Jun-Hong Li, Yi-Sen Wang, Yu-Chuan Chen et al. · Applied Sciences · 2019
To review limitations, common issues, and mitigation strategies for using MOFs and MOF thin films in electrocatalytic applications, with emphasis on charge transport, electrolyte stability, and representative electrocatalysis and electroanalysis examples.
The review’s argument is preserved as a navigable set of section summaries.
Surveys secondary examples across HER, OER, ORR, CO2 reduction, and electroanalysis, focusing on how transport, active-site density, and stability influence performance.
Relevance: Supporting · 7 · 4. Recent Progress in Utilizing MOFs for Electrocatalysis and Relevant Applications
Reviews conductive MOF design via periodic pathways, pi-stacked layers, sulfur ligands, donor-acceptor units, conductive guests, polymers, and molecular bridges.
Relevance: Core · 4 · 2.2. Band Transport · Figure 3
Divides MOF charge-transport approaches into redox hopping and band/electrical transport, then describes both mechanisms and design strategies.
Relevance: Core · 3 · 2. Charge Transport in Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs)
Frames electrocatalytic MOF thin films as porous, high-site-density layers whose rates depend on active-site count, charge transport, active-site mobility, and counter-ion diffusion.
Relevance: Core · 1 · 1. Introduction
Concludes that MOF electrocatalysis remains emerging, performance is usually limited, and better conductive, porous, water-stable MOFs or nanocomposites are needed.
Relevance: Core · 12 · 5. Conclusions and Outlook
Explains how redox-active linkers or clusters can make insulating MOF films electrochemically addressable, while counter-ion diffusion and redox reversibility constrain operation.
Relevance: Core · 3 · 2.1. Redox Hopping · Figure 2
Identifies electrolyte stability as a second core requirement and warns that apparent activity can come from transformed MOF-derived hydroxides, oxides, or sulfides rather than crystalline MOFs.
Relevance: Core · 6 · 3. The Stability of Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) under Electrochemical Environments · Figure 4
Classification systems are attributed to this review and are not treated as a global material registry.
The review repeatedly warns that stable electrochemical performance may arise from transformed active phases, not the original crystalline framework.
Categories: intact crystalline MOF · surface-transformed MOF-derived hydroxide or oxide · fully transformed MOF-derived material
6 · 3. The Stability of Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) under Electrochemical Environments
The progress section is organised by target electrochemical reaction or sensing use case.
Categories: hydrogen evolution · oxygen evolution · oxygen reduction · CO2 reduction · electroanalysis
7-11 · 4. Recent Progress in Utilizing MOFs for Electrocatalysis and Relevant Applications
The band-transport section organises conductive MOF design around intrinsic periodic pathways and extrinsic conductive/charge-transfer components.
Categories: 2D pi-conjugation · 3D pi-stacked pathways · sulfur-containing ligands · donor-acceptor frameworks · guest-induced charge transfer · MOF-polymer composites · molecular bridges
4 · 2.2. Band Transport · Figure 3
The stability section distinguishes robust Zr/Hf frameworks, hydrophobic imidazolate frameworks, and pyrazolate frameworks as comparatively stable candidates for aqueous electrochemistry.
Categories: zirconium and hafnium carboxylate MOFs · ZIFs · pyrazolate-based MOFs
6 · 3. The Stability of Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) under Electrochemical Environments · Figure 4
The review explicitly classifies charge-transport strategies into redox hopping between repeating redox units and band/electrical transport through periodically constructed conducting pathways.
Categories: redox hopping · band transport
3 · 2. Charge Transport in Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs)
Review-defined families retain their representative materials and conduction descriptions.
Layered MOFs designed with conjugated linkers and metal nodes to support charge transport between or within 2D layers.
Conduction: Pi-conjugation and stacked layers provide periodic pathways for electronic transport.
Representative materials: Cu-HHTP · Ni3(HITP)2
Nodes / linkers: Cu · Ni · HHTP · HITP
4 · 2.2. Band Transport · Figure 3a
MOFs whose conductivity is enhanced by donor-acceptor interactions within the framework or between framework and guest molecules.
Conduction: Charge transfer between donors and acceptors is used to increase framework electrical conductivity.
Representative materials: Cu[Cu(pdt)2] · TCNQ@HKUST-1 · nickel bis(dicarbollide)@NU-1000 · fullerene@NU-901
Nodes / linkers: Cu · Zr · pyrazinedithiolate · BTC · pyrene-based linkers
5 · 2.2. Band Transport · Figure 3b-c
MOF materials combined with conducting polymers inside channels or as hybrid composites to improve charge transport.
Conduction: Conducting polymer phases provide extra electron-transport paths while preserving some MOF functionality.
Representative materials: PEDOT in porous coordination polymers · MOF-525-PEDOT nanotube composites · UiO-66-NH2-polyaniline composites
Nodes / linkers: Zr · various · porphyrinic linkers · aminoterephthalate linkers
5 · 2.2. Band Transport · Figure 3d
MOFs incorporating metalloporphyrin or free-base porphyrin linkers as catalytic or redox-active sites.
Conduction: Porphyrin centres provide catalytic/redox sites; charge transport often remains a limiting factor unless supplemented.
Representative materials: PCN-224 · PCN-223 · MOF-525 · MMPF-6(Fe)
Nodes / linkers: Zr · Al · Ni-porphyrin · Fe-porphyrin · Co-porphyrin · free-base porphyrin
8-11 · 4. Recent Progress in Utilizing MOFs for Electrocatalysis and Relevant Applications · Figures 6-8
MOFs containing redox-active linkers or metal clusters as repeating units that can undergo electron hopping under applied potential.
Conduction: Electrochemical addressability arises from redox hopping and counter-ion motion rather than intrinsic band conductivity.
Representative materials: zinc-based redox-active MOF thin films · NDI-based zinc MOF thin films · NU-901 · MOF-525
Nodes / linkers: Zn · Zr · redox-active organic linkers · naphthalene diimide · pyrene · porphyrin
3 · 2.1. Redox Hopping · Figure 2
Three-dimensional MOFs using tetrathiafulvalene-containing linkers arranged into columnar stacks.
Conduction: Columnar TTF stacks are described as facilitating charge movement through the framework.
Representative materials: zinc TTF-tetrabenzoate MOF
Nodes / linkers: Zn · tetrathiafulvalene tetrabenzoate
4 · 2.2. Band Transport
Nitrogen-containing framework families whose hydrophobic pores or pyrazolate coordination can support aqueous and alkaline stability.
Conduction: Stability rather than intrinsic conductivity is the main review emphasis; redox-active variants can support electrochemical use.
Representative materials: ZIF-8 · PCN-601 · PCN-602 · nickel pyrazolate MOFs
Nodes / linkers: Zn · Ni · imidazolate · pyrazolate · redox-active pyrazolate porphyrinic linkers
6 · 3. The Stability of Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) under Electrochemical Environments · Figure 4b
High-connectivity Zr/Hf MOFs noted for comparatively strong bonds and water stability.
Conduction: Generally not intrinsically conductive; electrochemical use often requires redox hopping, conductive guests, nanoparticles, or conductive supports.
Representative materials: UiO-66 · NU-1000 · MOF-525 · PCN-224 · PCN-223
Nodes / linkers: Zr · Hf · carboxylates · pyrene-based linkers · porphyrinic linkers
6 · 3. The Stability of Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) under Electrochemical Environments · Figure 4a
Review-level synthesis principles remain separate from primary-study recipes.
Combine MOF crystals with graphene nanoribbons, carbon nanotubes, macroporous carbon, or conducting polymers to improve charge collection in active thin films.
Claimed effects: Improves electrocatalytic or sensing performance while retaining some advantages of MOF porosity and tunable active sites.
Controlling variables: conductive additive connectivity · MOF-conductor contact · active-site accessibility · film morphology
Representative materials: MOF-525 on graphene nanoribbons · MOF-525-PEDOT nanotube composites · CNT-supported Hf porphyrinic MOFs
Caveat: The review treats this as an alternative approach because pristine MOF transport is often too slow.
12 · 5. Conclusions and Outlook
Introduce donor and acceptor units either in the framework or as guests to produce charge-transfer interactions that increase conductivity.
Claimed effects: Improves electrical conductivity and electrochemical performance while retaining some MOF porosity and active-site organisation.
Controlling variables: donor-acceptor energy alignment · guest loading · framework porosity · stability of host-guest assembly
Representative materials: Cu[Cu(pdt)2] · TCNQ@HKUST-1 · nickel bis(dicarbollide)@NU-1000 · fullerene@NU-901
Caveat: Guest approaches depend on stable incorporation and may not solve electrolyte stability or catalytic-site accessibility by themselves.
5 · 2.2. Band Transport · Figure 3b-c
Exploit robust porous frameworks to host sulfide nanoclusters, nanoparticles, or molecular catalysts while using mediators or supports to move charge.
Claimed effects: Can increase accessible active-site density and exploit MOF porosity for proton, ion, or reactant transport.
Controlling variables: active-site loading · site separation · mediator availability · substrate conductivity · framework stability
Representative materials: NiS on NU-1000 · Mo sulfide-functionalized NU-1000 · Cu nanoparticles in NU-1000
Caveat: Performance may derive from the installed catalyst rather than the framework itself, so chapter use should distinguish support effects from intrinsic MOF catalysis.
7 · 4.1. Hydrogen Evolution · Figure 5
Design conductive or semiconductive MOFs by building continuous electronic pathways across the bulk crystal rather than relying only on measured HOMO-LUMO gaps.
Claimed effects: Supports long-range charge-carrier movement in MOFs and helps reduce electronic transport penalties in thin-film electrocatalysis.
Controlling variables: linker conjugation · metal-linker orbital overlap · pi stacking · framework periodicity
Representative materials: Cu-HHTP · Ni3(HITP)2 · TTF-based MOF
Caveat: The review cautions that band gaps alone do not establish semiconductor-like behaviour because electrons are localised in most MOFs.
4 · 2.2. Band Transport
Polymerise conducting polymers in MOF channels or build continuous molecular bridges to render porous frameworks electronically conductive.
Claimed effects: Creates conductive composites or bridged frameworks that can support electrochemical and sensing applications.
Controlling variables: polymer location · pore filling · bridge continuity · retained porosity
Representative materials: PEDOT in porous coordination polymers · bridged NU-1000-type frameworks
Caveat: The strategy risks trading MOF porosity for conductivity if the added phase blocks pores or dominates the response.
5 · 2.2. Band Transport · Figure 3d
Use redox-active linkers or metal clusters as periodic framework units so that an applied potential and counter-ion motion can electrochemically address the film.
Claimed effects: Can make electrically insulating MOF thin films electrochemically active and addressable.
Controlling variables: redox potential alignment · spacing of redox sites · counter-ion diffusion · redox reversibility in electrolyte
Representative materials: NU-901 · NDI-based Zr-MOF thin films · MOF-525
Caveat: Hopping may cease if the redox reaction is irreversible in the electrolyte, and slow hopping can limit electrocatalytic rates.
3 · 2.1. Redox Hopping
Assess whether the crystalline MOF survives the relevant electrolyte and electrochemical conditions before attributing performance to the framework.
Claimed effects: Prevents misassignment of MOF-derived hydroxide, oxide, or sulfide activity to the intact crystalline MOF.
Controlling variables: electrolyte pH · coordinating anions · operation duration · surface versus bulk transformation
Representative materials: Co-MOF-71 · HKUST-1 · Basolite F300
Caveat: Stable electrochemical output alone is insufficient evidence of intact framework catalysis.
6 · 3. The Stability of Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) under Electrochemical Environments
Use Zr/Hf carboxylate frameworks, hydrophobic ZIFs, or pyrazolate frameworks when the electrocatalytic system requires aqueous or alkaline electrolyte compatibility.
Claimed effects: Improves the likelihood that the crystalline MOF survives water splitting, oxygen reduction, and electrochemical sensing conditions.
Controlling variables: metal-ligand bond strength · pore hydrophobicity · alkaline stability · phosphate compatibility
Representative materials: UiO-66 · ZIF-8 · PCN-601 · PCN-602
Caveat: Zr-MOFs can still struggle in strong base or concentrated phosphate solutions.
6 · 3. The Stability of Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) under Electrochemical Environments
These are the review authors’ synthesis, not newly measured results.
Experimentally measured MOF HOMO, LUMO, or band-gap values do not by themselves prove semiconductor-like long-range carrier transport.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: The review argues most MOFs should be treated as periodic molecular arrays unless periodic conducting pathways are demonstrated.
4 · 2.2. Band Transport
For CO2 reduction, catalysts must lower overpotential while suppressing competing proton reduction to hydrogen.
Evidence basis: single_reference
Caveat: The review lists product classes and representative MOF examples but does not rank selectivity across systems.
10 · 4.4. CO2 Reduction
By the review's 2019 assessment, electrochemically addressable MOFs had been shown in several electrocatalytic applications, but performance was generally limited and often far from state of the art.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: This is a 2019 review-level assessment and should be presented with that date boundary.
12 · 5. Conclusions and Outlook
Stable electrochemical performance from a MOF electrode can be misleading because the active phase may be an electrolyte-generated MOF-derived hydroxide, oxide, or sulfide.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: This distinction is critical for secondary extraction; values from transformed materials should not be presented as intrinsic crystalline MOF performance.
6 · 3. The Stability of Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) under Electrochemical Environments
MOFs are attractive electrocatalytic supports because regular porosity, high surface area, structural tunability, and periodic functionality can create dense accessible active-site arrays.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: High apparent site density is useful only if charge and ion transport plus stability are adequate.
2 · 1. Introduction
Stable MOF examples for oxygen evolution in strong alkaline media are relatively rare because many OER catalysts require alkaline electrolytes while few MOFs tolerate those conditions.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: Some reported OER systems may involve transformation to oxides or oxyhydroxides during operation.
8 · 4.2. Oxygen Evolution
For oxygen reduction, the number of electrons transferred is as important as overpotential and current density because a two-electron pathway produces unwanted peroxide.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: The review reports values from primary examples but does not independently validate mechanisms.
9 · 4.3. Oxygen Reduction
Redox-hopping charge transport may fail under electrochemical operation if the repeating redox units are not reversible in the chosen electrolyte.
Evidence basis: single_reference
Caveat: This is an interpretive caveat from the review, supported by examples where hopping was inefficient.
3 · 2.1. Redox Hopping
Redox hopping in MOFs requires spatially close redox-active sites with compatible redox potentials and counter-ion diffusion to maintain electroneutrality.
Evidence basis: single_reference
Caveat: Because rigid MOF redox sites cannot physically diffuse, hopping and counter-ion diffusion can become rate-limiting.
3 · 2.1. Redox Hopping
The review frames thin-film electrocatalytic rate as jointly controlled by active-site number, charge transport, active-site mobility where relevant, and counter-ion diffusivity.
Evidence basis: single_reference
Caveat: The claim is a review-level framing, not a new kinetic model tested by the review authors.
1 · 1. Introduction
Low conductivity or electrical insulation is presented as a main challenge for MOF electrocatalysts.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: Conductivity requirements depend on film thickness and geometry; the review later notes extremely high conductivity may not always be necessary for thin films.
2 · 1. Introduction
For aqueous electrocatalysis applications such as water splitting, oxygen reduction, and most electrochemical sensing, water-stable MOFs are necessary.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: The review notes that even stable Zr-MOFs can be vulnerable in strong base or phosphate-rich media.
6 · 3. The Stability of Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) under Electrochemical Environments
Every row remains visibly secondary and links to a primary dossier only where the mapping is verified.
| Material | Property | Reported value | Context and quality | Primary evidence | Review source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SecondaryMOFs | reported BET specific surface area upper range | more than 7000 m2/g | General MOF literature cited by the review; value used to frame ultrahigh porosity. Text · Approximate | No verified corpus mapping | 2 · 1. Introduction |
| SecondaryCu-HHTP MOF | electrical conductivity | about 2 x 10^-1 S/cm | 2D MOF constructed from copper nodes and HHTP linkers; review-reported value. Text · Approximate | No verified corpus mapping | 4 · 2.2. Band Transport |
| SecondaryCu[Cu(pdt)2] | electrical conductivity | 6 x 10^-4 S/cm | Donor-acceptor MOF; review-reported conductivity. Text · Exact Reported | research_0201 | 4 · 2.2. Band Transport |
| Secondaryiron-based MOF and graphene composite | ORR electron transfer number | 3.82 | Oxygen reduction in alkaline electrolyte; review-reported transferred electron number. Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 9 · 4.3. Oxygen Reduction |
| SecondaryNENU-500 thin film | HER current density and overpotential | 10 mA/cm2 at 237 mV overpotential | Hydrogen evolution; review reports current density at relatively low overpotential of 237 mV. Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 7 · 4.1. Hydrogen Evolution |
| SecondaryNi3(HITP)2 | electrical conductivity | 40 S/cm | 2D HITP MOF; review-reported electrical conductivity. Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 4 · 2.2. Band Transport · Figure 3a |
| SecondaryNi3(HITP)2 | ORR onset potential and electron transfer number | +0.82 V vs RHE; 2.25 electrons | Oxygen reduction in alkaline electrolyte; review also reports electron transfer number of 2.25. Text · Exact Reported | research_0003 | 9 · 4.3. Oxygen Reduction |
| SecondaryNU-901 thin film | electrochemically addressable pyrene units | more than 90% | Micrometre-thick Zr-MOF film; pyrene linker oxidation with counter ions present. Text · Approximate | No verified corpus mapping | 3 · 2.1. Redox Hopping · Figure 2 |
| SecondaryPCN-223(Fe) | ORR electron transfer number | 3.8 | Oxygen reduction in acetic acid-based electrolyte. Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 9 · 4.3. Oxygen Reduction · Figure 7 |
| Secondarynickel pyrazolate MOF | aqueous chemical stability pH range | pH 2 to pH 14 | Nickel-based nodes and pyrazolate-based linkers in aqueous solutions. Text · Range | No verified corpus mapping | 6 · 3. The Stability of Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) under Electrochemical Environments |
| SecondaryUiO-66 | thermal stability | up to 500 C | Zirconium MOF stability context; review-reported thermal stability. Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 6 · 3. The Stability of Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) under Electrochemical Environments · Figure 4a |
Open questions are presented as review-author priorities, not conclusions from the primary database.
The review concludes that many MOF electrocatalysts remain far from state-of-the-art performance.
Proposed direction: Use MOF design to target benchmark-level activity while preserving tunable functionality and regular interconnected porosity.
12 · 5. Conclusions and Outlook
Charge-transport rates within MOF-based thin films must be improved to retain MOF porosity/functionality while approaching practical electrocatalytic performance.
Proposed direction: Design electrically conductive MOFs with high porosity and water stability, or introduce conductive additives that preserve active-site accessibility.
12 · 5. Conclusions and Outlook
Nanocomposites are proposed as a practical route, but the balance between retaining MOF advantages and adding conductive phases remains unresolved.
Proposed direction: Engineer MOF-carbon and MOF-polymer interfaces to improve charge collection without blocking pores or obscuring the active phase.
12 · 5. Conclusions and Outlook
Stable MOFs that provide oxygen-evolution activity in strong alkaline electrolytes remain scarce.
Proposed direction: Explore alkaline-stable pyrazolate, imidazolate, and bimetallic MOF chemistries while verifying crystallinity after operation.
8 · 4.2. Oxygen Evolution
A key methodological gap is proving that catalytic activity belongs to the intact crystalline MOF rather than to transformed MOF-derived phases.
Proposed direction: Characterise framework chemical stability before and after electrochemical operation and distinguish surface-transformed active layers from intact MOF catalysis.
6 · 3. The Stability of Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) under Electrochemical Environments
The review identifies a need for MOFs that combine electrical conductivity, high porosity, and water/electrolyte stability.
Proposed direction: Develop conductive MOFs that remain stable in aqueous, alkaline, and phosphate-containing media.
12 · 5. Conclusions and Outlook
Mappings show which printed review references have a verified counterpart in the frozen primary corpus.
| Reference | Study | Role and context | Corpus mapping |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ref. 102006 | Measurement of Apparent Diffusion Coefficients within Ultrathin Nafion Langmuir-Schaefer Films: Comparison of a Novel Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy Approach with Cyclic Voltammetry | thin_film_transport_contextUsed in the introduction to support the review's general thin-film rate-factor framework. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 142013 | The Chemistry and Applications of Metal-Organic Frameworks | definition_scopeUsed to define MOFs and establish their general chemistry/application scope. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 152012 | Metal-Organic Framework Materials with Ultrahigh Surface Areas: Is the Sky the Limit? | porosity_benchmarkSupports the review-reported ultrahigh BET surface-area benchmark. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 262014 | Water Stability and Adsorption in Metal-Organic Frameworks | water_stabilityUsed for water-stability caveats, including the review's mention of HKUST-1 instability in water. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 272016 | Chemical, thermal and mechanical stabilities of metal-Organic frameworks | stability_contextUsed for the review's stability classification and water-stable MOF discussion. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 282008 | A New Zirconium Inorganic Building Brick Forming Metal Organic Frameworks with Exceptional Stability | stability_benchmarkCited for UiO-66 stability and used in Figure 4a. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 292012 | Conductive metal-organic frameworks and networks: Fact or fantasy? | conductivity_contextSupports discussion of MOF insulating behaviour and conductive-framework design. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 302016 | Electrically Conductive Porous Metal-Organic Frameworks | conductivity_contextCited as a background review for conductive MOFs and low-bias insulation in most frameworks. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 312018 | The role of redox hopping in metal-Organic framework electrocatalysis | redox_hopping_reviewAnchors the review's redox-hopping classification and mechanism discussion. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 372013 | Metal-Organic Framework Thin Films Composed of Free-Standing Acicular Nanorods Exhibiting Reversible Electrochromism | redox_hopping_benchmark · thin_filmUsed as the NU-901 redox-hopping thin-film example and Figure 2 source. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 382018 | A porous, electrically conductive hexa-zirconium(iv) metal-organic framework | conductive_zr_mofUsed to contrast electrically insulating NU-901 and fullerene-assisted conductive Zr-MOF strategy. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 422018 | Development of a UiO-Type Thin Film Electrocatalysis Platform with Redox-Active Linkers | redox_active_zr_mof · thin_filmUsed as an aqueous redox-hopping Zr-MOF thin-film example. | research_0445 |
| Ref. 432015 | Porphyrin-based metal-organic framework thin films for electrochemical nitrite detection | electroanalysis · redox_hopping_limitationUsed both as an example where inefficient redox hopping limits performance and as Figure 8a nitrite sensing example. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 452015 | Unusually Large Band Gap Changes in Breathing Metal-Organic Framework Materials | bandgap_interpretationCited in the review's caution that optical/electronic band-gap measures do not establish semiconductor-like carrier transport. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 462015 | Understanding Intrinsic Light Absorption Properties of UiO-66 Frameworks: A Combined Theoretical and Experimental Study | bandgap_interpretationSupports the review's molecular-array interpretation of many MOFs rather than classical semiconductors. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 472012 | New Porous Crystals of Extended Metal-Catecholates | conductivity_benchmarkSource for the review-reported Cu-HHTP conductivity benchmark. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 492014 | High Electrical Conductivity in Ni3(2,3,6,7,10,11-hexaiminotriphenylene)2, a Semiconducting Metal-Organic Graphene Analogue | conductivity_benchmark · 2d_conductive_mofSource for the review-reported 40 S/cm Ni3(HITP)2 conductivity and Figure 3a. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 552012 | High Charge Mobility in a Tetrathiafulvalene-Based Microporous Metal-Organic Framework | 3d_conductive_mofUsed as the TTF columnar-stack 3D MOF charge-transport example. | research_0030 |
| Ref. 592009 | Electroconductive Porous Coordination Polymer Cu[Cu(pdt)2] Composed of Donor and Acceptor Building Units | donor_acceptor · conductivity_benchmarkSource for the donor-acceptor MOF conductivity benchmark. | research_0201 |
| Ref. 602014 | Tunable Electrical Conductivity in Metal-Organic Framework Thin-Film Devices | guest_charge_transfer · thin_film_deviceUsed as the TCNQ@HKUST-1 donor-acceptor conductive thin-film example and Figure 3b source. | research_0088 |
| Ref. 642018 | Increased Electrical Conductivity in a Mesoporous Metal-Organic Framework Featuring Metallacarboranes Guests | guest_charge_transfer · water_stable_zr_mofUsed as a water-stable Zr-MOF whose conductivity and electrochemical performance were improved by electron-accepting guest molecules. | research_0106 |
| Ref. 652016 | Nanostructuration of PEDOT in Porous Coordination Polymers for Tunable Porosity and Conductivity | conductive_polymer_compositeUsed as the MOF-polymer composite example in Figure 3d. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 662017 | Rendering High Surface Area, Mesoporous Metal-Organic Frameworks Electronically Conductive | molecular_bridges · conductive_mofUsed for self-limiting molecular bridge techniques to make MOF channels conductive. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 702018 | Room-Temperature Electrochemical Conversion of Metal-Organic Frameworks into Porous Amorphous Metal Sulfides with Tailored Composition and Hydrogen Evolution Activity | mof_derived_phase_warningSupports the review's discussion that unstable MOFs can transform during electrochemical operation. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 732013 | Conformal transformation of [Co(bdc)(DMF)] (Co-MOF-71, bdc = 1,4-benzenedicarboxylate, DMF = N,N-dimethylformamide) into porous electrochemically active cobalt hydroxide | mof_derived_phase_warningUsed as evidence that a Co-MOF capacitance response can actually arise from MOF-derived cobalt hydroxide. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 742010 | Electrocatalytic activity of BasoliteTM F300 metal-organic-framework structures | surface_transformation_warningUsed for the review's point that surface collapse may create a catalytically active derived layer covering inactive MOF. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 762006 | Exceptional chemical and thermal stability of zeolitic imidazolate frameworks | alkaline_stabilitySupports the review's discussion of ZIF-8 preserving crystallinity in strong alkaline solutions. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 772011 | High thermal and chemical stability in pyrazolate-bridged metal-Organic frameworks with exposed metal sites | stability_benchmark · alkaline_stabilitySource for the review-reported pH 2-14 stability range for nickel pyrazolate MOFs. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 782016 | Pyrazolate-Based Porphyrinic Metal-Organic Framework with Extraordinary Base-Resistance | alkaline_stability · porphyrinic_mofUsed for PCN-601 stability in strong alkaline and phosphate conditions; Figure 4b source. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 792017 | A Base-Resistant Metalloporphyrin Metal-Organic Framework for C-H Bond Halogenation | alkaline_stability · porphyrinic_mofUsed for PCN-602 stability in strong alkaline and concentrated phosphate solutions; Figure 4b source. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 822015 | Ultrastable Polymolybdate-Based Metal-Organic Frameworks as Highly Active Electrocatalysts for Hydrogen Generation from Water | hydrogen_evolution_benchmarkSource for the review-reported HER current-density and overpotential benchmark for NENU-500 thin film. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 832015 | A porous proton-relaying metal-organic framework material that accelerates electrochemical hydrogen evolution | hydrogen_evolution · mof_supportUsed as Figure 5 and as an example of NU-1000 assisting proton transport for nickel sulfide HER. | research_0859 |
| Ref. 842018 | Redox-Mediator-Assisted Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution from Water by a Molybdenum Sulfide-Functionalized Metal-Organic Framework | hydrogen_evolution · redox_mediatorUsed as an example where redox mediators improve charge transport between framework-decorated catalytic sites. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1032012 | Electrocatalytically Active Graphene-Porphyrin MOF Composite for Oxygen Reduction Reaction | oxygen_reduction_benchmark · compositeSource for the review-reported ORR electron-transfer number of 3.82 in alkaline electrolyte. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1102017 | Study of Electrocatalytic Properties of Metal-Organic Framework PCN-223 for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction | oxygen_reduction_benchmark · porphyrinic_mofSource for the review-reported ORR electron-transfer number of 3.8 and Figure 7. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1112016 | Electrochemical oxygen reduction catalysed by Ni3(hexaiminotriphenylene)2 | oxygen_reduction_benchmark · conductive_mofSource for the review-reported ORR onset potential and electron-transfer number for Ni3(HITP)2. | research_0003 |
| Ref. 1232017 | Copper Nanoparticles Installed in Metal-Organic Framework Thin Films are Electrocatalytically Competent for CO2 Reduction | co2_reduction · mof_support · thin_filmUsed as an example of NU-1000 supporting copper nanoparticles for CO2-to-CO/formic-acid electrocatalysis. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1242019 | Boosting Electrochemical CO2 Reduction on Metal-Organic Frameworks via Ligand Doping | co2_reduction · ligand_dopingUsed as a recent ZIF-8 ligand-doping example for CO2-to-CO activity. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1372016 | In situ growth of porphyrinic metal-organic framework nanocrystals on graphene nanoribbons for the electrocatalytic oxidation of nitrite | electroanalysis · conductive_nanocompositeUsed as Figure 8b and as an example of graphene nanoribbons overcoming sluggish redox hopping in MOF-525 sensing. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1382017 | Enhanced Charge Collection in MOF-525-PEDOT Nanotube Composites Enable Highly Sensitive Biosensing | electroanalysis · conductive_polymer_compositeUsed as a PEDOT nanotube composite that outperformed MOF-525 and PEDOT nanotubes alone for dopamine detection. | Unmapped |