Electrochemistry Application — Soft Electrochemical Actuators with a Two-Dimensional Conductive Metal-Organic Framework Nanowire Array

7 measurement groups · 25 results

Reported values remain attached to the sample, method, conditions, extraction quality and source location that produced them.

square-wave voltage actuation with laser displacement sensing

Ni-CAT NWAs/CNF based electrochemical actuator · Electrode

Actuator driven in ambient laboratory air at 35 +/- 5% RH; square-wave AC voltages, typical 20 mm free length; displacement measured by Keyence laser sensor with 10 ms interval.

Atmosphere: ambient laboratory atmosphere; 35 +/- 5% relative humidity
Geometry: 3 mm x 25 mm x 80 um strip, 20 mm free length
Context: Composite actuator device.
Measurement source: p008 / SI p.S5 · Performance evaluation of actuator · Figure 5; Figures S19-S22

Property	Reported value	Normalised value	Uncertainty	Origin and quality	Source
displacement retained at 10 Hz	0.4 mm at 10 Hz	—	—	Text Exact Reported	p005 / article p.4021 · Construction and Performance Evaluation · Figure 5a,b; Figure S21
broad-band frequency response rangeMarked as a best value within this paper	0.1-20 Hz under +/-3 V	—	—	Text Range	p005 / article p.4021 · Construction and Performance Evaluation · Figure 5a
maximum peak-to-peak displacementMarked as a best value within this paper	12.1 mm at 0.1 Hz under +/-3 V	—	—	Text Exact Reported	p004 / article p.4020 · Construction and Performance Evaluation · Figure 5b
actuation nearly lost threshold	almost lost above 20 Hz	—	—	Text Approximate	p005 / article p.4021 · Construction and Performance Evaluation · Figures S19-S21
actuator strain at 0.1 HzMarked as a best value within this paper	0.36% at 0.1 Hz under +/-3 V	—	—	Text Exact Reported	p005 / article p.4021 · Construction and Performance Evaluation · Figure 5d; Table S1
strain retained at 10 Hz	0.016% at 10 Hz	—	—	Text Exact Reported	p005 / article p.4021 · Construction and Performance Evaluation · Figure 5d
Table S1 current-work applied frequency	0.1 Hz	—	—	SI Table Exact Reported	p021 / SI p.S18 · Table S1 · Table S1
Table S1 current-work voltage input	3 V	—	—	SI Table Exact Reported	p021 / SI p.S18 · Table S1 · Table S1

blocking force and electromechanical transduction efficiency

Ni-CAT NWAs/CNF based electrochemical actuator · Electrode

Blocking force measured by loading cell; efficiency calculated from strain, frequency, volume, voltage and current.

Atmosphere: ambient laboratory atmosphere
Geometry: actuator tip loading-cell measurement
Context: Composite actuator device.
Measurement source: p008 / SI p.S5 · Performance evaluation of actuator

Property	Reported value	Normalised value	Uncertainty	Origin and quality	Source
blocking force at actuator tipMarked as a best value within this paper	1.45 mN under AC input voltage of 3 V at 0.1 Hz	—	—	Text Exact Reported	p005 / article p.4021 · Construction and Performance Evaluation
energy transduction efficiencyMarked as a best value within this paper	2.78%	—	—	Text Exact Reported	p005 / article p.4021 · Construction and Performance Evaluation

CV of assembled ionic actuator

Voltammetry

Ni-CAT NWAs/CNF based electrochemical actuator · Electrode

Assembled actuator CV at scan rates 5-150 mV s^-1 over -3 to +3 V.

Geometry: bimorph actuator with gel electrolyte between two Ni-CAT NWAs/CNF electrodes
Context: Composite actuator device.
Measurement source: p004 / article p.4020 · Construction and Performance Evaluation · Figure 4c; Figure S17

Property	Reported value	Normalised value	Uncertainty	Origin and quality	Source
assembled actuator areal capacitance	35.5 mF cm^-2 at 5 mV s^-1	—	—	Text Exact Reported	p004 / article p.4020 · Construction and Performance Evaluation · Figure 4c; Figure S17

long-term square-wave cycling

Ni-CAT NWAs/CNF based electrochemical actuator · Electrode

Continuous operation in air at alternating square-wave voltages of +/-2 V and 1 Hz.

Atmosphere: air
Geometry: bimorph actuator strip
Context: Composite actuator device.
Measurement source: p005 / article p.4021 · Construction and Performance Evaluation · Figure 5e

Property	Reported value	Normalised value	Uncertainty	Origin and quality	Source
cycling lifeMarked as a best value within this paper	over 10000 cycles with negligible degradation	—	—	Text Approximate	p005 / article p.4021 · Construction and Performance Evaluation · Figure 5e

DC voltage step response

Ni-CAT NWAs/CNF based electrochemical actuator · Electrode

Time-based bending response under 3 V DC input.

Atmosphere: air
Geometry: bimorph actuator strip
Context: Composite actuator device.
Measurement source: p005 / article p.4021 · Construction and Performance Evaluation · Figure S23

Property	Reported value	Normalised value	Uncertainty	Origin and quality	Source
3 V DC equilibrium bending angle	43 deg	—	—	Text Exact Reported	p005 / article p.4021 · Construction and Performance Evaluation · Figure S23
3 V DC response timeMarked as a best value within this paper	approximately 19 s to reach equilibrium bending angle of 43 deg	—	—	Text Approximate	p005 / article p.4021 · Construction and Performance Evaluation · Figure S23
3 V DC response speedMarked as a best value within this paper	approximately 0.5 mm/s	—	—	Text Approximate	p005 / article p.4021 · Construction and Performance Evaluation · Figure S23

electrochemical impedance spectroscopy

Impedance spectroscopy

core-shell Ni-CAT NWAs/CNF electrode · Electrode

EIS in 3 M KCl from 100 kHz to 0.01 Hz at open-circuit potential under AC 10 mV perturbation.

Atmosphere: aqueous 3 M KCl
Geometry: three-electrode cell
Context: Composite electrode compared with Ni-CAT powder electrode.
Measurement source: p007 / SI p.S4 · Standard three-electrode cell assembly and electrochemical measurements · Figure 3d; Figure S16

Property	Reported value	Normalised value	Uncertainty	Origin and quality	Source
Ni-CAT NWAs/CNF charge-transfer resistanceMarked as a best value within this paper	RCT = 7.4 ohm	—	—	Text Exact Reported	p004 / article p.4020 · Electrochemical performance · Figure 3d
Ni-CAT powder charge-transfer resistance	RCT = 14.9 ohm	—	—	Text Exact Reported	p004 / article p.4020 · Electrochemical performance · Figure 3d
Ni-CAT NWAs/CNF equivalent series resistanceMarked as a best value within this paper	RS = 4.9 ohm	—	—	Text Exact Reported	p004 / article p.4020 · Electrochemical performance · Figure 3d
Ni-CAT powder equivalent series resistance	RS = 9.4 ohm	—	—	Text Exact Reported	p004 / article p.4020 · Electrochemical performance · Figure 3d

three-electrode CV and GCD

Voltammetry Galvanostatic cycling

core-shell Ni-CAT NWAs/CNF electrode · Electrode

Ni-CAT NWAs/CNF working electrode in 3 M KCl; Ag/AgCl reference and Pt counter; CV from -0.4 to 0.5 V at 5-150 mV s^-1; GCD 0-0.5 V at different current densities.

Atmosphere: aqueous 3 M KCl
Geometry: freestanding electrode attached to platinum plate current collector; no conductive additives or binders
Context: Composite electrode tested against electrochemical storage metrics.
Measurement source: p006-p007 / SI p.S3-S4 · Standard three-electrode cell assembly and electrochemical measurements · Figure 3; Figures S11-S15

Property	Reported value	Normalised value	Uncertainty	Origin and quality	Source
CV areal capacitance of Ni-CAT NWAs/CNF electrode	40.5 mF cm^-2 at 5 mV s^-1	—	—	Text Exact Reported	p003 / article p.4019 · Electrochemical performance · Figure 3a; Figure S12
GCD areal capacitance at 0.1 mA cm^-2Marked as a best value within this paper	48.5 mF cm^-2 at 0.1 mA cm^-2	—	—	Text Exact Reported	p003 / article p.4019 · Electrochemical performance · Figure S13
GCD areal capacitance at 0.2 mA cm^-2	42.1 mF cm^-2 at 0.2 mA cm^-2	—	—	Text Exact Reported	p003 / article p.4019 · Electrochemical performance · Figure S13
GCD areal capacitance at 0.5 mA cm^-2	33.9 mF cm^-2 at 0.5 mA cm^-2	—	—	Text Exact Reported	p003 / article p.4019 · Electrochemical performance · Figure S13
GCD areal capacitance at 1 mA cm^-2	25.8 mF cm^-2 at 1 mA cm^-2	—	—	Text Exact Reported	p003 / article p.4019 · Electrochemical performance · Figure S13
GCD areal capacitance at 2 mA cm^-2	13.6 mF cm^-2 at 2 mA cm^-2	—	—	Text Exact Reported	p003 / article p.4019 · Electrochemical performance · Figure S13