Table 2.
Relevance: Core · 6 · Biocatalysis and biosensor · Table 2
Biodiagnosis and molecular imaging
7-9Reviews diagnostic and imaging cases, including ratiometric sensing with layered Zr MOFs, ECL bacterial sensing, and multimodal porphyrin/lanthanide MOF imaging.
Relevance: Supporting · 7 · Biodiagnosis · Fig. 2
Biomedicine and antibacterial application
9-11Covers biomedical uses of planar porous MOFs and antibacterial/wound-healing examples where catalysis, ion release, ROS production and charge transfer are invoked.
Relevance: Supporting · 10 · Antibacterial application · Fig. 4
Cancer treatment
10-13Summarises drug delivery, PDT, radiodynamic therapy and immunotherapy examples; most chapter-relevant content is the interpretation that sheet morphology increases surface area, active-site exposure and ROS/O2 diffusion.
Relevance: Supporting · 12 · Cancer treatment · Table 3
Introduction
2-3Frames MOFs as tunable metal-ligand frameworks and positions 2D MOFs as ultrathin layered materials with exposed active sites, large surface area and planar-topography-derived properties.
Relevance: Core · 2 · Introduction
Conclusion and prospect
13-14Identifies gaps in stability, toxicity, scale-up, lateral-size control, morphology control, large-scale high-quality synthesis and future wearable/implantable device directions.
Relevance: Core · 14 · Conclusion and prospect
Scheme 1 graphical overview
3Provides a visual taxonomy of design routes and applications: top-down/bottom-up synthesis and application areas including biocatalysis, biosensor, biodiagnosis, antibacterial and antitumour use.
Relevance: Supporting · 3 · Introduction · Scheme 1
Synthetic methodology
4-5Classifies 2D MOF fabrication into top-down and bottom-up approaches and discusses exfoliation, intercalation, interface synthesis, surfactant-assisted synthesis and modulated solvothermal routes.
Relevance: Core · 4 · Synthetic methodology · Table 1
Taxonomies
Classification systems are attributed to this review and are not treated as a global material registry.
Application DomainAuthor-proposed
Bioapplication classes
Scheme 1 and the main text organise bioapplications by diagnostic, catalytic, imaging and therapy functions rather than by a single material family.
Categories: biocatalysis and biosensor · disease diagnosis · molecular imaging · cancer therapy · antibacterial and anti-infection
3 · Introduction · Scheme 1
Solution-Processing MethodAuthor-proposed
Bottom-up wet-chemistry subroutes
Bottom-up synthesis is presented as a designable way to control growth direction and yield, with several wet-chemistry subroutes relevant to nanosheet morphology.
Categories: interface synthesis · surfactant-assisted synthesis · modulated synthesis
4 · Synthetic methodology
Therapy MechanismAuthor-proposed
ROS-based treatment modalities
The review subdivides theranostic use by ROS-generating or ROS-synergistic treatment mechanisms.
Categories: photodynamic therapy · radioisotope therapy · radiodynamic therapy · chemodynamic therapy · ROS-synergized cancer therapy
4 · Introduction
Fabrication RouteAuthor-proposed
Top-down versus bottom-up 2D MOF construction
The review organises 2D MOF synthesis around exfoliation/dimensional reduction from bulk layered MOFs versus direct assembly from metal ions and organic linkers.
Categories: top-down dimensional reduction · bottom-up assembly
4 · Synthetic methodology · Table 1
Material families
Review-defined families retain their representative materials and conduction descriptions.
Two-dimensional MOFs
Multiple Ultrathin LayersMOFs comprised of multiple ultrathin layers with easy exposure of active sites and large surface area.
Conduction: The review states that planar topography can endow electrical conductivity and other physicochemical properties, but does not give a transport-mechanism review.
Representative materials: 2D MOFs · MOF nanosheets
Nodes / linkers: metal ions · metal clusters · polydentate organic linkers
2 · Introduction
Cu-HHTP oriented thin films
2D MOF Thin FilmA copper-based 2D MOF thin-film system represented in the review as a chemiresistive NH3 sensor.
Conduction: The review records chemiresistive sensing but does not explain the charge-transport pathway.
Representative materials: Cu-HHTP
Nodes / linkers: Cu · HHTP
6 · Biocatalysis and biosensor · Table 2
2D MOF/enzyme or nanoparticle hybrid nanozymes
2D Nanosheets With Deposited Nanoparticles Or Adsorbed EnzymeLayered MOF nanosheets combined with Au nanoparticles or glucose oxidase to form cascade catalytic or biomimetic systems.
Conduction: Transport language concerns diffusion barriers and cascade movement of reactants/products rather than electronic carrier mobility.
Representative materials: Au NPs/Cu-TCPP(Fe) · Au NPs/Cu-TCPP(Co) · Cu-TCPP(Fe)/GOx
Nodes / linkers: Cu · Fe · Co · Au nanoparticles · TCPP
6 · Biocatalysis and biosensor · Fig. 1
NH2-MIL-53(Al) nanosheets
Nanosheets Or NanoplatesA nonlayered aluminium MOF made into nanosheets by surfactant-assisted pre-organisation of the metallic precursor.
Conduction: Used as an electrode-modified material in an electrogenerated chemiluminescence biosensor; the review does not quantify charge transport.
Representative materials: NH2-MIL-53(Al) · Ru-Con A@NH2-MIL-53(Al)
Nodes / linkers: Al · aminoterephthalate-type MIL-53 linkers
4 · Synthetic methodology
Porphyrinic MOF nanosheets
Ultrathin Nanosheets Or Metal-Organic Layers2D MOF nanosheets built from porphyrinic linkers such as TCPP, TBP, TBC or TBB and metal nodes including Zn, Cu, Gd, Fe and Hf.
Conduction: Transport discussion centres on ROS/O2 diffusion, charge transfer and light harvesting rather than electronic conductivity measurements.
Representative materials: Zn2(PdTCPP) · Cu-TCPP(Fe) · PPF-Gd · Fe-TBP · Hf-MOL
Nodes / linkers: Zn · Cu · Gd · Fe · Hf · TCPP · TBP · TBC · TBB · porphyrin derivatives
5 · Synthetic methodology · Table 1
Layered Zr-BTB ratiometric sensing MOFs
Monolayer About 1.5 Nm ThickKagome-topology layered MOFs built from Zr6 clusters and 2,4,6-tris(4-carboxyphenyl)aniline ligands for ratiometric sensing after post-synthetic modification.
Conduction: Not discussed as an electronic conductor; functionality is optical ratiometric sensing of GSH and pH.
Representative materials: NA@Zr-BTB/F/R · monolayer Zr-BTB
Nodes / linkers: Zr6 clusters · BTB-type aniline carboxylate ligands
7 · Biodiagnosis · Fig. 2
Synthesis strategies
Review-level synthesis principles remain separate from primary-study recipes.
Controlled intercalation and chemical exfoliation
A chemically labile intercalating agent expands or weakens a layered MOF so that single-layer nanosheets can be obtained.
Claimed effects: Reported by the review as a pioneering route to single-layer Zn2(PdTCPP) nanosheets.
Controlling variables: intercalating agent lability · trimethylphosphine reaction · layered precursor chemistry
Representative materials: Zn2(PdTCPP)
Caveat: Still belongs to top-down exfoliation and is subject to chemical-condition and yield limitations.
4 · Synthetic methodology · Table 1
Coordination-design control of 2D MOFs
The review treats 2D MOF formation as a coordination-design problem involving organic spacer linkers, metal nodes, ratios, coordination number and geometry.
Claimed effects: These variables determine whether atomic-layered structures form during solution processing and whether nanosheet advantages are maximised.
Controlling variables: organic spacer linker · bridging groups · metal-ligand ratio · coordination number · coordination geometry · coordination environment · structural transformation
Representative materials: atomic-layered MOFs · porphyrinic MOF nanosheets
Caveat: The review calls facile large-scale synthetic methodology highly urgent.
4 · Synthetic methodology
Modulated solvothermal synthesis
Monocarboxylic-acid modulators or related additives are used during solvothermal synthesis to promote atomic-thickness MOF nanosheets.
Claimed effects: Can form zirconium-porphyrinic or Hf metal-organic layers with high-yield or ultrathin morphology.
Controlling variables: modulator identity · metal precursor · organic spacer linker · coordination geometry
Representative materials: UNs-FA · Hf-MOL
Caveat: The review still flags facile scalable synthesis as urgent.
4 · Synthetic methodology
Surfactant-assisted synthesis
Surfactants are used to pre-organise precursors or control crystallisation so that MOF growth is biased toward planar nanosheets.
Claimed effects: The review presents this as a practical bottom-up route with control over crystallisation and several biomedical examples.
Controlling variables: surfactant chemistry · precursor pre-organisation · crystallisation process · metal-ligand coordination directionality
Representative materials: NH2-MIL-53(Al) · Cu-TCPP(Fe) · M-TCPP(Fe) · PPF-Gd
Caveat: Large-scale high-quality production remains a challenge.
4 · Synthetic methodology
Top-down exfoliation or dimensional reduction
Bulk MOF crystals are exfoliated into ultrathin nanosheets by mechanical or chemical methods such as shaking, ball milling, ultrasonic treatment or insertion stripping.
Claimed effects: Can maintain crystallinity and produce uniform nanosheets, but the review emphasises harsh conditions and low yield.
Controlling variables: interlayer interactions · mechanical or chemical exfoliation intensity · intercalating agent · exfoliation optimisation
Representative materials: Zn2(PdTCPP) · top-down copper bipyridine MOF nanosheets
Caveat: Requires extensive optimisation and precise control; often low yield.
4 · Synthetic methodology
Review claims
These are the review authors’ synthesis, not newly measured results.
Author InterpretationMedium supportMaterial Comparison
Compared with pristine or bulk MOFs, ultrathin 2D MOF nanosheets are interpreted as advantageous for theranostics because of large surface area, surface chemistry and inherent optical properties.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: The statement is application-oriented and should not be converted into a universal transport-performance claim.
2 · Introduction
Author InterpretationHigh supportSynthesis Strategy
Bottom-up preparation is framed as more flexible and designable than top-down exfoliation because it assembles nanosheets from appropriate precursors and can control growth direction with higher yield.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: The same section notes that large-scale high-quality synthesis remains unresolved.
4 · Synthetic methodology
Author InterpretationMedium supportTransport Mechanism
For ALD-engineered Cu-TCPP/Fe2O3 layers, the review reports a theoretical interpretation that metal-connected MOF structure facilitated charge transfer and improved light-harvesting capacity.
Evidence basis: single_reference
Caveat: The review gives no transport calculation details; use only as secondary interpretation.
10 · Antibacterial application · Fig. 4
DescriptiveHigh supportStructure Property Link
2D MOF synthetic design depends on linker bridging groups, metal node directionality, metal-ligand ratio, coordination number and geometry, coordination environment and structural transformation.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
4 · Synthetic methodology
Author InterpretationMedium supportTransport Mechanism
Layered MOF morphology is claimed to minimise diffusion barriers and maximise catalytic activity in bioinspired systems.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: The review does not supply a formal diffusion model or comparable transport coefficients.
6 · Biocatalysis and biosensor
DescriptiveMedium supportApplication Relevance
A functionalised 2D NH2-MIL-53(Al) material is summarised as part of an ECL biosensor for Gram-negative bacterial detection and antimicrobial susceptibility assays.
Evidence basis: single_reference
Caveat: This supports thin-film/device context, not general electronic transport.
7 · Biodiagnosis · Fig. 2
Author InterpretationMedium supportStructure Property Link
For biocatalysis and sensing, sheet-like MOF morphology is interpreted as improving active-site exposure and site-specific recognition, which can raise sensitivity.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: Benchmark values come from cited primary studies and are heterogeneous in analyte, source and device configuration.
4 · Biocatalysis and biosensor
Consensus SummaryMedium supportStructure Property Link
The review argues that planar topography in 2D nanomaterials, including 2D MOFs, is associated with ductility, light transmittance and electrical conductivity.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: The review cites this as broad 2D-nanomaterial context and does not provide quantitative conductivity data for 2D MOFs.
2 · Introduction
Author InterpretationMedium supportTransport Mechanism
Reduced dimensionality in Hf-MOL is interpreted as enabling rapid ROS/O2 diffusion, supporting radiotherapy-radiodynamic therapy at low radiation dose.
Evidence basis: single_reference
Caveat: This is a mechanistic interpretation in a therapy context, not a directly reported gas-transport coefficient.
12 · Cancer treatment · Fig. 6
Author InterpretationHigh supportCaveat
The authors caution that 2D MOF bioapplication research remains in an early stage, with unresolved stability, toxicity, scale-up, lateral-size control and application-innovation gaps.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
14 · Conclusion and prospect
Author InterpretationHigh supportSynthesis Strategy
Top-down exfoliation can isolate uniform crystalline nanosheets but usually requires harsh mechanical or chemical conditions, extensive optimisation and precise control, with very low yield.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: This is a review-level synthesis caveat, not a quantitative comparison across all exfoliation methods.
4 · Synthetic methodology
Secondary benchmarks
Every row remains visibly secondary and links to a primary dossier only where the mapping is verified.
| Material | Property | Reported value | Context and quality | Primary evidence | Review source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SecondaryAu NPs/Cu-TCPP(Fe) or Au NPs/Cu-TCPP(Co) | gold nanoparticle size | 2.1 +/- 0.5 | Au nanoparticles incorporated onto layered MOFs in biomimetic cascade system Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 6 · Biocatalysis and biosensor · Fig. 1 |
| SecondaryCu-HHTP | chemiresistive NH3 detection limit | 0.5 ppm | Table 2 secondary summary Table · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 6 · Biocatalysis and biosensor · Table 2 |
| SecondaryCu-TCPP | DOX drug loading capacity | 33% | chemotherapy/PDT/GSH consumption; 4T1-bearing nude mice; Table 3 secondary summary Table · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 12 · Cancer treatment · Table 3 |
| SecondaryCu-TCPP(Fe) | nanosheet thickness | 3.5 +/- 1.2 | surfactant-assisted approach; Table 1 secondary summary Table · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 5 · Synthetic methodology · Table 1 |
| SecondaryAu NPs/Cu-TCPP(Fe) or Au NPs/Cu-TCPP(Co) | glucose concentration linear range | 10 x 10^-6 M to 300 x 10^-6 M | colorimetric cascade reaction read at 652 nm; secondary review text Text · Range | No verified corpus mapping | 6 · Biocatalysis and biosensor · Fig. 1 |
| SecondaryHf-MOL | nanosheet thickness | 1.6 | solvothermal reaction; Table 1 secondary summary Table · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 5 · Synthetic methodology · Table 1 |
| SecondaryHf-TBC | IDOi drug loading | 4.7 wt% | PDT/ICB; MC38-bearing mice; Table 3 secondary summary Table · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 12 · Cancer treatment · Table 3 |
| SecondaryCu-TCPP | lead-ion detection limit | 3.3 nM | tap water and fertilizer; Table 2 secondary summary Table · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 6 · Biocatalysis and biosensor · Table 2 |
| SecondaryNZIF-L | DOX drug loading | ~3.5 wt% | chemotherapy; HeLa cells; Table 3 secondary summary Table · Approximate | No verified corpus mapping | 12 · Cancer treatment · Table 3 |
| SecondaryCu-TCPP | PD-L1 exosome detection limit | 16.7 particles/mL | human serum; Table 2 secondary summary Table · Exact Reported | research_0372 | 6 · Biocatalysis and biosensor · Table 2 |
| SecondaryPPF-Gd NS | nanosheet thickness | 21.0 +/- 9.4 | surfactant-assisted approach; Table 1 secondary summary Table · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 5 · Synthetic methodology · Table 1 |
| SecondaryPPF | SOR drug loading capacity | 84% | molecular targeted therapy; McA RH7777-bearing rats; Table 3 secondary summary Table · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 12 · Cancer treatment · Table 3 |
| SecondaryAu NPs/Yb-TCPP | SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein detection limit | 72 ng/mL | throat swabs; Table 2 secondary summary Table · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 6 · Biocatalysis and biosensor · Table 2 |
| SecondaryUNs-FA | nanosheet thickness | 1.48 +/- 0.22 | solvothermal reaction; Table 1 secondary summary Table · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 5 · Synthetic methodology · Table 1 |
| SecondaryW-TBP | CpG drug loading capacity | 87.9% | PDT/adjuvant/ICB; TUBO-bearing mice; Table 3 secondary summary Table · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 12 · Cancer treatment · Table 3 |
| SecondaryZn2(PdTCPP) | nanosheet thickness | ~1 | intercalation and chemical exfoliation; Table 1 secondary summary Table · Approximate | No verified corpus mapping | 5 · Synthetic methodology · Table 1 |
| SecondaryZn-TCPP(Fe) | nanosheet thickness | 1-1.5 | surface-assisted approach; Table 1 secondary summary Table · Range | No verified corpus mapping | 5 · Synthetic methodology · Table 1 |
Research gaps
Open questions are presented as review-author priorities, not conclusions from the primary database.
hybrid and composite integration
LowThe review argues that combining modules into composite materials is meaningful for artificial tissues, artificial organelles and medical equipment.
Proposed direction: Construct composite materials that combine complementary module advantages while retaining high performance and integration.
14 · Conclusion and prospect
processing-dependent hazard potential
HighThe review highlights that toxicity depends on synthesis/processing, composition and degradation behaviour, making hazard assessment difficult.
Proposed direction: Assess hazards with process-specific composition and degradation characterisation rather than only nominal MOF formulae.
14 · Conclusion and prospect
lateral size and morphology control
MediumPrecise control of lateral size remains a named shortcoming for 2D MOFs.
Proposed direction: Focus design on crystal dissolution-growth kinetics, topotactic transformation and machine-learning-guided morphology control.
14 · Conclusion and prospect
high-performance physical properties
MediumThe authors state that synthesis of large-scale high-quality 2D MOFs with superior optical, electrical and magnetic properties is still lacking.
Proposed direction: Broaden exploration of atomically layered MOF structures and develop high-quality synthesis routes.
14 · Conclusion and prospect
industrial production and scale-up
HighContinuous industrial production and synthesis of large-scale high-quality 2D MOFs are identified as missing.
Proposed direction: Develop scalable nanofabrication strategies, including surface-acoustic-wave assisted exfoliation, droplet microfluidic synthesis and surfactant-free general synthesis.
14 · Conclusion and prospect
physiological stability and long-term toxicity
HighThe review states that physiological stability, long-term toxicity and comprehensive toxicological studies remain unresolved, especially for long-term administration.
Proposed direction: Improve comprehensive material characterisation and toxicological studies before broad biomedical deployment.
14 · Conclusion and prospect
wearable and implantable devices
MediumThe review proposes next-generation use in wearable, implantable and autonomous monitoring devices but treats this as a future direction rather than a solved application.
Proposed direction: Use planar flexibility of ultrathin MOF nanosheets for wearable/implantable physiological-marker monitoring platforms.
14 · Conclusion and prospect
Cited-study map
Mappings show which printed review references have a verified counterpart in the frozen primary corpus.
Show 26 cited-study records
| Reference | Study | Role and context | Corpus mapping |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ref. 202020 | Two-dimensional nanomaterials for photothermal therapy | planar_property_context · 2d_nanomaterial_contextCited for general planar-topography properties and biomedical applications of 2D nanomaterials. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 212021 | Emerging 2D nanomaterials for biomedical applications | planar_property_context · 2d_nanomaterial_contextCited with Ref. 20 for properties and biomedical relevance of planar 2D materials. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 332021 | Two-dimensional metal-organic frameworks for biomedical applications | biomedical_2d_mof_context · material_scopeCited for the claim that 2D MOFs have tailored structure, adjustable composition, cargo loading and biodegradation useful in biomedicine. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 382021 | 2D MOF-based photoelectrochemical aptasensor for SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein detection | biosensing_benchmarkSource for Table 2 SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein detection benchmark. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 392021 | Electrogenerated chemiluminescence biosensor based on functionalized two-dimensional metal-organic frameworks for bacterial detection and antimicrobial susceptibility assays | device_context · biosensingUsed for ECL biosensor example involving a functionalised 2D MOF material. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 402021 | 2D MOF periodontitis photodynamic ion therapy | charge_transfer_interpretation · antibacterial_applicationSource for review discussion of ALD-engineered MOF heterojunctions facilitating charge transfer and light harvesting. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 532017 | Controlled intercalation and chemical exfoliation of layered metal-organic frameworks using a chemically labile intercalating agent | synthesis_benchmark · thickness_benchmarkPioneering chemical intercalation/exfoliation example and Table 1 thickness benchmark. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 542018 | Ultrathin 2D zirconium metal-organic framework nanosheets: preparation and application in photocatalysis | synthesis_benchmark · photocatalysis_context · thickness_benchmarkSource for modulator-assisted zirconium MOF nanosheets and Table 1 thickness benchmark. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 552017 | Monitoring of heparin activity in live rats using metal-organic framework nanosheets as peroxidase mimics | thickness_benchmark · bioapplication_contextSource for Table 1 Zn-TCPP(Fe) thickness benchmark. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 562017 | Growth of Au nanoparticles on 2D metalloporphyrinic metal-organic framework nanosheets used as biomimetic catalysts for cascade reactions | thickness_benchmark · nanozyme_benchmark · diffusion_contextSource for Cu-TCPP(Fe) thickness, Au nanoparticle size and glucose-sensing range summarised in the review. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 572018 | 2D-metal-organic-framework-nanozyme sensor arrays for probing phosphates and their enzymatic hydrolysis | sensor_array_context · synthesis_tableUsed for Table 1 M-TCPP(Fe) and Fig. 1 phosphate sensor-array example. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 582020 | Multi-modal channel cancer chemotherapy by 2D functional gadolinium metal-organic framework | thickness_benchmark · imaging_contextSource for PPF-Gd thickness and multimodal imaging discussion. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 592018 | Nanoscale metal-organic framework overcomes hypoxia for photodynamic therapy primed cancer immunotherapy | ros_therapy_context · cancer_applicationSource for Fe-TBP example in PDT-primed immunotherapy and Table 1 listing. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 602019 | Ultrathin metal-organic-layer mediated radiotherapy-radiodynamic therapy | thickness_benchmark · ros_diffusion_context · radiodynamic_therapySource for Hf-MOL 1.6 nm thickness and reduced-dimensionality ROS/O2 diffusion interpretation. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 622018 | Nanosheets of nonlayered aluminum metal-organic frameworks through a surfactant-assisted method | synthesis_strategy · surfactant_assistedSource for surfactant-assisted pre-organisation of aluminium MOF nanosheets and performance claim. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 632019 | Two-dimensional metal-organic framework and covalent-organic framework: synthesis and their energy-related applications | synthesis_design_context · energy_contextCited for coordination-design considerations and broader 2D MOF/COF synthesis framing. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 652022 | Colorimetric immunosensor constructed using 2D metal-organic framework nanosheets as enzyme mimics for the detection of protein biomarkers | biosensing_benchmarkSource for Table 2 protein biomarker detection benchmark. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 662022 | Rapid and sensitive detection of PD-L1 exosomes using Cu-TCPP 2D MOF as a SPR sensitizer | biosensing_benchmark · surface_plasmon_contextSource for Table 2 PD-L1 exosome detection benchmark. | research_0372 |
| Ref. 672021 | Layer-by-layer growth of preferred-oriented MOF thin film on nanowire array for high-performance chemiresistive sensing | chemiresistive_benchmark · thin_film_deviceSource for Cu-HHTP NH3 chemiresistive detection benchmark and a transport-adjacent thin-film example. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 692021 | Fluorescence and electrochemical assay for bimodal detection of lead ions based on metal-organic framework nanosheets | biosensing_benchmark · electrochemical_contextSource for Table 2 lead-ion detection benchmark. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 702019 | Copper-based two-dimensional metal-organic framework nanosheets as horseradish peroxidase mimics for glucose fluorescence sensing | top_down_synthesis · diffusion_contextCited as a top-down synthesised MOF nanosheet example for biocatalysis applications. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1002020 | Metal-organic sheets for efficient drug delivery and bioimaging | drug_loading_benchmark · bioimagingSource for Table 3 NZIF-L DOX loading benchmark. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1012021 | Porphyrin based 2D-MOF structures as dual-kinetic sorafenib nanocarriers for hepatoma treatment | drug_loading_benchmark · porphyrinic_mofSource for Table 3 sorafenib-loading benchmark. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1032021 | Ultra-thin metal-organic framework nanosheets for chemo-photodynamic synergistic therapy | drug_loading_benchmark · chemo_photodynamic_therapySource for Table 3 Cu-TCPP DOX-loading benchmark. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1052019 | A nanoscale metal-organic framework to mediate photodynamic therapy and deliver CpG oligodeoxynucleotides to enhance antigen presentation and cancer immunotherapy | drug_loading_benchmark · immunotherapySource for Table 3 W-TBP CpG-loading benchmark. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1062016 | Chlorin-based nanoscale metal-organic framework systemically rejects colorectal cancers via synergistic photodynamic therapy and checkpoint blockade immunotherapy | drug_loading_benchmark · checkpoint_blockadeSource for Table 3 Hf-TBC IDOi loading benchmark and PDT/ICB context. | Unmapped |