Kun Fan, Chenyang Zhang, Yuan Chen et al. · Chem · 2021
To review how the chemical states and structures of conjugated coordination polymers are assigned, why those assignments remain disputed, and how synthesis control and electrochemical redox studies can help identify ideal CCP structures.
The review’s argument is preserved as a navigable set of section summaries.
Uses battery charge/discharge, CV, ion insertion, capacity and spectroscopic evidence to interpret pristine CCP chemical states and redox mechanisms.
Relevance: Core · p012 · The structural identification based on the variation of chemical states in batteries
Defines CCPs, lays out ligand features and redox-state taxonomies, then compares ideal and reported M-(NH)4, M-O4 and M-S4 coordination units.
Relevance: Core · p003 · Chemical structures and states of CCPs · Figure 1
Frames CCPs as a response to poor conductivity in conventional coordination polymers and introduces the central problem: uncertain metal valence, ligand bond order, radicals and counterions.
Relevance: Core · p002 · Introduction
Summarises remaining obstacles: extraneous counterions, lack of single-crystal evidence, immature battery mechanisms and the need for a gene pool of ligand/metal effects.
Relevance: Core · p016 · Outlook and perspectives
Argues that base choice, reaction speed, temperature, diffusion/mixing and atmosphere can control oxidation, coordination precision, crystallinity, packing and electrochemical performance.
Relevance: Core · p009 · The control of synthesis for desired/ideal structures with high crystallinity · Table 1
Classification systems are attributed to this review and are not treated as a global material registry.
The review interprets battery charge storage as a diagnostic probe of pristine chemical states, with cation/anion insertion and metal valence changes distinguished conceptually.
Categories: ligand reduction with alkali-metal cation insertion · ligand oxidation with anion insertion · metal-node reduction to low-valent ions · metal-node oxidation to high-valent ions
p012 · The structural identification based on the variation of chemical states in batteries · Figure 3
The review organises CCP chemical states primarily by donor atom class, because the acidity, electronegativity and redox behaviour of N, O and S linkers drive different counterion, radical and metal-valence outcomes.
Categories: M-(NH)4 units from diamine ligands · M-O4 units from diol/catecholate ligands · M-S4 units from dithiol ligands · mixed M-X2Y2 chelating groups
p002 · Introduction
Figure 2 compares nitrogen-, oxygen- and sulfur-containing linkers as reduced, radical and oxidised states, establishing the redox vocabulary for later state A-D assignments.
Categories: fully reduced dianion/tetraanion forms · semiquinonate radical forms · fully oxidised quinone/diimine forms
p004 · Obstacles affecting the structural identification · Figure 2
The review links packing motifs to pi-pi interactions, steric repulsion, electrostatic attractions, pore geometry and charge transport direction.
Categories: 1D staggered parallel packing · 1D herringbone packing · 2D eclipsed AA stacking · 2D slipped-parallel AB stacking · 2D staggered AA1 stacking · Kagome and 3D interlayer-transport structures
p010 · The control of synthesis for desired/ideal structures with high crystallinity · Figures 4 and 5
Figure 3 provides the review's central schematic for comparing reported M-X4 structures and their redox transformations during electrochemical cycling.
Categories: state A: ideal electroneutral semiquinonate-like unit · state B: mixed metal/ligand resonance state · state C: charged reduced-ligand unit with counter cations · state D: lower-valent metal/counterion state
p005 · Chemical structures and states of CCPs · Figure 3
Review-defined families retain their representative materials and conduction descriptions.
HHTP-derived frameworks where layer stacking, mixed catecholate/semiquinonate states and sometimes lanthanide-based 3D architectures determine transport pathways.
Conduction: Layer packing and short interlayer distances can create effective 1D or 2D charge-transport pathways.
Representative materials: Co-HHTP · Ni-HHTP · Cu-HHTP · Ln-HHTP frameworks
Nodes / linkers: Co2+ · Ni2+ · Cu2+ · Ln3+ · hexahydroxytriphenylene
p011 · The control of synthesis for desired/ideal structures with high crystallinity
Honeycomb 2D CCPs based on high-symmetry hexaaminobenzene or hexaiminotriphenylene-type ligands.
Conduction: The review treats these as archetypal 2D pi-d conjugated frameworks where in-plane delocalisation and interlayer stacking both matter.
Representative materials: Ni3(HITP)2 · Cu3(HITP)2 · Co3(HAB)2 · Ni3(HIB)2
Nodes / linkers: Ni · Cu · Co · hexaaminotriphenylene · hexaaminobenzene · hexaiminobenzene
p010 · The control of synthesis for desired/ideal structures with high crystallinity
CCPs built from deprotonated amino/imine ligands such as BTA, HAB and HATP coordinated to transition-metal centres.
Conduction: Strong covalent metal-imino bonding and pi-d conjugation support electron delocalisation; mixed valence can modify transport and redox behaviour.
Representative materials: Ni-BTA · Co3(hexaaminobenzene)2 · Ni3(HITP)2 · Cu3(HITP)2
Nodes / linkers: Ni2+ · Co2+ · Cu1+/Cu2+ · Fe2+ · Mn2+ · benzenetetramine · hexaaminobenzene · hexaaminotriphenylene
p006 · The reported chemical states of M-(NH)4 unit
Oxygen-chelated CCPs based on catecholate, semiquinonate, hydroxybenzoquinone or hexahydroxytriphenylene-type ligands.
Conduction: Dioxolene redox states and metal-ligand covalency affect mixed valence, conductivity and battery redox pathways.
Representative materials: Cu-HHTP · Co-HHTP · Ni-HHTP · Cu-HHB · Cu-THQ · Cu-DBC
Nodes / linkers: Co2+ · Ni2+ · Cu2+/Cu1+ · Ho · tetrahydroxybenzene · dihydroxybenzoquinone · hexahydroxytriphenylene · hexahydroxybenzene
p006 · The reported chemical states of M-O4 unit
Sulfur-chelated CCPs from dithiol or tetrathiooxalate-type ligands coordinated to transition metals.
Conduction: The larger, less electronegative S atom favours electron delocalisation, easier deprotonation, faster reactions and often higher conductivity, but also more counter-cation complexity.
Representative materials: Ni-TTO · poly(nickel-ethylenetetrathiolate) · Cu-BHT · Ag5(C6S6)n · Pd bis(dithiolene) nanosheet
Nodes / linkers: Ni2+ · Pt2+ · Zn2+ · Co2+/3+ · Fe2+/3+ · Pd2+/3+ · Cu1+ · Ag · o-phenylenedithiol · ethenetetrathiolate · hexathiolbenzene · tetrathiooxalate
p007 · The reported chemical states of M-S4 unit
Review-level synthesis principles remain separate from primary-study recipes.
Use air, inert atmosphere, vacuum or explicit oxidants to control ligand oxidation and metal valence during CCP formation.
Claimed effects: For Cu-HHB/Cu-THQ systems, inert conditions favour Cu1+ and counter cations, whereas air oxidation can shift products toward dominant state A.
Controlling variables: air exposure · inert gas shielding · oxidant availability · reactant Cu2+ stoichiometry · ligand precursor oxidation state
Representative materials: Cu-HHB · Cu-THQ
Caveat: Atmosphere effects are system-specific because oxygen, ligand and Cu2+ can all act as oxidants.
p010 · The control of synthesis for desired/ideal structures with high crystallinity
Choose bases or ligands that both deprotonate linkers and tune metal-ligand/base competition to moderate growth and improve crystallinity.
Claimed effects: Ethylenediamine slowed Cu-HHB nucleation by chelating Cu(II); weaker sodium acetate improved crystallinity of Ni3(HITP)2 and Cu3(HITP)2.
Controlling variables: base strength · base coordination ability · NH4OH replacement · ethylenediamine · sodium acetate
Representative materials: Cu-HHB · Cu3(HHTP)(THQ) · Ni3(HITP)2 · Cu3(HITP)2
Caveat: Improved crystallinity does not by itself prove a unique chemical state; counterions and oxidation state still need characterisation.
p010 · The control of synthesis for desired/ideal structures with high crystallinity
Combine different donor groups or metal centres to tune energy alignment, orbital overlap, conductivity and electrochemical behaviour.
Claimed effects: The review treats these designs as promising for property tuning while noting unresolved questions about bond order and radical localisation.
Controlling variables: M-X2Y2 linker design · binary metal ratio · metal frontier orbitals · ligand frontier orbitals · post-synthetic linker exchange
Representative materials: bis(aminothiolato)nickel nanosheets · M3(hexaiminotriphenylene)2 alloys · dual-ligand porous coordination polymers
Caveat: For mixed chelating groups, the review explicitly says it remains unclear which bonds are preferentially double bonds and where radicals locate.
p008 · The reported chemical states of M-S4 unit
Slow down simultaneous deprotonation, oxidation and coordination so metal ions bind desired sites and form more crystalline ideal structures.
Claimed effects: For Ni-BTA, slower reaction produced regular crystals, higher crystallinity, higher thermal stability, higher conductivity and better electrochemical profiles than fast reaction.
Controlling variables: reaction temperature · mixing speed · solvent exchange · diffusion method · nucleation rate
Representative materials: Ni-BTA · Ni-TTO
Caveat: The review presents this as a secondary synthesis principle; individual recipes and quantitative conditions must be checked in the cited primary papers.
p009 · The control of synthesis for desired/ideal structures with high crystallinity · Table 1
Pursue high-quality crystals, single crystals or better-aligned films to reduce dependence on PXRD refinement and topological inference.
Claimed effects: Better crystalline products would clarify stacking, molecular arrangement and structure-property relationships for conductivity and electrochemical performance.
Controlling variables: crystallinity · crystal size · film alignment · synthetic control · advanced characterisation
Representative materials: single-crystal 2D conductive MOFs · COF analogues · HHTP frameworks
Caveat: The review states that most CCP packing models still rely on PXRD, HRTEM, EXAFS and topology rather than single-crystal CCP data.
p011 · The control of synthesis for desired/ideal structures with high crystallinity
These are the review authors’ synthesis, not newly measured results.
Electrochemical redox behaviour in batteries is presented as a feedback method for identifying pristine CCP chemical states, because valence and bond-character changes occur during cycling.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: The review also states that fundamental evidence for chemical-state variation in batteries remains inadequate.
p012 · The structural identification based on the variation of chemical states in batteries
The review defines CCPs as covalently assembled planar organic ligand and transition-metal-node frameworks with extended pi-d conjugation and highly delocalised pi electrons.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: The review notes that some of these materials are also described as conductive MOFs in other literature.
p002 · Chemical structures and states of CCPs
Hybridisation between ligand pi orbitals and transition-metal d orbitals is presented as the key mechanism that delocalises electrons and enhances conductivity and charged/discharged-state stability.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: The review does not resolve all conductivity mechanisms for every framework; packing and defects remain important.
p002 · Introduction
The authors argue that an ideal CCP state is coplanar, electroneutral, divalent-metal based, semiquinonate-like, radical-containing and counterion-free, with delocalisation through the whole polymer.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: The review explicitly says real products may differ from ideal structures and special cases exist.
p005 · The ideal chemical states of CCPs · Figure 3
For M-(NH)4 CCPs, amino ligands are described as deprotonated and partially oxidised to radical semiquinonates, forming electroneutral MII(ISQ)2-like units for Ni and related systems.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: Cu-(NH)4 systems are treated as exceptions where Cu1+/Cu2+ mixed states may coexist.
p006 · The reported chemical states of M-(NH)4 unit
For M-O4 frameworks, catecholate, semiquinonate and hydroquinone-like ligand states can coexist, and Cu systems can show coupled metal/ligand mixed charge states.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: Specific state distributions are synthesis- and atmosphere-dependent.
p007 · The reported chemical states of M-O4 unit
For M-S4 CCPs, sulfur promotes delocalisation and conductivity but often yields counter-cation-containing mixtures of electroneutral and charged states.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: The review distinguishes stable divalent nodes from metals susceptible to partial oxidation.
p007 · The reported chemical states of M-S4 unit
CCPs are framed as promising battery electrodes because they combine redox-active metal and ligand centres, high conductivity, fast ion diffusion, structural flexibility and polymeric insolubility.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: The practical electrochemical properties often diverge from theoretical analysis because of imperfect coordination and unclear mechanisms.
p012 · The structural identification based on the variation of chemical states in batteries
The review links molecular arrangement to morphology, electrical conductivity, ion transport and electrochemical performance, but warns that many packing models are not single-crystal-derived.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: Packing assignments are often based on PXRD, HRTEM, EXAFS and topology rather than single-crystal CCP structures.
p010 · The control of synthesis for desired/ideal structures with high crystallinity
Despite promising properties, the review cautions that extraneous counterions, ambiguous structures, limited characterisation and early-stage battery studies restrict reliable structure-property generalisation.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: Useful as review-level framing rather than as a primary finding.
p016 · Outlook and perspectives
The review repeatedly states that metal valence, ligand bond order, counterion presence and radical character remain disputed for many CCPs.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: The review's preferred state assignments lean on the authors' prior Ni-BTA and Ni-TTO work, so the stance should be treated as secondary interpretation.
p002 · Introduction
Synthesis conditions can dramatically change products, causing diverse coordination structures and chemical states that complicate literature comparisons.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: Review-level claim; individual systems require original synthetic context.
p002 · Introduction
Every row remains visibly secondary and links to a primary dossier only where the mapping is verified.
| Material | Property | Reported value | Context and quality | Primary evidence | Review source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SecondaryCu-HHTP | Stored electrons per coordination unit | 2.3 electrons per coordination unit | Aqueous rechargeable zinc battery cathode interpretation cited by review Text · Exact Reported | research_0188 | p013 · The structural identification based on the variation of chemical states in batteries |
| SecondaryCu-THQ nanosheets | Lithium-storage capacity after cycling | 340 mAh g-1 after 100 cycles | 50 mA g-1; potential range discussed as 1.2 to 4.0 V versus Li+/Li Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | p014 · The structural identification based on the variation of chemical states in batteries · Figure 7 |
| SecondaryCu-THQ | Cu2+/Cu1+ ratio under air-atmosphere synthesis | as high as 9.44 | Reaction conducted in air atmosphere Text · Exact Reported | research_0043 | p007 · The reported chemical states of M-O4 unit |
| SecondaryCu-THQ nanosheets | Long-term cycling capacity retention | 90% capacity retention after 1,000 cycles | One-electron process at 1.3-2.6 V; 1.0 A g-1 Text · Exact Reported | research_0043 | p015 · The structural identification based on the variation of chemical states in batteries · Figure 7 |
| SecondaryLn-HHTP frameworks | Interlayer stacking distance associated with effective 1D charge transport | 3.0-3.1 A along the c axis | 3D frameworks based on HHTP and Ln3+ metal ions Text · Range | research_0047 | p011 · The control of synthesis for desired/ideal structures with high crystallinity |
| SecondaryNi-BTA | Reported total sodium-storage capacity after subtracting other component contributions | about 420 mAh g-1 | Sodium-ion battery anode; 0.01 to 2.5 V versus Na+/Na; review interpretation of three-electron redox process Text · Approximate | No verified corpus mapping | p013 · The structural identification based on the variation of chemical states in batteries · Figure 6 |
| SecondaryNi-BTA | Qualitative synthesis-performance comparison | Slow reaction: high crystallinity, high thermal stability, high conductivity, high capacity and high cyclability; fast reaction: low crystallinity, low stability, low conductivity and low capacity/cyclability | Review Table 1 comparison of products obtained under different synthetic reaction speeds Table · Qualitative | No verified corpus mapping | p009 · The control of synthesis for desired/ideal structures with high crystallinity · Table 1 |
| SecondaryNi-BTA | Theoretical capacity for three-electron redox process | 419 mAh g-1 | Three-electron redox process per coordination unit as interpreted by the review Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | p013 · The structural identification based on the variation of chemical states in batteries · Figure 6 |
Open questions are presented as review-author priorities, not conclusions from the primary database.
The review states that high-performance battery use of CCPs is still in infancy and that charge-storage mechanisms need further identification.
Proposed direction: Combine electrochemical studies, synthetic control, theoretical calculations and operando/ex situ characterisation to connect mechanism with structure.
p016 · Outlook and perspectives
Extraneous counterions and species are often introduced during CCP synthesis, making it difficult to define chemical states and distinguish impurities from framework charge balance.
Proposed direction: Optimise synthesis based on deeper chemical insight to realise precise coordination and reduce counterions.
p016 · Outlook and perspectives
The review calls for a CCP gene pool to understand how donor functional groups and metal ions affect structures, arrangements and properties.
Proposed direction: Systematically vary -NH2, -OH, -SH, -SeH groups and metal centres to map energy alignment, orbital overlap and structure-property trends.
p016 · Outlook and perspectives
For mixed-chelating M-X2Y2 materials, it remains unclear which C-X or C-Y bonds become preferentially double bonds and where radicals are localised.
Proposed direction: Use combined spectroscopy, theory and controlled synthesis to resolve bond order and radical location in mixed-donor frameworks.
p016-p017 · Outlook and perspectives
The review says oxidation of coordination units with anion insertion lacks vigorous evidence, even though such processes are theoretically possible.
Proposed direction: Acquire direct evidence for charged-state structures, counterions and ligand oxidation during high-voltage cycling.
p014 · The structural identification based on the variation of chemical states in batteries
Many packing and chemical-state models rely on PXRD refinement, HRTEM, EXAFS and topological combination rather than single-crystal CCP evidence.
Proposed direction: Develop synthetic control and single-crystal studies that can provide stronger evidence for chemical-state assignments.
p016 · Outlook and perspectives
Mappings show which printed review references have a verified counterpart in the frozen primary corpus.
| Reference | Study | Role and context | Corpus mapping |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ref. 92016 | Electrically conductive porous metal-organic frameworks | definition_scope · conductivity_contextCited by the review for the CCP definition, conductive-MOF context and structural model around pi-d conjugation. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 142019 | Single crystals of electrically conductive two-dimensional metal-organic frameworks: structural and electrical transport properties | single_crystal_context · transport_structureUsed by the review when discussing high-quality products, structural analysis and conductivity optimisation. | research_0005 |
| Ref. 172018 | Superconductivity in a copper(II)-based coordination polymer with perfect kagome structure | kagome_structure · application_contextCited for superconductivity and for Kagome-like Cu-BHT stacking/coordination examples. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 232018 | Robust and conductive two-dimensional metal-organic frameworks with exceptionally high volumetric and areal capacitance | supercapacitor_context · 2d_ccpCited for nitrogen-containing CCP ligands, 2D stacking examples and electrochemical applications. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 252018 | Stabilization of hexaaminobenzene in a 2D conductive metal-organic framework for high power sodium storage | sodium_storage · nitrogen_ccpCited for Co-HAB sodium storage and as a comparison to Ni-BTA redox mechanisms. | research_0004 |
| Ref. 272020 | Ultrathin two-dimensional p-d conjugated coordination polymer Co3(hexaaminobenzene)2 nanosheets for highly efficient oxygen evolution | nitrogen_ccp · metal_valenceCited for Co-(NH)4 chemical-state discussion and EXAFS-supported Co coordination context. | research_0205 |
| Ref. 351968 | Crystal and molecular structure of bis(o-phenylenediamino)nickel, Ni[C6H4(NH)2]2 | small_molecule_model · structure_modelCited for small-molecule coordination models underpinning the review's ideal CCP state framework. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 362003 | Molecular and electronic structures of bis-(o-diiminobenzosemiquinonato)metal(II) complexes (Ni, Pd, Pt), their monocations and -anions, and of dimeric dications containing weak metal-metal bonds | small_molecule_model · redox_state_modelCited as a small-molecule analogue supporting divalent metal and semiquinonate ligand assignments. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 372019 | A one-dimensional p-d conjugated coordination polymer for sodium storage with catalytic activity in negishi coupling | ni_bta · secondary_benchmark · sodium_storage · chemical_state_identificationCentral cited study for Ni-BTA chemical-state assignment, synthetic-control comparison and sodium-storage redox mechanism. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 382019 | A highly conductive conjugated coordination polymer for fast-charge sodium-ion batteries: reconsidering its structures | ni_tto · sodium_storage · chemical_state_identificationCited for reassessing Ni-TTO/tetrathiooxalate structures and for sulfur-linked state assignments. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 492020 | Two-dimensional carbon-rich conjugated frameworks for electrochemical energy applications | electrochemical_energy_contextCited in the review's battery section for energy-storage advantages of CCP-like redox-active conductive frameworks. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 502018 | Synthetic routes for a 2D semiconductive copper hexahydroxybenzene metal-organic framework | synthesis_control · cu_hhb · oxygen_ccpCited for synthesis-route effects, Cu-HHB chemical states and base choice controlling crystallinity. | research_0792 |
| Ref. 522020 | Continuous electrical conductivity variation in M3(hexaiminotriphenylene)2 (M = Co, Ni, Cu) MOF alloys | conductivity_tuning · mixed_metalCited for weak-base synthesis improving crystallinity and for binary-metal tuning of conductivity. | research_0041 |
| Ref. 532017 | Signature of metallic behavior in the metal-organic frameworks M3(hexaiminobenzene)2 (M = Ni, Cu) | metallic_behaviour · hexaiminobenzeneCited for EXAFS/structural evidence, 2D stacking and conductivity context in high-symmetry nitrogen CCPs. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 552014 | High electrical conductivity in Ni3(2,3,6,7,10,11-hexaiminotriphenylene)2, a semiconducting metal-organic graphene analogue | high_conductivity · nitrogen_ccpCited for nitrogen-containing CCP examples and high-conductivity 2D framework context. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 662020 | A redox-active 2D metal-organic framework for efficient lithium storage with extraordinary high capacity | cu_thq · lithium_storage · secondary_benchmarkCited for Cu-THQ redox chemistry and lithium-storage capacity discussed in the review. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 672012 | New porous crystals of extended metal-catecholates | hhtp · oxygen_ccp · stacking_modelCited for Co-HHTP single-crystal-derived mixed catecholate/semiquinonate structures and stacking models. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 712019 | Conductive 2D metal-organic framework for high-performance cathodes in aqueous rechargeable zinc batteries | cu_hhtp · zinc_battery · secondary_benchmarkCited for Cu-HHTP mixed Cu2+/Cu1+ redox contribution and stored electrons per coordination unit. | research_0188 |
| Ref. 732020 | Ultrathin two-dimensional conjugated metal-organic framework single-crystalline nanosheets enabled by surfactant-assisted synthesis | cu_thq · synthesis_control · secondary_benchmarkCited for air-atmosphere Cu2+/Cu1+ ratio and Cu-THQ cycling stability under a narrower redox process. | research_0043 |
| Ref. 752014 | Redox control and high conductivity of nickel bis(dithiolene) complex p-nanosheet: a potential organic two-dimensional topological insulator | dithiolene · conductivityCited for M-S4 unit states and counter-cation/mixed-valence discussion in dithiolene CCPs. | research_0361 |
| Ref. 812015 | A two-dimensional p-d conjugated coordination polymer with extremely high electrical conductivity and ambipolar transport behaviour | cu_bht · high_conductivity · ambipolar_transportCited for Cu-BHT structure, high conductivity, ambipolar transport and Kagome-like stacking. | research_0006 |
| Ref. 862020 | A dual-ligand porous coordination polymer chemiresistor with modulated conductivity and porosity | dual_ligand · conductivity_modulation · synthesis_controlCited for dual-ligand synthesis, base choice and mixed-chelating/group property modulation. | research_0793 |
| Ref. 872020 | Efficient and tunable one-dimensional charge transport in layered lanthanide metal-organic frameworks | transport_benchmark · lanthanide_hhtp · stackingCited for short interlayer stacking and effective 1D transport perpendicular to 2D sheets in layered lanthanide frameworks. | research_0047 |
| Ref. 922018 | Multielectron-transfer-based rechargeable energy storage of two-dimensional coordination frameworks with non-innocent ligands | multielectron_storage · ni_hab · redox_mechanismCited for Ni-HAB multielectron redox windows and possible counterion insertion during oxidation/reduction. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 942020 | Fully conjugated phthalocyanine copper metal-organic frameworks for sodium-iodine batteries with long-time-cycling durability | battery_context · conjugated_frameworkCited in the battery section as part of the evidence base for charged/discharged-state stability and energy-storage relevance. | Unmapped |