Application of Conductive Metal Organic Frameworks in Supercapacitors 导电金属有机骨架材料在超级电容器中的应用

7review sections

6material families

15review claims

15secondary benchmarks

28cited studies

6research gaps

Review scope

Review conductive metal-organic frameworks as supercapacitor electrode materials, linking SC storage mechanisms with conductive MOF structure, preparation, charge transport, morphology, active sites, interfaces and composite strategies.

Coverage: 1990–2019
Category: Peripheral Energy Storage
Material scope: Conductive metal-organic frameworks used as supercapacitor electrode materials · Transition-metal conductive MOFs based on Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd and Zr sites · Two-dimensional pi-conjugated conductive MOFs, proton-conductive MOFs, nanocrystalline MOFs and MOF composites · Conductive-MOF-derived or amorphous MOF strategies discussed as adjacent directions
Transport scope: Proton or charge hopping · Through-space charge transport · Through-bond or band transport · Redox hopping coupled to counter-ion motion · Electrolyte wetting and ion transport in porous electrodes

Application scope: Supercapacitor electrode materials · Solid-state, flexible and wearable energy-storage devices · Conductive-MOF design context for electrochemical applications
Explicit exclusions: Full primary synthetic recipes · Exhaustive extraction of every supercapacitor value in the review · Primary-data treatment of review table values
Source: 769 · Abstract
Evidence role: Context, taxonomy and secondary benchmarking

Section map

The review’s argument is preserved as a navigable set of section summaries.

3.2-3.4 活性位点、界面与复合电极

774-777

Connects metal redox activity, ligand functionalisation, electrolyte/interface compatibility and conductive polymer or carbon composites to SC behaviour.

Relevance: Peripheral · 776 · 3.4 · Figure 8

3 导电 MOFs 的电容器性能及设计策略

772

Introduces the review's four design levers: morphology/nanostructure, composition/active sites, reaction interface optimisation and composite construction.

Relevance: Supporting · 772 · 3 · Figure 2

Introduction

770

Frames supercapacitors as high-power, long-life energy-storage devices and introduces conductive MOFs as porous, tunable electrode candidates.

Relevance: Peripheral · 770 · Introduction

3.1 导电 MOFs 的形貌和纳米结构调控

772-774

Reviews pore size, ligand length, particle size, one-dimensional arrays, two-dimensional pi-conjugated frameworks and three-dimensional hierarchical structures as morphology routes.

Relevance: Supporting · 772 · 3.1 · Figures 3-4

3.5-4 其他策略、结论与展望

777-778

Discusses amorphous MOFs, MOF-derived carbon strategies and four future needs: conductivity, pore/electrolyte matching, stability and non-crystalline/liquid MOFs.

Relevance: Supporting · 778 · 4

2 导电 MOFs 的制备及导电机理

770-772

Explains why most MOFs are poor conductors, how conjugated or redox-active building blocks improve conduction, and how conductive MOFs can transport charge.

Relevance: Supporting · 771 · 2.2 · Figure 1

1 SCs 主要储能机理

770

Defines electrochemical capacitors and classifies SC storage into electric double-layer capacitance, Faradaic pseudocapacitance and hybrid capacitance.

Relevance: Peripheral · 770 · 1 · Equation 1

Taxonomies

Classification systems are attributed to this review and are not treated as a global material registry.

Framework Component And Electrochemical RoleAuthor-proposed

Conductive-MOF contribution to SC capacitance

The review maps metal sites to pseudocapacitance, conjugated porous ligands to double-layer behaviour, and their coexistence to hybrid capacitance.

Categories: Metal nodes as redox sites · Organic framework as porous/conjugated double-layer host · Mixed behaviour when both mechanisms operate

772 · 3

Material-Design LeverAuthor-proposed

Design strategy for conductive MOF supercapacitors

Figure 2 and Section 3 organise conductive-MOF SC design around morphology, metal/linker composition, electrode/electrolyte interface and composite construction.

Categories: Microstructure · Active site · Surface interface · Nanocomposite

772 · 3 · Figure 2

Transport Pathway

Conductive MOF charge transport modes

Conductive MOFs are interpreted using semiconductor-like mechanisms where carriers move by hopping, spatial transfer between donor/acceptor sites, or delocalised transport through bonds/bands.

Categories: Hopping charge transport · Through-space charge transport · Through-bond or band transport

771 · 2.2 · Figure 1

Electrode ArchitectureAuthor-proposed

Morphology and dimensionality motifs

Morphology is presented as a route to alter ion diffusion length, accessible surface area, active-site exposure, electronic pathways and mechanical buffering.

Categories: Pore-size and surface-area tuning · One-dimensional nanowire or nanotube arrays · Two-dimensional pi-conjugated frameworks · Three-dimensional hierarchical or hollow nanostructures

773 · 3.1 · Figures 3-4

Charge-Storage Mechanism

Supercapacitor storage mechanisms

The review organises SC behaviour by whether charge is stored through interfacial double layers, redox/ion-layer pseudocapacitance, or combined electrode mechanisms.

Categories: Electric double-layer capacitance · Faradaic pseudocapacitance · Hybrid capacitance

770 · 1

Material families

Review-defined families retain their representative materials and conduction descriptions.

Two-dimensional pi-conjugated conductive MOFs

2D Layered Frameworks And 1D Arrays Built From Conductive MOF Units

Layered frameworks with extended two-dimensional pi conjugation and graphene-like structures.

Conduction: Electron delocalisation is favoured by extended pi-conjugated sheets or conductive MOF nanowires, giving high electronic conductivity relative to conventional MOFs.

Representative materials: Ni3(HITP)2 · Cu-CAT NWAs

Nodes / linkers: Ni · Cu · Hexaaminotriphenylene-type ligands · Catecholate-type ligands

772 · 3.1 · Figure 4

Cobalt-based MOFs for pseudocapacitive electrodes

Porous Crystalline Frameworks With Pore Dimensions Tuned By Ligand Length

Co-based MOFs whose pore dimensions, electrolyte compatibility and metal redox activity are linked to SC behaviour.

Conduction: Co redox activity contributes pseudocapacitive behaviour, while pore structure and electrolyte wetting modulate ion access.

Representative materials: Co-BDC · Co-NDC · Co-BPDC · Co-MOF-71 · Co8-MOF-5

Nodes / linkers: Co · Dicarboxylates · Polyethylene glycol · Benzendicarboxylate

772 · 3.1 · Table 1

Conductive-MOF composites with carbon or conducting polymers

Composite Films, Carbon Cloth Electrodes And Particle Networks

Electrodes where conductive MOF particles are bridged or interwoven with carbon materials or conducting polymers.

Conduction: Conductive additives can bridge discrete MOF particles and create electron pathways, but excessive composite formation can reduce accessible surface area or increase ion diffusion resistance.

Representative materials: PANI-ZIF-67-CC · PPy/Zn-Ni-MOF · MIL-100(Fe)/carbon · Co-MOF/reduced graphene oxide

Nodes / linkers: Co · Zn/Ni · Fe · ZIF imidazolate frameworks · Pyrrole-derived polymer composites · Carboxylate MOF composites

776 · 3.4 · Figure 8

Nickel-based MOFs and doped Ni-MOFs

Layered, One-Dimensional And Pillared Frameworks

Ni-centred MOFs, including pillared and Zn-doped variants, used to increase active redox sites and capacitance.

Conduction: Ni sites supply electrochemical activity; ligand functionalisation and Zn doping affect stability, spacing and charge transfer.

Representative materials: Ni-MOF-24 · Ni-DMOF-ADC · Zn-doped Ni-MOF · 1D Ni-MOF

Nodes / linkers: Ni · Zn/Ni · p-Benzenedicarboxylic acid · Anthracenedicarboxylic acid · DABCO-pillared carboxylates

774 · 3.2 · Table 1

Proton-conductive MOFs

2D And 3D Proton-Conducting Frameworks

MOFs designed to conduct protons through hydrogen-bond networks, cation incorporation or defect-assisted proton carriers.

Conduction: Hydrogen-bond networks, proton carriers and framework defects improve proton conductivity, but this is contextual rather than direct SC electrode evidence.

Representative materials: [Cu2(Htzehp)2(4,4'-bipy)]·3H2O · (NH4)2(adp)-[Zn2(ox)3]·3H2O · Defective UiO-66

Nodes / linkers: Cu · Zn · Zr · Oxalate/adipate systems · Bipyridine-containing systems · Carboxylate ligands

771 · 2.1

Zr-based UiO and nanocrystalline MOFs

Three-Dimensional Zr-O SBU Frameworks And Nanocrystalline Films

Zr(IV) MOFs, especially UiO-66 family and nMOF-867, valued for thermal/solvent stability and nanocrystalline electrode forms.

Conduction: Stability is attributed to strong Zr-O bonding and SBU-based frameworks; capacitance depends on particle size, porosity and interfacial access.

Representative materials: UiO-66 · HP-UiO-66 · nMOF-867 · Amorphous UiO-66

Nodes / linkers: Zr · Terephthalic acid · 2,2'-bipyridine-5,5'-dicarboxylate

774 · 3.2 · Figure 5

Synthesis strategies

Review-level synthesis principles remain separate from primary-study recipes.

Tune centre metals and dopants as active sites

Use electrochemically active transition-metal centres or mixed-metal/doped MOFs to increase redox-active sites and pseudocapacitance.

Claimed effects: Metal nodes provide redox sites and can raise pseudocapacitive contribution.

Controlling variables: Metal centre · Metal valence · Mixed-metal composition · Ligand coordination environment

Representative materials: MIL-100(Fe) · Co-MOF · Ni-MOF-24 · Zn-doped Ni-MOF

Caveat: The review explicitly states that further adjustment of activity and Faradaic pseudocapacitance remains unresolved.

774 · 3.2

Bridge MOFs with carbon materials or conducting polymers

Connect discrete conductive-MOF particles through carbon cloth, graphene, carbon black, CNTs, PANI or PPy to improve macroscopic charge pathways and device integration.

Claimed effects: Improves electron transport, mechanical flexibility and solid-state device feasibility.

Controlling variables: Composite partner · Polymer loading · Carbon support · MOF-polymer interfacial contact · Ion diffusion resistance

Representative materials: PANI-ZIF-67-CC · PPy/Zn-Ni-MOF · MIL-100(Fe)/carbon · Co-MOF/rGO

Caveat: Composite formation can reduce effective MOF surface area, lower porosity/stability or increase ion diffusion resistance.

776 · 3.4

Use conjugated ligands and redox-active metal nodes

Select aromatic or pi-conjugated linkers, first/second-row transition metals, redox-active ligands or heterobimetallic structures so charge can move through metal nodes and organic ligands.

Claimed effects: Improves electronic or proton conduction and enables redox/pseudocapacitive behaviour.

Controlling variables: Metal identity · Ligand conjugation · Redox activity · Metal-linker orbital overlap

Representative materials: Cu[Ni(Pdt)2] · MET-1 to MET-6 · Ni3(HITP)2

Caveat: The review notes that most MOFs remain poor conductors because organic ligands are insulating and orbital overlap is often weak.

771 · 2.1

Optimise reaction interface and electrolyte compatibility

Modify metal-site coordination, ligand functionality, hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity, electrolyte identity or electrode format to improve wetting, ion transport and cycling stability.

Claimed effects: Enhances interface stability, electron/charge transfer and practical SC behaviour.

Controlling variables: Electrolyte composition · Metal-site ligands · Ligand functionalisation · Electrode film architecture · Water stability

Representative materials: Ni-DMOF-ADC · Co-MOF in LiOH · nMOF-867 coin-type SC · STAM-17-OEt

Caveat: Electrode/electrolyte non-wetting can suppress capacitance; aqueous stability remains a major issue.

776 · 3.3 · Figure 7

Control pore dimensions, particle size and hierarchical morphology

Tune ligand length, synthesis conditions, templates or hierarchical structures to balance pore access, surface area, diffusion paths and active-site exposure.

Claimed effects: Can improve ion diffusion, capacitance, rate capability and cycling behaviour.

Controlling variables: Ligand length · Pore-size distribution · Particle size · Template pressure or reaction conditions · Mesopore/macropore fraction

Representative materials: Co-BDC/Co-NDC/Co-BPDC · UiO-66 · Zn-doped Ni-MOF · Mesoporous Co-MOF nanospheres

Caveat: Micropores smaller than ion/solvation dimensions can limit electrolyte access.

772 · 3.1

Engineer proton carriers, hydrogen-bond networks and defects

Introduce cations, water/proton carriers, ion substitution or monocarboxylate-induced defects to tune proton conductivity.

Claimed effects: Can increase proton conductivity by improving carrier concentration and mobility.

Controlling variables: Hydrogen-bond network continuity · Cation identity · Defect concentration · Humidity and temperature

Representative materials: (NH4)2(adp)-[Zn2(ox)3]·3H2O · K2(adp)-[Zn2(ox)3]·3H2O · Defective UiO-66

Caveat: These are proton-conduction examples, not direct proof of SC electrode performance.

771 · 2.1

Review claims

These are the review authors’ synthesis, not newly measured results.

Author InterpretationMedium supportMaterial Comparison

Planar 2D conductive MOFs with extended pi conjugation are presented as among the most conductive framework structures.

Evidence basis: single_reference

Caveat: The review also notes that many 2D conductive MOFs still lack sufficient conductivity or mechanical/chemical stability.

772 · 3.1 · Figure 4

SpeculativeMedium supportApplication Relevance

Amorphous MOFs may show useful ion-storage behaviour because gate-opening and unusual spatial structure can enhance electrochemical activity.

Evidence basis: multi_reference

Caveat: The review frames this as an emerging direction needing deeper study.

777 · 3.5

Consensus SummaryHigh supportTransport Mechanism

Conductive MOF charge transport can be understood through hopping, through-space transfer and through-bond/band transport.

Evidence basis: single_reference

Caveat: Mechanistic classification is general and not specific to all supercapacitor conditions.

771 · 2.2 · Figure 1

Author InterpretationMedium supportControversy

Composite electrodes can improve charge transport and flexibility, but may reduce effective MOF surface area, porosity or stability and can increase ion diffusion resistance.

Evidence basis: multi_reference

Caveat: This is a design tradeoff rather than a settled quantitative rule.

776 · 3.4

Author InterpretationMedium supportSynthesis Strategy

Aromatic or pi-conjugated organic linkers are presented as a key route to improve conductive MOF conductivity.

Evidence basis: multi_reference

Caveat: The review does not standardise conductivity measurement conditions across examples.

771 · 2.1

DescriptiveMedium supportMeasurement Interpretation

Electrolyte choice can determine whether a MOF electrode exhibits pseudocapacitive behaviour and acceptable capacitance.

Evidence basis: multi_reference

Caveat: The examples are material-specific and should not be generalised without primary-paper checks.

776 · 3.3

Author InterpretationHigh supportCaveat

Many studies applying conductive MOFs to SCs do not measure or study intrinsic conductivity, leaving the field immature.

Evidence basis: review_reasoning

Caveat: This is an explicit review-level limitation and not tied to one primary study.

778 · 4

DescriptiveHigh supportMeasurement Interpretation

The review treats CV, GCD and EIS, plus capacitance, energy density and power density, as the conventional metrics for judging conductive-MOF SC electrodes.

Evidence basis: review_reasoning

Caveat: The review does not discuss cross-paper normalisation problems in depth.

772 · 3

Author InterpretationMedium supportStructure Property Link

For conductive MOF electrodes, metal sites mainly provide Faradaic redox/pseudocapacitance while the porous conjugated organic framework contributes double-layer behaviour.

Evidence basis: review_reasoning

Caveat: This is the review authors' synthesis of the SC mechanism rather than a single directly cited primary result.

772 · 3

Consensus SummaryMedium supportCaveat

MOFs dominated by micropores below about 2 nm may restrict electrolyte-ion diffusion and limit supercapacitor use.

Evidence basis: single_reference

Caveat: The citation is used for hierarchical-pore MOFs rather than conductive-MOF SC performance directly.

772 · 3.1

Consensus SummaryHigh supportCaveat

Most MOFs are intrinsically poor electronic conductors because organic ligands are insulating and their pi orbitals overlap weakly with metal d orbitals.

Evidence basis: single_reference

Caveat: The review uses this as background for conductive MOF design, not as new evidence.

770 · 2.1

Author InterpretationMedium supportStructure Property Link

Porous electrode architectures can buffer volume change, shorten ion diffusion paths and expose more electrochemically active sites.

Evidence basis: review_reasoning

Caveat: The claim is a design rationale; primary examples differ in electrolyte, loading and device architecture.

772 · 3.1

DescriptiveMedium supportTransport Mechanism

Redox-active organic ligands and open-shell metal centres can delocalise charge through conjugation, with self-exchange between redox centres coupled to counter-ion motion.

Evidence basis: single_reference

Caveat: The review presents this as a conceptual transport pathway rather than a quantified SC measurement.

771 · 2.2

Author InterpretationHigh supportCaveat

Poor stability is a major challenge for conductive MOFs as SC electrodes.

Evidence basis: multi_reference

Caveat: The review discusses both intrinsic material stability and electrode/electrolyte interface stability.

774 · 3.2

DescriptiveMedium supportStructure Property Link

Fe, Co, Ni, Cu and Mn are attractive centre metals because they are electrochemically active, abundant and comparatively low-cost.

Evidence basis: review_reasoning

Caveat: Abundance and cost do not by themselves establish high device performance.

774 · 3.2 · Table 1

Secondary benchmarks

Every row remains visibly secondary and links to a primary dossier only where the mapping is verified.

Material	Property	Reported value	Context and quality	Primary evidence	Review source
SecondaryAmorphous UiO-66	Specific capacitance	920 F·g−1 at 10 mV·s−1; crystalline UiO-66 comparator 452 F·g−1	10 mV·s−1; amorphous UiO-66 compared with crystalline UiO-66 Text · Exact Reported	No verified corpus mapping	777 · 3.5
SecondaryMesoporous Co-MOF nanospheres	Specific capacitance and cycling retention	230.5 F·g−1 at 0.5 A·g−1; 95.2% retention after 10^3 cycles	Co-MOF nanospheres prepared in ionic liquid using supercritical CO2 template Text · Exact Reported	No verified corpus mapping	774 · 3.1
SecondaryCo-BDC	Specific capacitance	131.8 F·g−1	Review Table 1; supercapacitor electrode benchmark Table · Exact Reported	No verified corpus mapping	775 · 3.2 · Table 1
SecondaryCo-BPDC	Energy and power density	31.4 Wh·kg−1; 5640 W·kg−1	Review Table 1; Co-MOF with 4,4-biphenyldicarboxylic acid ligand Table · Exact Reported	No verified corpus mapping	775 · 3.2 · Table 1
SecondaryCo-MOF	Specific capacitance	150-200 F·g−1 in 1 mol·L−1 LiOH; capacitance decreased only 1.5% after 10^3 cycles	1 mol·L−1 LiOH electrolyte Text · Range	No verified corpus mapping	774 · 3.2
SecondaryCu-CAT NWAs	Areal capacitance	≈22 μF·cm−2; about 2 times carbon fibre sheet comparator	MOF nanowire arrays grown on carbon fibre paper Text · Approximate	research_0026	772 · 3.1 · Figure 3
SecondaryNi3(HITP)2	Electrical conductivity	>5000 S·m−1	Review-reported framework conductivity for layered 2D Ni3(HITP)2 Text · Approximate	No verified corpus mapping	772 · 3.1 · Figure 4
SecondaryNi3(HITP)2	Specific capacitance and cycling retention	111 F·g−1 at 0.05 A·g−1; >90% retention after 10^4 cycles	Pressed powder assembled directly into symmetric two-electrode SC; 0.05 A·g−1 Text · Exact Reported	No verified corpus mapping	772 · 3.1 · Figure 4
SecondaryNi-MOF-24	Specific capacitance	1127 F·g−1 at 0.5 A·g−1	Layered Ni-based MOF using p-benzenedicarboxylic acid ligand; 0.5 A·g−1 Text · Exact Reported	No verified corpus mapping	774 · 3.2 · Table 1
SecondaryNi-DMOF-ADC	Cycling stability	2% capacitance loss after 1.6×10^4 cycles	ADC ligand; Ni-DMOF asymmetric SC cycle test Text · Exact Reported	No verified corpus mapping	775 · 3.3 · Figure 6
SecondarynMOF-867	Areal capacitance	5.085 mF·cm−2 areal	Nanocrystalline MOF electrode in SC device; review Table 1/Figure 5 Table · Exact Reported	No verified corpus mapping	775 · 3.2 · Table 1
SecondaryPPy-coated Zn/Ni-MOF	Specific capacitance and cycling retention	160.1 F·g−1 at 1 A·g−1; 78.8% retention after 5×10^3 cycles	PPy/Zn-Ni-MOF composite electrode; 1 A·g−1 Text · Exact Reported	No verified corpus mapping	776 · 3.4
SecondaryZr-MOFs / UiO-66	Specific capacitance	1144 F·g−1 at 5 mV·s−1	Largest surface area (1047 m2·g−1) and smallest particle size (~100 nm); 5 mV·s−1 Text · Exact Reported	No verified corpus mapping	772 · 3.1
SecondaryZn-doped Ni-MOF	Specific capacity	237.4 mA·h·g−1 at 1 A·g−1; 88% retention after 4×10^3 cycles	Battery-type supercapacitor electrode; 1 A·g−1 Text · Exact Reported	No verified corpus mapping	773 · 3.1
SecondaryZn-doped Ni-MOF	Specific capacitance	1620 F·g−1 at 0.25 A·g−1	Zn(II)-doped Ni-based MOF; 0.25 A·g−1 Text · Exact Reported	No verified corpus mapping	774 · 3.2 · Table 1

Research gaps

Open questions are presented as review-author priorities, not conclusions from the primary database.

Maturity and commercialisation

Medium

Although performance has been reported, the field is immature and far from commercial application.

Proposed direction: Develop deeper, more systematic studies before claims of industrial readiness.

778 · 4

Composite electrode optimisation

Medium

Effective combination of MOFs with conductive additives remains a key research issue because composites can improve charge transport but reduce surface area or porosity.

Proposed direction: Optimise additive amount and interfacial connectivity to balance electron transport with ion diffusion.

776 · 3.4

Intrinsic conductivity

High

The review states that intrinsic electronic conductivity remains a central research focus and is often not measured in SC studies.

Proposed direction: Measure and improve intrinsic electronic conductivity using active inorganic sites and conjugated pi ligands.

778 · 4

Crystalline, amorphous and liquid MOFs

Medium

The influence of conductive-MOF crystalline state, including amorphous and liquid forms, on capacitance remains underexplored.

Proposed direction: Study how crystal, amorphous and liquid MOF structures affect ion storage and electrochemical activity.

778 · 4

Pore/electrolyte matching

High

The mechanism by which conductive MOFs interact with electrolytes or electrolyte ions is unclear.

Proposed direction: Clarify how pore-size distribution, solid-liquid or solid-solid contact, and electrolyte identity control accessible area and pore utilisation.

778 · 4

Chemical, thermal and cycling stability

High

Chemical stability is described as a shortcoming of both conductive MOFs and MOFs more generally.

Proposed direction: Prioritise stability in electrolytes during charge/discharge and relate stability to cycle life and application range.

778 · 4

Cited-study map

Mappings show which printed review references have a verified counterpart in the frozen primary corpus.

Show 28 cited-study records

Reference	Study	Role and context	Corpus mapping
Ref. 152012	Conductive metal-organic frameworks and networks: fact or fantasy?	conductivity_context · caveatUsed to support the statement that most MOFs are poor conductors and to frame conductive MOFs as a special subset.	Unmapped
Ref. 162010	Conductivity, doping, and redox chemistry of a microporous dithiolene-based metal-organic framework	conductivity_example · redox_mofExample of an intrinsically conducting porous p-type semiconductor MOF operating through redox chemistry.	research_0203
Ref. 172012	Porous, conductive metal-triazolates and their structural elucidation by the charge-flipping method	conductivity_example · metal_triazolateUsed as an Fe(II)-containing conductive MOF example with ohmic conductivity.	research_0325
Ref. 192009	Rational designs for highly proton-conductive metal-organic frameworks	proton_conductivity · hydrogen_bond_networkExample of introducing proton carriers into a layered oxalate-bridged framework.	research_0220
Ref. 202014	Proton conductivity control by ion substitution in a highly proton-conductive metal–organic framework	proton_conductivity · ion_substitutionUsed for cation substitution control of MOF proton conductivity.	Unmapped
Ref. 212015	Defect control to enhance proton conductivity in a metal–organic framework	defect_engineering · proton_conductivitySupports defect generation as a route to enhance proton conductivity in Zr-MOFs.	Unmapped
Ref. 222018	Conductive two-dimensional metal-organic frameworks as multifunctional materials	transport_mechanism · 2d_conductive_mofsSource for the review's charge-transport taxonomy in conductive MOFs.	research_0050
Ref. 242018	The role of redox hopping in metal-organic framework electrocatalysis	redox_hopping · transport_mechanismUsed by the review to explain charge transfer via redox-centre self-exchange coupled to counter-ion motion.	Unmapped
Ref. 252013	Supercapacitive property of metal–organic-frameworks with different pore dimensions and morphology	pore_dimension · supercapacitor_benchmarkUsed for Co-MOF pore-size/ligand-length examples and Table 1 benchmarks.	Unmapped
Ref. 262015	An in situ self-assembly template strategy for the preparation of hierarchical-pore metal-organic frameworks	hierarchical_pores · ion_accessSupports the caveat that mostly microporous MOFs can restrict electrolyte-ion diffusion.	Unmapped
Ref. 282015	Facile synthesis and supercapacitive properties of Zr-metal organic frameworks (UiO-66)	morphology_control · supercapacitor_benchmarkUsed for the review's claim that surface area and particle size affect capacitance.	Unmapped
Ref. 292017	Conductive metal-organic framework nanowire array electrodes for high-performance solid-state supercapacitors	solid_state_supercapacitor · nanowire_arrayExample of MOF-based one-dimensional nanowire arrays grown on carbon fibre paper.	research_0026
Ref. 302017	Conductive MOF electrodes for stable supercapacitors with high areal capacitance	2d_conductive_mof · supercapacitor_benchmarkKey example of a 2D conductive MOF used directly as a stable supercapacitor electrode.	Unmapped
Ref. 322018	Microwave-assisted synthesis of honeycomblike hierarchical spherical Zn-doped Ni-MOF as a high-performance battery-type supercapacitor electrode material	hierarchical_structure · doped_mofUsed for hierarchical spherical Zn-doped Ni-MOF morphology and capacity benchmark.	Unmapped
Ref. 342015	Dual template effect of supercritical CO2 in ionic liquid to fabricate a highly mesoporous cobalt metal-organic framework	template_synthesis · mesoporous_mofUsed for supercritical CO2 template control of mesoporous Co-MOF nanospheres.	Unmapped
Ref. 352014	A hybrid supercapacitor based on porous carbon and the metal-organic framework MIL-100(Fe)	fe_mof · composite_caveatUsed for Fe-MOF active-site discussion and as a cautionary example where carbon dominated capacitance after cycling.	Unmapped
Ref. 362012	Unusual energy storage and charge retention in Co-based metal–organic-frameworks	co_mof · electrolyte_effectUsed for Co-MOF capacitance in LiOH and electrolyte-dependent pseudocapacitive behaviour.	Unmapped
Ref. 392014	Metal–organic frameworks: a new promising class of material for high performances supercapacitor electrode	ni_mof · supercapacitor_benchmarkUsed for a high-capacitance layered Ni-MOF benchmark.	Unmapped
Ref. 412016	Nickel-based pillared MOFs for high-performance supercapacitors: design, synthesis and stability study	stability · ligand_functionalisationUsed for ADC ligand functionalisation improving cycling stability and preserving interface stability.	Unmapped
Ref. 442014	Supercapacitors of nanocrystalline metal-organic frameworks	nanocrystalline_mof · device_architectureUsed for nMOF-867 and coin-type nanocrystalline MOF SC device examples.	Unmapped
Ref. 452014	Zn-doped Ni-MOF material with a high supercapacitive performance	doped_mof · supercapacitor_benchmarkUsed for high-capacitance Zn(II)-doped Ni-MOF benchmark.	Unmapped
Ref. 462012	Co8-MOF-5 as electrode for supercapacitors	electrolyte_effect · low_capacitance_caveatUsed as an example where non-aqueous electrolyte and poor interfacial wetting may cause low capacitance.	Unmapped
Ref. 522015	Flexible solid-state supercapacitor based on a metal–organic framework interwoven by electrochemically-deposited PANI	composite_electrode · flexible_solid_state_deviceUsed for conductive-polymer interweaving of ZIF-67 crystals on carbon cloth for flexible solid-state SCs.	Unmapped
Ref. 532017	Bimetal–organic framework assisted polymerization of pyrrole involving air oxidant to prepare composite electrodes for portable energy storage	conducting_polymer_composite · tradeoffUsed for PPy-coated Zn/Ni-MOF composite performance and the conductivity/ion-diffusion tradeoff.	Unmapped
Ref. 552014	Amorphous metal-organic frameworks	amorphous_mof · outlookBackground for amorphous MOFs and their potential gate-opening behaviour.	Unmapped
Ref. 562018	Facile synthesis of amorphous UiO-66 (Zr-MOF) for supercapacitor application	amorphous_mof · supercapacitor_benchmarkUsed for amorphous UiO-66 as a supercapacitor benchmark compared with crystalline UiO-66.	Unmapped
Ref. 572018	Hydrolytic stability in hemilabile metal–organic frameworks	hydrolytic_stability · outlookUsed for water-stable MOF strategy and as a reference point for non-crystalline/liquid MOF outlook.	Unmapped
Ref. 632017	Liquid metal–organic frameworks	liquid_mof · outlookCited in the outlook for pore/electrolyte matching and broader non-crystalline MOF structure questions.	Unmapped