2.1. HER
3-5Surveys Ni dithiolene, THT, bis(aminothiolato), HITP/HATN and related 2D-cMOF HER examples, stressing exposed metal sites, ligand coordination and intrinsic electron transfer.
Relevance: Supporting · 4 · 2.1. HER · Figs. 2-3
Review · secondary evidenceReview
Conductive MOFs for electrocatalysis and electrochemical sensor
Kang-Kai Liu, Zheng Meng, Yu Fang, and Hai-Long Jiang · eScience · 2023
7review sections
9material families
18review claims
22secondary benchmarks
32cited studies
10research gaps
Review scope
Review representative two-dimensional conductive MOFs for electrochemical catalysis and small-molecule electrochemical sensing, with emphasis on how pi-conjugated frameworks, metal nodes, active sites, morphology, and dimensionality influence charge transfer and electrochemical performance.
- Coverage
- 2012–2023
- Category
- Review Transport Physics
- Material scope
- two-dimensional conductive metal-organic frameworks · pi-conjugated MOFs based on dithiolene, catecholate, phthalocyanine, HAB, HITP, HHTP, HATN, and BHT linkers · selected three-dimensional conductive MOFs and zero-dimensional porous coordination cages as outlook comparators
- Transport scope
- extended pi-conjugation · pi-pi stacked through-space transport · metal-ligand orbital matching · electron delocalisation domains · interfacial charge transfer during redox electrocatalysis · conductivity as a determinant of sensor signal and catalytic activity
- Application scope
- HER · OER · ORR · CO2 reduction · nitrogen reduction · neurochemical sensing · hydrogen peroxide sensing · nitrite sensing
- Explicit exclusions
- full synthetic recipes · exhaustive electrocatalysis bibliography · primary-data replacement for catalytic or sensing benchmarks · non-conductive MOF applications outside electrochemistry
- Source
- 1 · Abstract
- Evidence role
- Context, taxonomy and secondary benchmarking
Section map
The review’s argument is preserved as a navigable set of section summaries.
1. Introduction
1-3Motivates electrochemical energy conversion and sensing, defines 2D-cMOFs as conductive layered MOFs, and links conductivity to extended metal-ligand pi conjugation and layer stacking.
Relevance: Core · 3 · 1. Introduction · Fig. 1; Table 1
2.2. OER
5-6Covers nickel phthalocyanine, NiPc-NiFe and Co-HAB OER examples, highlighting electron modulation, bimetallic interactions, pi-d conjugation and morphology effects.
Relevance: Supporting · 6 · 2.2. OER · Figs. 4-5
2.3. ORR
6-7Discusses Ni3(HITP)2 and catecholate bimetallic 2D-cMOFs for ORR, using the comparison to frame active-site ambiguity and bimetallic active-site distribution.
Relevance: Supporting · 7 · 2.3. ORR · Fig. 6
2.4. Other reduction reactions
7-8Reviews CO2 reduction and nitrogen reduction as emerging conductive-MOF electrocatalysis cases, with attention to Cu-O4 selectivity, mixed products and NRR stability.
Relevance: Supporting · 7 · 2.4. Other reduction reactions · Fig. 7
4. Summary and outlook
9-12Synthesises advantages and limitations, explicitly calling for ligand expansion, crystallinity-defect control, mixed metals, conductivity-activity correlations, sensor selectivity, mechanism elucidation, and exploration beyond 2D frameworks.
Relevance: Core · 10 · 4. Summary and outlook · Scheme 1
3. Electrochemical sensors
8-10Organises conductive-MOF sensor examples around neurochemicals, H2O2 and nitrite, relating conductivity, surface chemistry, probe type and morphology to analytical response.
Relevance: Core · 8 · 3. Electrochemical sensors · Figs. 8-10
Taxonomies
Classification systems are attributed to this review and are not treated as a global material registry.
Electrochemical Use CaseAuthor-proposed
Electrocatalysis and sensing application classes
The introduction groups conductive-MOF electrochemical systems into energy conversion reactions, greenhouse-gas or nitrogen conversion, and electrochemical sensing of pollutants, drugs and small molecules.
Categories: water-splitting reactions · CO2 and N2 reduction · small-molecule detection
2 · 1. Introduction
Organic Core And Donor Atom Chemistry
Conjugated linker families
The review repeatedly differentiates conductive 2D frameworks by their redox non-innocent ligand families and their donor atoms, because these determine orbital matching, active-site identity and pi-conjugation.
Categories: HXTP/HXB-type conjugated nuclei · dithiolene and thiolate linkers · HITP/HHTP catecholate or imine families · phthalocyanine linkers · HAB and HATN nitrogen-rich linkers
3 · 1. Introduction · Fig. 1; Table 1
Framework DimensionalityAuthor-proposed
Dimensional extension beyond 2D-cMOFs
The outlook argues that 2D frameworks offer excellent conductivity but limited active-centre exposure, while 3D structures and 0D PCCs may expose more sites, suppress aggregation or permit molecular-level tuning.
Categories: 2D conductive MOFs · 3D conductive MOFs · 0D porous coordination cages
10 · 4. Summary and outlook · Scheme 1
Electrocatalytic ReactionAuthor-proposed
Catalytic reaction families
The review structures catalytic examples around hydrogen evolution, oxygen evolution, oxygen reduction, CO2 reduction and nitrogen reduction, using Table 1 as a compact material-reaction map.
Categories: HER · OER · ORR · CRR · NRR
3 · 1. Introduction · Table 1
Electrochemical Sensing TargetAuthor-proposed
Sensor probe and analyte classes
The sensor section separates inorganic probes used to evaluate electron transfer from target analytes such as dopamine, ascorbic acid, uric acid, serotonin, H2O2 and nitrite.
Categories: inorganic inner-domain probes · outer-domain probes · neurochemicals · medical H2O2 · environmental nitrite
8 · 3.1. Neurochemical · Fig. 8
Electronic-Structure PathwayAuthor-proposed
Origin of conductivity in 2D-cMOFs
The review explains conductivity through covalent metal-ligand conjugation combined with stacked two-dimensional layers; it lists oxidisable catecholates, local radical delocalisation, metal-frontier orbital matching and coplanar geometry as contributors.
Categories: extended pi-conjugated metal-ligand frameworks · pi-pi stacked layers · radical delocalisation within linkers · metal frontier orbital matching · coplanar linker geometry
3 · 1. Introduction
Material families
Review-defined families retain their representative materials and conduction descriptions.
2D conductive metal-organic frameworks
2D LayeredLayered MOFs with stacked conjugated sheets and redox-active metal-ligand networks that support high electrical conductivity and electrochemical redox events.
Conduction: Conductivity is attributed to extended pi-conjugation, pi-pi stacking and metal-ligand orbital overlap within ordered sheets.
Representative materials: Ni3(HITP)2 · Ni3(HHTP)2 · Cu3(HHTP)2 · Co3(HHTP)2
Nodes / linkers: Ni · Cu · Co · HITP · HHTP · HXTP · HXB
3 · 1. Introduction · Fig. 1
Catecholate CAT/HHTP ORR frameworks
2D Conductive MOFNi, Co and bimetallic catecholate conductive MOFs used to test ORR active-site and bimetallic composition effects.
Conduction: The review frames ORR performance through abundant nanopores, bimetallic active-site distribution and robust conductive frameworks.
Representative materials: Ni-CAT · Co-CAT · Co0.27Ni0.73-CAT
Nodes / linkers: Ni · Co · HHTP · catecholate
7 · 2.3. ORR · Fig. 6
Cu-BHT conductive thin films
Thin Film 2D-CMOFHighly conductive Cu-BHT films used as morphology-dependent H2O2 micro-biosensor platforms.
Conduction: The review emphasises high film conductivity, competent electron transfer and surface morphology or defect dependence.
Representative materials: Cu-BHT · Compound 20
Nodes / linkers: Cu · BHT
9 · 3.2. Medicine · Fig. 9
Cu-O4 conductive frameworks for CO2 reduction
2D Porous Framework ComparisonCu-based conductive frameworks with oxygen-coordinated Cu sites, contrasted with Cu-N4 porphyrin and phthalocyanine sites for CO2 reduction selectivity.
Conduction: The review links Cu-O4 coordination and good electrical conductivity with more favourable CRR-to-CH4 behaviour than Cu-N4 comparators.
Representative materials: Cu-DBC · Cu-HHTP · Cu-TTCOF · Cu-PPCOF
Nodes / linkers: Cu · 8OH-DBC · HHTP · porphyrin · phthalocyanine
7 · 2.4. Other reduction reactions · Fig. 7
HAB pi-d conjugated coordination polymers
2D NanosheetTwo-dimensional Co-HAB conductive nanosheets formed from hexaaminobenzene junctions and Co centres.
Conduction: Conductivity is described as arising from highly delocalised electrons and strong pi-d interaction between Co(II) and HAB.
Representative materials: Co-HAB · Co-HAB-NSs
Nodes / linkers: Co · hexaaminobenzene
6 · 2.2. OER · Fig. 5
HATN frameworks with extra metallic sites
2D NanosheetConductive HATN-based 2D MOF nanosheets designed with additional metal coordination sites beyond conventional M-N4 environments.
Conduction: Additional M1-N2-type sites are described as more unsaturated than conventional M2-N4 motifs and as improving HER active-site function.
Representative materials: Ni3(Ni3.HAHATN)2 · Ni3(Co3.HAHATN)2 · Ni3(Cu3.HAHATN)2 · Cu3(Cu3.HAHATN)2
Nodes / linkers: Ni · Co · Cu · HATN · HAHATN
4 · 2.1. HER · Fig. 3
Nickel dithiolene and thiolate nanosheets
2D NanosheetNi-based 2D coordination nanosheets built from BHT, THT or aminothiolato linkers, used as early conductive HER examples.
Conduction: Mixed-valence metallodithiolene or aminothiolato units provide delocalised electronic states, though conductivity varies strongly with band structure and coordination state.
Representative materials: Ni-BHT · Ni-THT · NiAT · NiIT
Nodes / linkers: Ni · benzene hexathiol · triphenylene hexathiol · aminothiolato ligands
4 · 2.1. HER · Fig. 2; Table 1
Nickel phthalocyanine conductive MOFs
2D Conductive MOFPhthalocyanine-based 2D conductive MOFs in which the NiPc linker can act both as a linking unit and an electrocatalytic active site.
Conduction: The review links OER activity to phthalocyanine active sites and to electronic modulation through Ni-O4/Fe-O4 or O4-N4 interactions.
Representative materials: NiPc-MOF · NiPc-NiFe0.09 · NiPc-Ni
Nodes / linkers: Ni · Fe · NiPc-NH2 · NiPc-OH
5 · 2.2. OER · Fig. 4
Porous coordination cages as 0D conductive-MOF analogues
0D Discrete CageDiscrete porous coordination cages proposed as top-down analogues of 3D-cMOFs with tunable cavities and redox species.
Conduction: Not established as a conductive MOF family in the review; proposed as a route to tune redox activity, cavity function and electrochemical performance.
Representative materials: 0D-PCC · porous coordination cage
Nodes / linkers: redox metal centres · metallomacrocycles · multinuclear metal complexes · molecular cages
11 · 4. Summary and outlook · Scheme 1
Synthesis strategies
Review-level synthesis principles remain separate from primary-study recipes.
Extend design from 2D frameworks to 3D frameworks and 0D PCCs
Use dimensionality as a design variable: 3D frameworks can expose more active sites and suppress aggregation, while 0D PCCs can tune cavities and redox centres at the molecular scale.
Claimed effects: The review proposes dimensional extension as a way to overcome limited active-centre exposure and weak interactions in some 2D-cMOFs.
Controlling variables: framework dimensionality · cavity size · redox species · active-site exposure · aggregation tendency
Representative materials: 3D-cMOFs · 0D-PCCs
Caveat: This is a forward-looking interpretation; the review says discrete porous materials for electrocatalysis are still rarely investigated.
11 · 4. Summary and outlook · Scheme 1
Drop-cast conductive-MOF electrode films
Disperse conductive 2D MOFs and cast them onto glassy carbon electrodes to compare voltammetric response to inorganic and neurochemical probes.
Claimed effects: Conductive MOF films improve cyclic stability and can separate neurochemical oxidation peaks by modifying surface electron-transfer kinetics.
Controlling variables: MOF identity · metal centre · probe charge and surface sensitivity · electrode surface · electrolyte window
Representative materials: Ni3(HITP)2 · Ni3(HHTP)2 · Cu3(HITP)2 · Cu3(HHTP)2
Caveat: The review emphasises probe and analyte selectivity as a remaining problem rather than a solved design rule.
9 · 3.1. Neurochemical · Fig. 8
Bimetallic and electronic-structure modulation
Tune metal-node combinations or replace one coordination environment with another to adjust electron density, active-site energetics and electrocatalytic response.
Claimed effects: Bimetallic frameworks are reported to enhance OER or ORR activity by electronic interaction and better distribution of active sites.
Controlling variables: metal ratio · Ni-O4 versus Fe-O4 sites · Co/Ni ratio · electrostatic interactions · redox-active metal centre
Representative materials: NiPc-NiFe0.09 · NiPc-Ni · Co0.27Ni0.73-CAT
Caveat: Mixed-metal effects are presented as promising but the outlook says intrinsic mixed-metal conductive MOFs remain insufficiently explored.
6 · 2.2. OER · Fig. 4
Design ligands with additional coordination sites
Introduce conjugated ligands that provide extra metal-binding sites beyond conventional M-N4 motifs to expose more active metal centres.
Claimed effects: Additional coordination sites are associated with improved active-site exposure and HER performance in HATN-based frameworks.
Controlling variables: ligand donor atoms · metal identity · coordination unsaturation · M1-N2 versus M2-N4 site fraction
Representative materials: Ni3(Ni3.HAHATN)2 · Ni3(Co3.HAHATN)2 · Ni3(Cu3.HAHATN)2
Caveat: The review relies on a small family of examples and DFT assignment of the main active centre.
4 · 2.1. HER · Fig. 3
Liquid-interface and interfacial nanosheet growth
Use liquid or water-organic interfaces to form pi-conjugated 2D coordination nanosheets and films with controlled thickness or lateral size.
Claimed effects: Interfacial methods enable nanosheet or film formation and substrate transfer; the review also notes lateral-size limitations in earlier work and later improvements.
Controlling variables: interface type · linker identity · metal salt · film thickness · substrate transfer
Representative materials: Ni-BHT · Ni-THT · Cu-BHT
Caveat: The review reports performance consequences but does not provide a general processing window or mechanistic growth model.
4 · 2.1. HER · Fig. 2
Morphology and surface-defect control
Modulate nanosheet, nanoparticle, film surface, or defect structure so that active sites and electron-transfer pathways at the electrode/electrolyte interface are better exposed.
Claimed effects: Surface morphology and defect populations are linked to OER activity and H2O2 sensing response.
Controlling variables: nanosheet thickness · particle aggregation · upper versus bottom film surface · crystal defects · active-site exposure
Representative materials: Co-HAB-NSs · Cu-BHT
Caveat: The outlook warns that crystallinity and defect concentration are difficult to tune simultaneously.
9 · 3.2. Medicine · Fig. 9
Review claims
These are the review authors’ synthesis, not newly measured results.
Author InterpretationHigh supportConsensus
In its outlook, the review summarises conductive MOF advantages as high surface area and dense metal nodes, efficient electron transfer, and tunable components for active-site electronic and adsorption modulation.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: The statement is a review synthesis, not a measurement from the review authors.
10 · 4. Summary and outlook
Author InterpretationHigh supportCaveat
The authors state that the field has not deeply explored the connection between conductivity and catalytic activity, requiring systematic sample series in defined systems.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: This is an explicit research gap from the review's outlook.
10 · 4. Summary and outlook
Author InterpretationHigh supportTransport Mechanism
The review attributes high conductivity in 2D-cMOFs to extended metal-ligand pi conjugation, local radical delocalisation, orbital matching between linkers and metal frontier orbitals, and coplanar stacked geometry.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: This is the review's conceptual synthesis, not a universal mechanism measured in every framework.
3 · 1. Introduction
Consensus SummaryHigh supportCaveat
The review presents CO2-to-CH4 selectivity as difficult because HER competition and multi-electron transfer complicate product selectivity and active-site assignment.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: This is a general electrocatalysis caveat rather than a conductive-MOF-only limitation.
7 · 2.4. Other reduction reactions
Author InterpretationMedium supportStructure Property Link
For Cu-BHT H2O2 sensors, the review interprets bottom-surface morphology and ts-Cu defects as important reactive features that improve sensing performance.
Evidence basis: single_reference
Caveat: Specific to upper-surface versus bottom-surface films in the cited micro-biosensor study.
9 · 3.2. Medicine · Fig. 9
Author InterpretationMedium supportStructure Property Link
Cu-O4 coordination in conductive porous frameworks is interpreted as more favourable for CRR-to-CH4 behaviour than Cu-N4 porphyrin or phthalocyanine comparators in the reviewed study.
Evidence basis: single_reference
Caveat: Specific to the comparison and reaction conditions reported in the cited primary paper.
7 · 2.4. Other reduction reactions · Fig. 7
SpeculativeMedium supportMaterial Comparison
The outlook argues that 2D-cMOFs have excellent conductivity from pi-conjugated stacking but may suffer from limited active-centre exposure and weak electronic interactions, motivating 3D and 0D alternatives.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: The proposed dimensional extension is forward-looking and not yet a settled design rule.
10 · 4. Summary and outlook · Scheme 1
Author InterpretationMedium supportStructure Property Link
HATN-derived frameworks are used to argue that extra metallic sites and higher unsaturation can improve electron transfer and HER activity relative to more conventional coordination motifs.
Evidence basis: single_reference
Caveat: The active-centre assignment is partly based on DFT in the cited primary study.
4 · 2.1. HER · Fig. 3
Author InterpretationMedium supportApplication Relevance
For HER, the review argues that transition-metal node components and pi-pi stacked 2D-cMOF structures give inherent electron-transfer advantages that can lower overpotential and improve catalytic activity.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: The comparison to noble metal catalysts is broad and should be checked in the primary studies before use.
4 · 2.1. HER
Author InterpretationMedium supportStructure Property Link
The review suggests that Ni-based 2D-cMOFs have slower electron-transfer kinetics than Cu-based 2D-cMOFs in the neurochemical sensor comparison, implying metal-centre control of voltammetric response.
Evidence basis: single_reference
Caveat: Derived from a selected set of 2D-cMOF electrode films and analytes.
9 · 3.1. Neurochemical · Fig. 8
Author InterpretationMedium supportCaveat
The review notes that M-N4 metal ions in some N-conjugated conductive MOFs may provide limited effective catalytic activity because the bonds remain in the original oxidation state during electrocatalysis.
Evidence basis: single_reference
Caveat: This is reported for the reviewed examples and should not be generalised without checking metal and ligand context.
4 · 2.1. HER
Author InterpretationMedium supportStructure Property Link
In phthalocyanine-based 2D-cMOFs, the review interprets Ni-O4/Fe-O4 and O4-N4 electronic interactions as a route for enhancing OER reactivity.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: The review reports DFT and electrochemical results but does not independently validate the mechanism.
6 · 2.2. OER · Fig. 4
Author InterpretationMedium supportMaterial Comparison
For ORR, the review summarises that controllable bimetallic structure and uniform active-site distribution are key features for high 2D-cMOF activity.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: The review also states that the active site in Ni3(HITP)2 remains unclear.
7 · 2.3. ORR
Author InterpretationMedium supportMeasurement Interpretation
For electrochemical sensing, the review links probe response to surface chemistry, stacking morphology and intrinsic conductivity, distinguishing surface-sensitive and surface-insensitive probes.
Evidence basis: single_reference
Caveat: The claim concerns electroanalytical response, not bulk conductivity alone.
8 · 3.1. Neurochemical · Fig. 8
Consensus SummaryMedium supportCaveat
Pyrolytic annealing can improve conductivity in MOF-derived composites, but the review stresses that it sacrifices specific surface area, crystallinity and sometimes aqueous compatibility.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: Claim applies to MOF-derived composites rather than pristine conductive MOFs.
3 · 1. Introduction
Author InterpretationMedium supportApplication Relevance
The review states that 2D-cMOF sensor advantages include one-step synthesis, modular ligand/metal control, exposed redox-active sites, and direct use as conductive working electrodes.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: This is an application-facing summary and may not hold for every device fabrication route.
8 · 3.1. Neurochemical
Author InterpretationMedium supportStructure Property Link
Because electrocatalysis occurs at the surface/interface, defects and coordinatively unsaturated sites in 2D-cMOFs are interpreted as routes to promote catalytic activity.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: The same outlook warns that maintaining crystallinity while controlling defects remains difficult.
3 · 1. Introduction
Author InterpretationHigh supportStructure Property Link
The topology of a 2D-cMOF is presented as an intrinsic determinant of electrochemical properties because pore size influences mass transfer and metal centres influence layer spacing, electron transfer and active-site utilisation.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: The review does not quantify a general pore-size or spacing law.
3 · 1. Introduction
Secondary benchmarks
Every row remains visibly secondary and links to a primary dossier only where the mapping is verified.
| Material | Property | Reported value | Context and quality | Primary evidence | Review source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SecondaryCo0.27Ni0.73-CAT (Compound 16) | ORR diffusion-limited current density | -5.68 mA cm^-2 at 0.0 V | ORR; bimetallic catecholate MOF comparison. Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 7 · 2.3. ORR · Fig. 6c |
| SecondaryCo3(HHTP)2 (Compound 15) | NRR Faradaic efficiency and NH3 yield | 3.34% FE at -0.40 V vs RHE; 22.14 ug h^-1 mg^-1 NH3 yield | Ambient NRR in 0.5 M LiClO4. Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 8 · 2.4. Other reduction reactions · Fig. 7c |
| SecondaryCo-HAB-NSs (Compound 12) | conductivity | 0.2 S cm^-1 | Ultrathin 2D-cMOF nanosheets using HAB junctions. Text · Exact Reported | research_0205 | 6 · 2.2. OER · Fig. 5 |
| SecondaryCo-HAB-NSs (Compound 12-NSs) | OER overpotential and Tafel slope | 310 mV overpotential; 56 mV dec^-1 Tafel slope | OER; nanosheet morphology compared with nanoparticles, sheets and bulk forms. Text · Exact Reported | research_0205 | 6 · 2.2. OER · Fig. 5 |
| SecondaryCompound 14 electrode | dopamine detection limit | 63 +/- 11 nM | Differential pulse voltammetry in 0.1 M PBS; mixture of neurochemicals. Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 9 · 3.1. Neurochemical · Fig. 8b |
| SecondaryCu-BHT (Compound 20) | conductivity | 2500 S cm^-1 | Review-reported conductivity for Compound 20, cited before H2O2 film sensor discussion. Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 9 · 3.2. Medicine |
| SecondaryCu-BHT (Compound 20) film | H2O2 detection range and LOD | 0.0005-0.4 mM range; 0.08 uM LOD | Compound 20 micro-biosensor; H2O2 response reached steady state in 4 s. Text · Range | research_0416 | 9 · 3.2. Medicine · Fig. 9 |
| SecondaryCu-BHT (Compound 20) film | H2O2 sensitivity | 257 uA mM^-1 cm^-2 | Compound 20 micro-biosensor H2O2 detection. Text · Exact Reported | research_0416 | 9 · 3.2. Medicine · Fig. 9 |
| SecondaryCu-DBC (Compound 17) | CO2-to-CH4 Faradaic efficiency | ~80% at -0.9 V vs RHE | CRR to methane at -0.9 V vs RHE. Text · Approximate | research_0757 | 7 · 2.4. Other reduction reactions · Fig. 7b |
| SecondaryCu-DBC (Compound 17) | CRR partial current density | -162.4 mA cm^-2 | CRR at -0.9 V vs RHE, associated with CH4 production. Text · Exact Reported | research_0757 | 7 · 2.4. Other reduction reactions · Fig. 7b |
| SecondaryNi3(Ni3.HAHATN)2 (Compound 5) | HER overpotential at 10 mA cm^-2 | 115 mV at 10 mA cm^-2 | HER; HATN nanosheets with extra metallic sites. Text · Exact Reported | research_0513 | 4 · 2.1. HER · Fig. 3 |
| SecondaryNi3(Ni3.HAHATN)2 (Compound 5) | HER Tafel slope | 45.6 mV dec^-1 | HER; HATN nanosheets with bidentate tertiary amine coordination. Text · Exact Reported | research_0513 | 4 · 2.1. HER · Fig. 3d |
| SecondaryNi3(HITP)2 (Compound 13) | conductivity | 40 S cm^-1 | Without post-synthesis treatment or modification; ORR film catalyst context. Text · Exact Reported | research_0003 | 6 · 2.3. ORR · Fig. 6 |
| SecondaryNi3(HITP)2 (Compound 13) | ORR onset potential | 0.82 V at j = -50 uA cm^-2 | O2 atmosphere; 120 nm films on glassy carbon rotating disk electrodes. Text · Exact Reported | research_0003 | 6 · 2.3. ORR · Fig. 6a |
| SecondaryNiAT (Compound 3) | HER Tafel slope | 128 mV dec^-1 | HER electrocatalysis in acidic conditions; after bis(aminothiolato)nickel nanosheet formation. Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 4 · 2.1. HER · Fig. 2d; Table 1 |
| SecondaryNi-BHT (Compound 1) | room-temperature conductivity | 0.15 S cm^-1 | Room temperature; reviewed as a Ni bis(dithiolene) HER-related nanosheet. Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 3 · 2.1. HER · Table 1 |
| SecondaryNiPc-MOF (Compound 9) | OER mass activity | 883.3 A g^-1 at 350 mV | OER at 350 mV overpotential. Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 6 · 2.2. OER · Fig. 4b |
| SecondaryNiPc-NiFe0.09 (Compound 10) | OER overpotential at 10 mA cm^-2 | 300 mV at 10 mA cm^-2 | OER; bimetallic NiPc-NiFex framework. Text · Exact Reported | research_0483 | 6 · 2.2. OER · Fig. 4d |
| SecondaryNiPc-NiFe0.09 (Compound 10) | OER turnover frequency | 1.943 s^-1 at eta = 300 mV | OER; eta = 300 mV. Text · Exact Reported | research_0483 | 6 · 2.2. OER · Fig. 4d |
| SecondaryNiPc-MOF (Compound 9) nanosheets | nitrite sensing linear range and LOD | 0.01-11500 mM linear range; 2.3 uM LOD | Nitrite sensing at 0.9 V in 0.1 M PBS with interfering species. Text · Range | No verified corpus mapping | 9 · 3.3. Pollutants · Fig. 10 |
| SecondaryNi-THT (Compound 2) | HER Tafel slope | 80.5 mV dec^-1 | HER; well-distributed exposed Ni-dithiolene fraction. Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 3 · 2.1. HER · Fig. 2b; Table 1 |
| SecondaryCompound 13, Compound 14, Compound 19, and Compound 18 films | 4-point probe conductivity range | 0.02-2 S m^-1 | Conductive MOF-based electrode films for electrochemical sensing. Text · Range | No verified corpus mapping | 8 · 3.1. Neurochemical · Fig. 8 |
Research gaps
Open questions are presented as review-author priorities, not conclusions from the primary database.
conductivity-activity correlation
HighThe authors state that existing studies have not deeply explored the connection between conductivity and catalytic activity.
Proposed direction: Investigate substantial numbers of samples within a given system to separate conductivity effects from active-site and morphology effects.
10 · 4. Summary and outlook
CRR product selectivity
HighCRR processes are complicated and usually generate broad product distributions, so product selectivity remains unresolved.
Proposed direction: Investigate electrocatalyst selectivity at the molecular level, especially active-site coordination effects.
10 · 4. Summary and outlook
crystallinity versus active defects
HighThe review identifies a tension between maintaining high crystallinity for conductivity and charge capacity and introducing defects that increase catalytic sites.
Proposed direction: Develop synthesis or modification methods that modulate crystallinity and precisely construct defects.
10 · 4. Summary and outlook
beyond 2D frameworks
MediumThe authors argue that the current dimension of conductive MOFs limits rational design and creativity.
Proposed direction: Explore 3D conductive MOFs and 0D porous coordination cages as high-performance candidates for electrocatalysis and sensors.
10 · 4. Summary and outlook · Scheme 1
ligand functional-group activity
MediumThe catalytic activity of specific functional groups in organic ligands is described as still limited.
Proposed direction: Study how functional groups in redox-active ligands alter adsorption, charge transfer and reaction steps.
10 · 4. Summary and outlook
ligand scope
MediumCurrent ligands for conductive MOF construction are described as limited to THT, HITP and related difficult-to-synthesise linkers.
Proposed direction: Apply affordable, commercially available ligands to broaden conductive-MOF use.
10 · 4. Summary and outlook
intrinsic mixed-metal conductive MOFs
MediumExisting studies mainly rely on one metal centre, while intrinsic mixed-metal conductive MOFs may show different or unpredictable effects.
Proposed direction: Design and compare mixed-metal conductive MOFs with controlled compositions and active-site environments.
10 · 4. Summary and outlook
mechanism elucidation
HighReaction mechanisms and correlations among probe type, material dimensionality, morphology, surface groups, heteroatom content and metal centres remain insufficiently understood.
Proposed direction: Use mechanistic electrochemistry and controlled material libraries to link probe/material variables to charge-transfer outcomes.
10 · 4. Summary and outlook
sensor selectivity and sensitivity
HighThe review states that conductive-MOF sensor selectivity has not been demonstrated deeply and correlations between conductivity, sensitivity and selectivity need to be addressed.
Proposed direction: Compare targets, interferents, probe classes and conductive-MOF families using matched electrode architectures.
10 · 4. Summary and outlook
structure-property relationship
HighThe review says current work rarely addresses the structure-property relationship in conductive MOFs for electrocatalysis and sensing.
Proposed direction: Use systematic materials series and mechanistic correlation to connect structure, conductivity, active sites and function.
1 · Abstract
Cited-study map
Mappings show which printed review references have a verified counterpart in the frozen primary corpus.
Show 32 cited-study records
| Reference | Study | Role and context | Corpus mapping |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ref. 202021 | Metal-organic frameworks-derived self-supported carbon-based composites for electrocatalytic water splitting | pyrolysis_tradeoff · backgroundCited where the review contrasts pyrolytic MOF-derived composites with pristine conductive MOFs. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 212021 | Atomically controllable in-situ electrochemical treatment of metal-organic-framework-derived cobalt-embedded carbon composites for highly efficient electrocatalytic oxygen evolution | pyrolysis_tradeoff · backgroundCited for disadvantages of pyrolytic approaches relative to conductive MOFs. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 222016 | Electrically conductive porous metal-organic frameworks | conductivity_background · transport_mechanismSupports the review's general statement that ordered 2D-cMOFs can show extremely high conductivity. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 232020 | Electrically conductive metal-organic frameworks | conductivity_background · review_contextCited as a general conductive-MOF background source for high conductivity and design context. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 242020 | Efficient and tunable one-dimensional charge transport in layered lanthanide metal-organic frameworks | charge_transport · geometryCited for the dependence of extended pi-systems on overall geometry and coplanar linkers. | research_0047 |
| Ref. 252021 | Chemically stable metal-organic frameworks: rational construction and application expansion | stability · structure_propertyCited in the topology and stability discussion for 2D-cMOF electrochemical properties. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 262021 | 2D Conductive metal-organic frameworks: an emerging platform for electrochemical energy storage | 2d_cmof_context · electrochemical_energyCited in relation to metal-centre effects on layer spacing, electron transfer and active-site utilisation. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 272022 | Tuning the reversible chemisorption of hydroxyl ions to promote the electrocatalysis on ultrathin metal-organic framework nanosheets | defects · surface_activityCited where the review links defects or unsaturated coordination sites to catalytic activity. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 282021 | Metal-organic frameworks for electrocatalysis: catalyst or precatalyst? | electrocatalysis_caveat · surface_activityCited in the surface/interface electrocatalysis discussion about defects and unsaturated sites. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 302013 | pi-conjugated nickel bis(dithiolene) complex nanosheet | HER · transport_benchmark · nickel_dithiolenePrimary source for the review's Compound 1 conductivity and early Ni bis(dithiolene) HER discussion. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 312015 | Large-area, free-standing, two-dimensional supramolecular polymer single-layer sheets for highly efficient electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution | HER · synthesis_strategy · benchmarkCited for large-area Ni-THT sheets with exposed Ni-dithiolene sites and HER Tafel benchmark. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 332017 | Bis(aminothiolato)nickel nanosheet as a redox switch for conductivity and an electrocatalyst for the hydrogen evolution reaction | HER · redox_switch · benchmarkCited for bis(aminothiolato)nickel redox-switch behaviour, conductivity change and HER benchmark. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 342014 | High electrical conductivity in Ni3(2,3,6,7,10,11-hexaiminotriphenylene)2, a semiconducting metal-organic graphene analogue | conductivity_benchmark · M-N4_caveatCited in the HER discussion on N-conjugated ligands and limitations of conventional M-N4 motifs. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 352020 | Conductive metal-organic frameworks with extra metallic sites as an efficient electrocatalyst for the hydrogen evolution reaction | HER · extra_metal_sites · benchmarkCited for HATN conductive frameworks with extra metallic sites and HER overpotential/Tafel benchmarks. | research_0513 |
| Ref. 382018 | A novel two-dimensional nickel phthalocyanine-based metal-organic framework for highly efficient water oxidation catalysis | OER · phthalocyanine · benchmarkCited for nickel phthalocyanine MOF OER activity and mass-activity benchmark. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 392021 | Two-dimensional conductive metal-organic frameworks with dual metal sites toward the electrochemical oxygen evolution reaction | OER · dual_metal_sites · benchmarkCited for dual-metal-site NiPc-NiFe OER performance and electronic-structure modulation. | research_0483 |
| Ref. 402021 | Structural and electronic modulation of conductive MOFs for efficient oxygen evolution reaction electrocatalysis | OER · electronic_modulationCited for O4-N4 electrostatic interactions and electronic modulation of OER activity. | research_0709 |
| Ref. 412020 | Ultrathin two-dimensional pi-d conjugated coordination polymer Co3(hexaaminobenzene)2 nanosheets for highly efficient oxygen evolution | OER · pi_d_conjugation · benchmarkCited for Co-HAB nanosheets, pi-d conjugation, conductivity and OER morphology benchmarks. | research_0205 |
| Ref. 432016 | Electrochemical oxygen reduction catalysed by Ni3(hexaiminotriphenylene)2 | ORR · conductivity_benchmark · benchmarkCited for Ni3(HITP)2 ORR conductivity, onset potential, Tafel slope and durability. | research_0003 |
| Ref. 462019 | Synthesis of bimetallic conductive 2D metal-organic framework (CoxNiy-CAT) and its mass production: enhanced electrochemical oxygen reduction activity | ORR · bimetallic · benchmarkCited for bimetallic catecholate MOFs, ORR activity and mass-production via ball milling. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 512018 | Highly active, durable ultrathin MoTe2 layers for the electroreduction of CO2 to CH4 | CRR_background · selectivity_challengeCited for the low CH4 selectivity challenge in CO2 reduction. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 522019 | Branched copper oxide nanoparticles induce highly selective ethylene production by electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction | CRR_background · active_site_challengeCited in the review's discussion of Cu-based CRR electrocatalysts and active-site confirmation difficulty. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 532021 | Coordination environment dependent selectivity of single-site-Cu enriched crystalline porous catalysts in CO2 reduction to CH4 | CRR · CuO4 · benchmarkCited for Cu-O4 coordination, CRR-to-CH4 Faradaic efficiency and partial current-density benchmarks. | research_0757 |
| Ref. 592020 | Co3(hexahydroxytriphenylene)2: a conductive metal-organic framework for ambient electrocatalytic N2 reduction to NH3 | NRR · benchmarkCited for ambient NRR performance of Co3(HHTP)2, including FE and NH3 yield. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 612016 | Wearable chemical sensors: present challenges and future prospects | sensor_background · device_contextCited where the review says conductive 2D-cMOFs can be used directly as working electrodes without extra modification. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 622020 | Employing conductive metal-organic frameworks for voltammetric detection of neurochemicals | neurochemical_sensor · conductivity_benchmark · benchmarkCited for 2D-cMOF electrode films, probe response, conductivity range and neurochemical detection benchmarks. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 632018 | Bulk electronic transport impacts on electron transfer at conducting polymer electrode-electrolyte interfaces | sensor_probe_context · charge_transferCited for inner-domain and outer-domain probe concepts used to interpret electrode-electrolyte electron transfer. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 662018 | Superconductivity in a copper(II)-based coordination polymer with perfect kagome structure | Cu_BHT · conductivity_benchmarkCited for the review-reported very high conductivity of Compound 20 before H2O2 sensor discussion. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 672021 | Electrically conductive metal-organic framework thin film-based on-chip micro-biosensor: a platform to unravel surface morphology-dependent biosensing | H2O2_sensor · thin_film_device · benchmarkCited for Compound 20 thin-film H2O2 micro-biosensor performance and morphology-dependent sensing. | research_0416 |
| Ref. 702021 | Two-dimensional conductive phthalocyanine-based metal-organic frameworks for electrochemical nitrite sensing | nitrite_sensor · pollutant_sensor · benchmarkCited for NiPc-MOF nitrite sensing range, LOD, selectivity and reproducibility. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 782021 | Homochiral dodecanuclear lanthanide "cage in cage" for enantioselective separation | PCC_outlook · dimensionalityCited as part of the outlook on porous coordination cages as 0D analogues for future electrochemical materials. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 832018 | Formation of a highly reactive cobalt nanocluster crystal within a highly negatively charged porous coordination cage | PCC_outlook · redox_centresCited in the outlook for redox-active PCC chemistry and potential future electrocatalytic materials. | Unmapped |