Application of Conductive MOF in Zinc-Based Batteries

6review sections

7material families

12review claims

23secondary benchmarks

20cited studies

6research gaps

Review scope

Review progress on conductive MOFs in zinc-based batteries, organising charge-transport mechanisms, synthesis routes, application examples in ZABs/ZIBs, and future challenges.

Coverage: 2009–2023
Category: Review Thin Film Device
Material scope: conductive metal-organic frameworks · 2D and 3D c-MOFs · HITP/HHTP and TTF/TTC-based frameworks · c-MOF composites and postprocessed c-MOFs
Transport scope: electron hopping transport · electron band transport · through-bond electron conduction · through-space electron conduction · through-guest electron conduction · Grotthuss proton conduction · vehicle proton conduction

Application scope: zinc-air batteries · zinc-ion batteries · Ni-Zn and Zn-Mn battery context · electrocatalyst and cathode roles
Explicit exclusions: primary experimental recipe extraction · non-zinc battery applications except background context · full bibliography transcription
Source: p. 2 · Introduction
Evidence role: Context, taxonomy and secondary benchmarking

Section map

The review’s argument is preserved as a navigable set of section summaries.

1. Introduction

pp. 1-2

Motivates zinc-based batteries and c-MOFs, contrasts MOF porosity with insulating pristine MOFs, and defines the review aim.

Relevance: Core · p. 2 · Introduction

2. Conductive Mechanism of c-MOFs

pp. 2-5

Organises c-MOF conduction into electron and proton mechanisms, including hopping/band transport and Grotthuss/vehicle proton transfer.

Relevance: Core · p. 2 · 2. Conductive Mechanism of c-MOFs

5. Conclusion and Outlook

pp. 12-13

Summarises mechanisms and synthesis categories, then lists limitations in design precision, mechanistic evidence, ligand diversity, testing scope and cost.

Relevance: Core · p. 12 · 5. Conclusion and Outlook

3. Synthesis of the c-MOFs

pp. 5-8

Classifies synthesis and modification strategies as solvothermal, interfacial synthesis, and post-treatment, with effects on morphology, structure, and conductivity.

Relevance: Core · p. 5 · 3. Synthesis of the c-MOFs

4.1. Zn-Air Batteries

pp. 9-10

Explains why c-MOFs are used as ZAB electrocatalysts and gives Ru-doped HHTP and Co-CAT/NiFe-LDH/CNF examples.

Relevance: Supporting · p. 9 · 4.1. Zn-Air Batteries

4.2. Zn-Ion Batteries

pp. 10-12

Covers ZIB, NZB and ZMB context and selected c-MOF cathode/electrode examples, including Cu-BTA-H, Ni-PTA-Mn, V-MOF-48@CNTF and Cu3(HHTP)2.

Relevance: Supporting · p. 10 · 4.2. Zn-Ion Batteries

Taxonomies

Classification systems are attributed to this review and are not treated as a global material registry.

Carrier TypeAuthor-proposed

Two charge-conduction domains

The review separates c-MOF conductivity into electron and proton components because both affect battery use.

Categories: electron conduction · proton conduction

p. 2 · 2. Conductive Mechanism of c-MOFs

Electronic Transport Physics

Electron transport mechanisms

Hopping is described as thermally activated local charge movement; band transport as delocalised carrier conduction with higher mobility.

Categories: hopping transport · band transport

p. 3 · 2.1.1. Mechanism of Electron Conduction · Figure 1a

Structural Route For Electron Transfer

Electron-conduction pathways

The review maps electron transfer in MOFs onto covalent metal-ligand overlap, noncovalent orbital/stacking interactions, and guest-mediated coupling.

Categories: through-bond · through-space · through-guest

p. 3 · 2.1.2. The Way of Electron Conduction

Proton Transfer Mechanism

Proton-conduction mechanisms

Grotthuss depends on hydrogen-bond network rearrangement; vehicle transport carries protons on mobile species and is concentration/diffusion dependent.

Categories: Grotthuss mechanism · vehicle mechanism

p. 3 · 2.2. Proton Conduction · Figure 1d

Synthesis Or Modification StrategyAuthor-proposed

c-MOF preparation routes

The review uses this as the main synthesis framework and discusses how each route controls morphology, structure and conductivity.

Categories: solvothermal method · interfacial method · postprocessing method

p. 5 · 3. Synthesis of the c-MOFs

Device/Application Class

Zn-based battery application classes

Applications are organised around ZABs and ZIBs, with NZBs and ZMBs treated as important ZIB subtypes.

Categories: Zn-air batteries · Zn-ion batteries · Ni-Zn batteries · Zn-Mn batteries

p. 9 · 4. Application of Conductive MOF in Zn-Based Batteries

Material families

Review-defined families retain their representative materials and conduction descriptions.

BTA/PTA c-MOF ZIB cathode materials

1D Rods And 2D Flower-Like Structures

One- and two-dimensional c-MOFs used as zinc-ion battery materials, emphasising pore structure, hydrophilicity and redox/ion transport.

Conduction: pi-d conjugation, hydrophilicity, hydrogen-bonded skeletons and guest anions are linked to Zn-ion diffusion and cycling stability.

Representative materials: Cu-BTA-H · Cu-BTA-L · Ni-BTA-H · Ni-PTA-Mn

Nodes / linkers: Cu · Ni · Mn · BTA · PTA · H2BDC-related structure

p. 10 · 4.2. Zn-Ion Batteries

3D c-MOF/conductive scaffold composites

3D Scaffolded Arrays Or Fibre Electrodes

c-MOFs grown on or combined with conductive scaffolds to create 3D electrode architectures.

Conduction: 3D morphology shortens ion diffusion pathways, maintains surface area and provides more active sites.

Representative materials: V-MOF-48@CNTF · Co-CAT/NiFe-LDH/CNFs

Nodes / linkers: V · Co · Ni · Fe · MOF-48 framework · catecholate-like Co-CAT

p. 11 · 4.2. Zn-Ion Batteries

Cu-CAT and quinone/catecholate c-MOFs

1D Nanowires, 2D Stacked Columns, 3D Composites

Copper catecholate or tetrahydroxybenzoquinone-derived frameworks used for porous rods, nanowires and ZAB composites.

Conduction: pi-conjugated networks and honeycomb/hexagonal pores improve conductivity and electrolyte-ion penetration.

Representative materials: Cu3(C6O6)2 · Cu-CAT nanowires · Co-CAT/NiFe-LDH/CNFs

Nodes / linkers: Cu · Co · THQ · catecholate-like linkers

p. 5 · 3.1. Solvothermal Method

Dithiolene pdt-based c-MOFs

2D Sheets Or Tetragonal Porous Frameworks

Cu/Ni pdt coordination frameworks used as examples of through-bond conduction and porous channels.

Conduction: Covalent metal-ligand overlap and redox-active dithiolene units support electron transfer.

Representative materials: Cu[Cu(pdt)2] · Cu[Ni(pdt)2]

Nodes / linkers: Cu · Ni · pdt dithiolene ligands

p. 3 · 2.1.2. The Way of Electron Conduction

HAB-based 2D c-MOFs

2D Honeycomb/Orthorhombic Pore Framework

Cu3(HAB)2-type 2D conductive MOFs improved by ligand post-treatment/defect healing.

Conduction: Defect healing preserves regular pores while sharply improving conductivity.

Representative materials: Cu3(HAB)2 · HAB-treated Cu3(HAB)2

Nodes / linkers: Cu · HAB

p. 8 · 3.3. Postprocessing Method · Figure 5f-i

HITP/HHTP hexagonal 2D c-MOFs

2D Sheets, Films, Or Stacked Porous Frameworks

Planar conjugated frameworks built from HITP or HHTP-type linkers and transition metals, often with hexagonal pores.

Conduction: d-p orbital hybridisation, pi conjugation and ordered pores enable charge transport and electrolyte access.

Representative materials: M3(HITP)2 · Ni3(HITP)2 · Mn3(HITP)2 · Co3(HITP)2 · Cu3(HHTP)2 · [Ni5.7Ru0.3(HHTP)3(H2O)x]n

Nodes / linkers: Ni · Co · Cu · Mn · Ru · HITP · HHTP

p. 5 · 3.1. Solvothermal Method

TTF/TTC-based c-MOFs

Mostly 3D Or Stacked Frameworks

Frameworks using tetrathiafulvalene-type ligands or guests for through-space, through-guest, and proton transport examples.

Conduction: TTF stacking and redox-active ligands provide orbital overlap; proton conduction depends on pore hydrophilicity and hydrogen bonding.

Representative materials: Zn2(TTFTB) · [(CH3)2NH2][In(m-TTFTB)] · [(CH3)2NH2][In(TTFOC)] · La_n(HTTFTB)_m

Nodes / linkers: Zn · In · La · TTFTB · TTFOC · HTTFTB

p. 3 · 2.1.2. The Way of Electron Conduction

Synthesis strategies

Review-level synthesis principles remain separate from primary-study recipes.

Composite/scaffold electrode construction

Load or grow c-MOFs on conductive or catalytic supports to form 3D battery electrodes.

Claimed effects: Improves electrocatalytic performance, active-site accessibility, ion diffusion and device stability.

Controlling variables: support material · MOF loading · nanorod/nanosheet array morphology · solid versus liquid electrolyte environment

Representative materials: Co-CAT/NiFe-LDH/CNFs · V-MOF-48@CNTF

Caveat: Review-level interpretation; primary papers remain needed for electrode fabrication and durability conditions.

p. 10 · 4.1. Zn-Air Batteries

d-p / pi-stacking design

Design c-MOFs around d-p orbital hybridisation, pi conjugation and pi-pi or S-S stacking to improve electronic transport.

Claimed effects: Enhances charge migration and electron delocalisation in 2D and 3D c-MOFs.

Controlling variables: metal orbital alignment · ligand conjugation · stacking distance · pi-pi overlap · topological structure

Representative materials: M3(HITP)2 · Zn2(TTFTB) · La_n(HTTFTB)_m · truxone-Cu MOF

Caveat: The review warns that d-p hybridisation is a benchmark but still leaves room for improved precision and ion/redox properties.

p. 12 · 5. Conclusion and Outlook

Interfacial synthesis

Growth at a two-phase interface to prepare nanowire arrays or multilayer films, especially liquid-liquid or gas-liquid routes for c-MOFs.

Claimed effects: Can produce ordered, crystalline films with controlled thickness, including Ni3(HITP)2 on quartz.

Controlling variables: interface type · solvent pair · gas-liquid versus liquid-liquid geometry · film direction · film thickness · surface roughness

Representative materials: Ni3(HITP)2 · truxone-Cu MOF

Caveat: Direction and thickness are difficult to adjust for liquid-liquid routes; gas-liquid films can have variable roughness.

p. 6 · 3.2. Interfacial Method

Postprocessing and defect repair

Post-synthetic treatment repairs defects, modifies morphology or stacks nanosheets while preserving framework integrity.

Claimed effects: Improves purity, morphological integrity and conductivity; HAB treatment increased Cu3(HAB)2 conductivity by more than 700-fold.

Controlling variables: post-treatment reagent · ligand deprotonation · solvent safety · metal/linker choice · defect density

Representative materials: Mn3(HITP)2 · Co3(HITP)2 · Cu3(HAB)2

Caveat: Some post-treatment solvents are dangerous and methods need further development.

p. 8 · 3.3. Postprocessing Method

Solvothermal synthesis

Closed-vessel reaction in organic or nonaqueous solvent under autogenous pressure, used to form c-MOF powders, rods, nanowires and stacked frameworks.

Claimed effects: Can tune composition, particle size, surface area, shape and dispersion, but conditions are sensitive and can be energy-intensive.

Controlling variables: precursor concentration · solvent choice · surfactant/polymer · temperature · reaction time · DMF/ethanol/water ratio

Representative materials: Cu[Cu(pdt)2] · M3(HITP)2 · Cu3(C6O6)2 · Cu-CAT nanowires

Caveat: The review notes sensitivity to conditions and that some reactions require high temperature and long time.

p. 5 · 3.1. Solvothermal Method

Review claims

These are the review authors’ synthesis, not newly measured results.

DescriptiveMedium supportTransport Mechanism

c-MOF electrical performance depends jointly on carrier density and mobility, with activation energy influencing charge density.

Evidence basis: review_reasoning

Caveat: The review does not standardise measurement protocols for comparing activation energies.

p. 2 · 2.1.1. Mechanism of Electron Conduction

Author InterpretationMedium supportCaveat

Expensive or rare ligand materials may limit commercial application of c-MOFs in zinc-based batteries.

Evidence basis: review_reasoning

Caveat: The review does not provide a cost model or comparative economic data.

p. 13 · 5. Conclusion and Outlook

Consensus SummaryHigh supportTransport Mechanism

Electron transfer in c-MOFs is interpreted mainly through hopping transport and band transport.

Evidence basis: multi_reference

Caveat: The framework is conceptual; assigning a mechanism to a material requires primary temperature-dependent transport evidence.

p. 3 · 2.1.1. Mechanism of Electron Conduction

Author InterpretationMedium supportSynthesis Strategy

Interfacial methods are positioned as important for crystalline c-MOF films and multilayers, with Ni3(HITP)2 used as a device-relevant film example.

Evidence basis: single_reference

Caveat: The review cautions that thickness, direction and roughness control remain immature.

p. 6 · 3.2. Interfacial Method

Author InterpretationHigh supportCaveat

The review explicitly states that many high-performance c-MOF battery papers provide characterisation and conjecture but few rigorous mechanistic explanations.

Evidence basis: review_reasoning

Caveat: This is a review-level critique, not a systematic meta-analysis.

p. 12 · 5. Conclusion and Outlook

DescriptiveHigh supportTransport Mechanism

The review’s electron-pathway taxonomy divides c-MOF conduction into through-bond, through-space and through-guest routes.

Evidence basis: multi_reference

Caveat: The categories are review framing and may coexist in real frameworks.

p. 3 · 2.1.2. The Way of Electron Conduction

Author InterpretationMedium supportSynthesis Strategy

Postprocessing can repair defects and improve electrochemical performance while maintaining nanosheet or pore integrity.

Evidence basis: multi_reference

Caveat: Some solvents used in post-treatment are dangerous.

p. 8 · 3.3. Postprocessing Method

Consensus SummaryHigh supportDefinition Scope

Pristine MOFs are usually electrically insulating because they lack free carriers and charge-transport pathways, motivating conductive MOF design.

Evidence basis: multi_reference

Caveat: The review states this as general background rather than a measurement from the review itself.

p. 1 · Introduction

Consensus SummaryHigh supportTransport Mechanism

Proton conduction in c-MOFs is framed by Grotthuss network hopping and vehicle-mediated carrier diffusion.

Evidence basis: multi_reference

Caveat: The review uses activation-energy thresholds heuristically; primary mechanistic validation remains needed.

p. 3 · 2.2. Proton Conduction

DescriptiveHigh supportSynthesis Strategy

Solvothermal synthesis is presented as convenient for controlling composition and particle properties, including surface area, size, shape and dispersion.

Evidence basis: multi_reference

Caveat: The review also flags sensitivity and energy consumption as limitations.

p. 5 · 3.1. Solvothermal Method

Consensus SummaryMedium supportApplication Relevance

For ZABs, treated c-MOFs are reviewed mainly as electrocatalysts that can improve ORR/OER-related performance relative to poorly conducting pristine MOFs.

Evidence basis: multi_reference

Caveat: The review reports device examples but does not resolve catalyst durability or standardisation across electrolytes.

p. 9 · 4.1. Zn-Air Batteries

Author InterpretationMedium supportStructure Property Link

For ZIBs, porous and controllable c-MOF morphology is linked to better ion transport, capacity and cycling stability.

Evidence basis: multi_reference

Caveat: Many performance mechanisms are inferred from morphology and electrochemical tests rather than proven directly.

p. 10 · 4.2. Zn-Ion Batteries

Secondary benchmarks

Every row remains visibly secondary and links to a primary dossier only where the mapping is verified.

Material	Property	Reported value	Context and quality	Primary evidence	Review source
SecondaryCo-CAT/NiFe-LDH/CNFs ZAB	liquid-electrolyte cycling stability	no significant loss after 56 h	liquid electrolyte; same current density as solid-electrolyte comparison Text · Exact Reported	No verified corpus mapping	p. 10 · 4.1. Zn-Air Batteries
SecondaryCo-CAT/NiFe-LDH/CNFs ZAB	power density	112.04 mW cm^-2 at 11 mA cm^-2	solid electrolyte; current density 11 mA cm^-2 Text · Exact Reported	No verified corpus mapping	p. 10 · 4.1. Zn-Air Batteries
SecondaryCu-BTA-H ZIB	capacity after cycling	106.1 mAh g^-1 after 500 cycles at 2.0 A g^-1	500 cycles; 2.0 A g^-1 Text · Exact Reported	research_0773	p. 10 · 4.2. Zn-Ion Batteries
SecondaryCu-BTA-H ZIB	reversible capacity	330 mAh g^-1 at 0.2 A g^-1	aqueous ZIB; current density 0.2 A g^-1 Text · Exact Reported	research_0773	p. 10 · 4.2. Zn-Ion Batteries
SecondaryCu3(HAB)2	conductivity increase after HAB treatment	more than 700 times of the original	ligand-based postprocessing/defect healing Text · Approximate	research_0788	p. 8 · 3.3. Postprocessing Method
SecondaryCu3(HHTP)2 ZIB	reversible capacity	228 mAh g^-1 at 50 mA g^-1	current density 50 mA g^-1 Text · Exact Reported	research_0188	p. 12 · 4.2. Zn-Ion Batteries
SecondaryCu3(HHTP)2 ZIB	capacity retention	75% after 500 cycles at 4000 mA g^-1	500 cycles; 4000 mA g^-1 Text · Exact Reported	research_0188	p. 12 · 4.2. Zn-Ion Batteries
SecondaryCu[Cu(pdt)2]	electrical conductivity	6 x 10^-4 S cm^-1 at 300 K	300 K; through-bond 2D sheet example Text · Exact Reported	research_0201	p. 3 · 2.1.2. The Way of Electron Conduction
SecondaryLa_n(HTTFTB)_m c-MOF series	average conductivity	5.4 x 10^-6 S cm^-1	highest of three La HTTFTB c-MOFs in review discussion Text · Exact Reported	No verified corpus mapping	p. 5 · 3.1. Solvothermal Method
SecondaryM3(HITP)2 (M = Co, Ni, Cu)	electrical conductivity	55.4 S cm^-1	alloyed 2D c-MOF series Text · Exact Reported	research_0041	p. 5 · 3.1. Solvothermal Method
Secondary[(CH3)2NH2][In(m-TTFTB)]	proton-conduction activation energy	0.59 eV	vehicle-mechanism interpretation Text · Exact Reported	No verified corpus mapping	p. 3 · 2.2. Proton Conduction
SecondaryNi3(HITP)2 film	film thickness	100 nm	interfacially formed black film on quartz Text · Exact Reported	No verified corpus mapping	p. 6 · 3.2. Interfacial Method
SecondaryNi3(HITP)2	long-range conductivity	up to 40 S cm^-1	ambient conditions; powder/polycrystalline structure described by review Text · Exact Reported	No verified corpus mapping	p. 6 · 3.2. Interfacial Method
SecondaryNi-PTA-Mn ZIB	cycling retention	93% discharge capacity after 100 cycles at 1 A g^-1	100 cycles; 1 A g^-1 Text · Exact Reported	No verified corpus mapping	p. 11 · 4.2. Zn-Ion Batteries
Secondarysolid-state ZABs with [Ni5.7Ru0.3(HHTP)3(H2O)x]n	cycling stability	more than 200 cycles	solid-state ZAB charge/discharge Text · Approximate	research_0796	p. 10 · 4.1. Zn-Air Batteries
Secondary[Ni5.7Ru0.3(HHTP)3(H2O)x]n	conductivity	0.05 S m^-1	Ru-doped c-MOF used in solid-state ZABs Text · Exact Reported	research_0796	p. 9 · 4.1. Zn-Air Batteries
Secondarytruxone-Cu MOF	energy gap	0.24 eV	Arrhenius fit for grain-boundary conductivity Text · Exact Reported	research_0209	p. 8 · 3.2. Interfacial Method
Secondarytruxone-Cu MOF	conductivity	4.0 mS cm^-1 at 30 C	30 C Text · Exact Reported	research_0209	p. 8 · 3.2. Interfacial Method
Secondary[(CH3)2NH2][In(TTFOC)]	proton-conduction activation energy	0.09 eV at 98% RH	98% RH; Grotthuss-mechanism interpretation Text · Exact Reported	No verified corpus mapping	p. 5 · 2.2. Proton Conduction
SecondaryV-MOF-48@CNTF fibre-shaped ZIB	energy density	17.47 mWh cm^-3 at 1.46 W cm^-3	power density 1.46 W cm^-3 Text · Exact Reported	No verified corpus mapping	p. 11 · 4.2. Zn-Ion Batteries
SecondaryV-MOF-48@CNTF fibre-shaped ZIB	capacity retention	more than 80% after 300 cycles at 2.0 A cm^-3	300 cycles; current density 2.0 A cm^-3 Text · Approximate	No verified corpus mapping	p. 12 · 4.2. Zn-Ion Batteries
SecondaryZn-HHTP-H2O	proton-conduction activation energy	about 0.52 eV at 95% RH	95% RH; vehicle-mechanism interpretation Text · Approximate	research_0039	p. 5 · 2.2. Proton Conduction
SecondaryZn-HHTP-urea	proton-conduction activation energy	0.38 eV	high RH; Grotthuss-mechanism interpretation Text · Exact Reported	research_0039	p. 5 · 2.2. Proton Conduction

Research gaps

Open questions are presented as review-author priorities, not conclusions from the primary database.

conductivity-only evaluation

High

Many investigations stop at c-MOF conductivity testing without further battery performance tests.

Proposed direction: Load c-MOFs into ZIBs, ZABs and related cells and compare capacity, cycling stability and other device metrics.

p. 13 · 5. Conclusion and Outlook

commercialisation cost

Medium

Expensive or rare ligands increase c-MOF cost and restrict commercial zinc-battery applications.

Proposed direction: Use inexpensive, available ligands and simple, resource-controlled processes.

p. 13 · 5. Conclusion and Outlook

2D c-MOF design precision

Medium

d-p orbital hybridisation is widely used as a benchmark design strategy, but 2D c-MOF structure and design precision still need development.

Proposed direction: Improve spatial structure design and extend optimisation beyond electron conduction.

p. 12 · 5. Conclusion and Outlook

electrochemical functions beyond electron transport

High

Many 2D c-MOFs are improved mainly for electron conduction, with less development of ion diffusion, redox promotion and Zn dendrite inhibition.

Proposed direction: Tune morphology, size and composite partners to enhance ion diffusion, redox capability and dendrite suppression.

p. 12 · 5. Conclusion and Outlook

limited ligand chemistry

Medium

Most c-MOFs use structurally similar ligands or similar composites, leaving promising inorganic or organic ligands underexplored.

Proposed direction: Investigate inorganic ligands such as amino groups and COF-inspired ligands with proton-transport capability.

p. 13 · 5. Conclusion and Outlook

weak mechanism evidence

High

The review criticises many c-MOF battery papers for conjectural mechanisms without reliable arguments.

Proposed direction: Use more precise characterisation, rigorous data and computational chemistry to support mechanisms.

p. 12 · 5. Conclusion and Outlook

Cited-study map

Mappings show which printed review references have a verified counterpart in the frozen primary corpus.

Show 20 cited-study records

Reference	Study	Role and context	Corpus mapping
Ref. 33c2021	Title unavailable	transport_mechanism · figure_sourceFigure source and review support for through-bond, through-space, Grotthuss and vehicle mechanism schematics.	Unmapped
Ref. 432009	Title unavailable	transport_benchmark · synthesis_exampleOriginal study used for the review example of through-bond conduction and early solvothermal c-MOF synthesis.	research_0201
Ref. 442020	Title unavailable	transport_mechanism · material_familyOriginal study used for through-space TTF stacking in a 3D c-MOF.	research_0136
Ref. 45c2019	Title unavailable	transport_benchmark · synthesis_exampleOriginal study used for lanthanide TTF-stack c-MOF topology and conductivity comparison.	Unmapped
Ref. 462014	Title unavailable	transport_mechanismOriginal study used for through-guest conduction via a TCNQ guest molecule.	research_0088
Ref. 502020	Title unavailable	proton_transport_benchmarkOriginal study used to contrast vehicle and Grotthuss proton-conduction mechanisms in TTF-based MOFs.	Unmapped
Ref. 512023	Title unavailable	proton_transport_benchmarkOriginal study used for water/urea-mediated proton conductivity in Zn-HHTP c-MOFs.	research_0039
Ref. 562020	Title unavailable	transport_benchmark · synthesis_exampleOriginal study used for alloyed 2D M3(HITP)2 c-MOFs and conductivity enhancement.	research_0041
Ref. 572022	Title unavailable	synthesis_example · structure_morphologyOriginal study used for a solvothermal Cu3(C6O6)2 morphology and stacking example.	Unmapped
Ref. 582019	Title unavailable	synthesis_example · structure_morphologyOriginal study used for 1D Cu-CAT nanowires made by solvothermal synthesis.	research_0046
Ref. 60b2021	Title unavailable	thin_film_benchmark · synthesis_exampleOriginal study used for an interfacially prepared Ni3(HITP)2 film on quartz.	Unmapped
Ref. 622021	Title unavailable	transport_benchmark · synthesis_exampleOriginal study used for a 2D interfacial truxone-Cu MOF with reported conductivity and gap.	research_0209
Ref. 65a2021	Title unavailable	postprocessing_exampleOriginal study used for postprocessed Mn/Co HITP c-MOF nanosheets.	research_0788
Ref. 65b2021	Title unavailable	postprocessing_benchmarkOriginal study used for ligand-based defect healing of Cu3(HAB)2 and conductivity enhancement.	research_0788
Ref. 782020	Title unavailable	zab_benchmarkOriginal study used for a Ru-doped HHTP c-MOF applied in all-solid ZABs.	research_0796
Ref. 792022	Title unavailable	zab_benchmark · composite_electrodeOriginal study used for a 3D c-MOF composite electrocatalyst in solid and liquid ZAB electrolytes.	Unmapped
Ref. 912023	Title unavailable	zib_benchmarkOriginal study used for Cu-BTA-H as a 1D c-MOF cathode in aqueous ZIBs.	research_0773
Ref. 922021	Title unavailable	zib_benchmarkOriginal study used for Ni-PTA-Mn as a 2D c-MOF ZIB material with structural stability.	Unmapped
Ref. 932019	Title unavailable	zib_benchmark · 3d_electrodeOriginal study used for fibre-shaped all-solid-state ZIBs based on V-MOF-48@CNTF.	Unmapped
Ref. 942019	Title unavailable	zib_benchmarkOriginal study used for Cu3(HHTP)2 as a 2D honeycomb c-MOF cathode in ZIBs.	research_0188