Youjian Li, Donglin Gan, Xu Deng, Lili Jiang, Chaoming Xie, and Xiong Lu · Biosurface and Biotribology · 2022
Reviews preparation of monometallic, bimetallic and conductive MOFs, plus MOF-derived oxides, hydroxides, sulfides and carbon composites, as supercapacitor electrode materials, with emphasis on morphology, porosity, conductivity and charge transport implications.
The review’s argument is preserved as a navigable set of section summaries.
Defines bimetallic MOFs and organises their preparation into one-step self-assembly and post-synthesis modification, highlighting enhanced active sites and conductivity but also synthetic control and stability limitations.
Relevance: Core · 153 · 2.2 Preparation of bimetallic MOFs · Figure 4
Develops the review's main transport-physics discussion: organic-ligand insulation, hopping versus band transport, conductivity dependence on carrier density and mobility, and design levers including metal ions, redox-active linkers, pi-stacking and dopants.
Relevance: Core · 157 · 2.3 Design and preparation of conductive MOFs · Figure 6
Explains how MOFs are used as templates or precursors for oxides, hydroxides, sulfides and carbon composites, linking inherited porosity, hollow structures and mixed-metal synergy to ion/electron transport and capacitance.
Relevance: Supporting · 158 · 3.1 Application of MOF derivatives in supercapacitors · Figure 7
Compares direct monometallic, bimetallic and conductive MOF electrodes, arguing that bimetallic systems often improve capacitance and stability but intrinsic conductivity remains a key limitation.
Relevance: Core · 160 · 3.2 MOFs as electrode material for supercapacitor · Figure 8
Introduces supercapacitor operating modes, electrode requirements, the definition and history of MOFs, and the review's focus on MOF preparation and supercapacitor use.
Relevance: Core · 152 · 1 Introduction · Figure 1
Surveys common monometallic MOF families and synthetic routes, contrasting hydro/solvothermal, microwave and ultrasonic approaches and noting green-synthesis and active-site limitations.
Relevance: Supporting · 153 · 2.1 Preparation of monometallic MOFs · Figure 2
Summarises promise and limitations: low electrical conductivity, insufficient stability, poor scale-up suitability, rigid processing, poor dispersibility, agglomeration and electrothermal degradation.
Relevance: Core · 162 · 4 Conclusion and outlook
Classification systems are attributed to this review and are not treated as a global material registry.
Bimetallic MOFs are organised by whether both metal nodes are introduced during self-assembly or by ion exchange/doping into a preformed framework.
Categories: one-step synthesis · post-synthesis modification
154 · 2.2 Preparation of bimetallic MOFs · Figure 4
The review frames conduction either as charge hopping between localised sites or as carrier motion through continuous energy bands.
Categories: hopping theory · energy band theory
157 · 2.3 Design and preparation of conductive MOFs
The review converts its conductivity equation into design levers that control carrier density and mobility.
Categories: high-energy charge-carrier metal ions · redox-active linkers · pi-pi stacking ligands · pre-synthesis linker modification · post-synthesis framework modification
157 · 2.3 Design and preparation of conductive MOFs
Derivative electrode families are compared in terms of inherited porosity, redox activity, conductivity, morphology retention and processing drawbacks.
Categories: metal oxides · hydroxides · metal sulfides · carbon composites
158 · 3 Application of MOFs and their derivatives in supercapacitors
The review's graphical and textual organisation separates single-metal, mixed-metal, intrinsically conductive and derivative electrode routes.
Categories: monometallic MOFs · bimetallic MOFs · conductive MOFs · MOF derivatives
152 · 1 Introduction · Figure 1
The review distinguishes derivative production from direct MOF electrodes as the two main application routes.
Categories: MOFs as templates or precursors for derivatives · MOFs directly used as electrode materials
158 · 3 Application of MOFs and their derivatives in supercapacitors
The review distinguishes interfacial charge separation without chemical reaction from Faradaic redox processes involving electron transfer and valence-state changes.
Categories: electrochemical double-layer capacitors · pseudocapacitors
152 · 1 Introduction
Review-defined families retain their representative materials and conduction descriptions.
Frameworks formed by coordination of two different metal ions with organic ligands, often introduced to create defects, more active sites and metal-metal synergy.
Conduction: Enhanced electronic coupling between metal nodes is described as beneficial for conductivity, but intrinsic conductivity and stability remain limiting.
Representative materials: Ni/Co-MOF · MIL-101(Cr, Mg) · Zn-Ni-MOF · Co/Ni-MOF · Co/Mn-MOF
Nodes / linkers: Ni/Co · Cr/Mg · Zn/Ni · Co/Mn · terephthalate linkers · trimesate or BTC-type linkers · imidazolate precursor linkers
153 · 2.2 Preparation of bimetallic MOFs
Conductive frameworks using catecholate-type redox-active linkers such as HHTP to connect metal ions in two-dimensional honeycomb porous structures.
Conduction: Redox-active catechol/quinone chemistry, pi conjugation and orbital overlap promote charge transfer; metal identity strongly affects conductivity.
Representative materials: Cu-CAT-1 · Co-CAT-1 · Ni-CAT-1 · Ni-CAT/NiCo-LDH/NF
Nodes / linkers: Cu · Co · Ni · hexahydroxybenzene or HHTP catecholate linkers
157 · 2.3 Design and preparation of conductive MOFs
MOFs whose conductivity is increased by guest molecules or dopants such as TCNQ or iodine that create conductive pathways or increase carrier density.
Conduction: Redox-active guests bridge adjacent sites, strengthen electron coupling and orbital overlap, or add carriers for charge transfer.
Representative materials: TCNQ@Cu3(BTC)2 · I2-doped Cu[Ni(pdt)2] · TCNQ-doped Cu-TATAB
Nodes / linkers: Cu · Ni · BTC · dithiolene · TATAB
157 · 2.3 Design and preparation of conductive MOFs · Figure 6b
Layered hydroxides and metal sulfides prepared from MOF precursors, often preserving porous or hollow morphology while adding redox-active mixed-metal chemistry.
Conduction: Layering, hollow structures and higher sulfide conductivity are linked to shorter ion/electron pathways and more active sites, but sulfides may suffer slow rates and poor cycling stability.
Representative materials: Co/Ni-LDH · Zn-Co-S/NF · NiCo2S4 · Co/Ni MOF-derived hydroxide
Nodes / linkers: Co/Ni · Zn/Co · Ni/Co · precursor MOF organic linkers before conversion
159 · 3.1 Application of MOF derivatives in supercapacitors · Figure 7
Single-metal-node MOFs with tunable porous structures, particle sizes and high surface areas, represented by PCN, IRMOF, ZIF, PCP, MIL and UiO families.
Conduction: Generally not intrinsically conductive; performance is linked mainly to porosity, surface area, active sites and morphology.
Representative materials: MOF-5 · HKUST-1 · MIL-47 · MIL-53 · MIL-88 · UiO-66 · ZIF-8
Nodes / linkers: Co · Cu · Zr · Zn · Cr · carboxylate linkers · imidazolate linkers · pyridine-containing ligands
153 · 2.1 Preparation of monometallic MOFs · Figure 2
Pi-stacked M2(TTFTB) frameworks in which metal identity and metal-carboxylate chain length tune overlap between tetrathiafulvalene cores.
Conduction: Pi-stacking and larger metal-ion radii promote orbital overlap between TTF cores and improve charge mobility.
Representative materials: Mn2TTFTB · Co2TTFTB · Zn2TTFTB · Cd2TTFTB
Nodes / linkers: Mn · Co · Zn · Cd · tetrathiafulvalene tetrabenzoate
157 · 2.3 Design and preparation of conductive MOFs · Figure 6a
Review-level synthesis principles remain separate from primary-study recipes.
Mixes metal salts, organic ligands and solvent in a one-pot process to incorporate two metal nodes during framework formation.
Claimed effects: Can simplify synthesis and create larger pores, higher surface area and enhanced performance, but may strongly alter morphology and framework stability.
Controlling variables: reaction temperature · reactant concentration · solvent · secondary metal-ion content · metal ionic radius compatibility
Representative materials: Ni/Co-MOF nanosheets · MIL-101(Cr, Mg) · Zn-Ni-MOF
Caveat: Reaction environment changes can produce non-bimetallic MOFs, so optimisation requires substantial data.
154 · 2.2.1 One-step synthesis · Figure 5
Dopes or exchanges metal ions into preformed monometallic MOFs to obtain functionalised bimetallic MOFs while retaining parts of the parent structure.
Claimed effects: Offers easier control and functionalised bimetallic products; similar ionic radii and coordination geometries favour exchange.
Controlling variables: exchange metal ionic radius · coordination geometry · diffusion and kinetic barriers · solution composition · parent MOF stability
Representative materials: cation-exchanged Mn3[(Mn4Cl)3(BTT)8(CH3OH)10]2 · Ni/Co-MOF nanosheets
Caveat: Diffusion and kinetic barriers, poor stability and poor electrical conductivity limit wider application and scale-up.
155 · 2.2.2 Post-synthesis modification method · Figure 4
Uses MOFs as templates or precursors for oxides, hydroxides, sulfides and carbon composites while exploiting inherited porosity and mixed-metal synergy.
Claimed effects: Can improve active-site exposure, ion adsorption, diffusion and transport; carbonisation can also improve graphitisation and electron pathways.
Controlling variables: thermal treatment temperature · alkaline treatment · sulfidation conditions · precursor morphology · metal composition
Representative materials: NiCo2O4/NiO microspheres · Co/Ni-LDH · Zn-Co-S/NF · Co/Mn@C · NC-800
Caveat: Derivative synthesis can remove MOF pore structures and may require high temperatures, creating safety and scale-up concerns.
160 · 3.1 Application of MOF derivatives in supercapacitors
Introduces redox-active molecules or other dopants into porous MOFs to bridge sites, increase carrier density and improve electron coupling.
Claimed effects: Can increase conductivity by several orders of magnitude in review examples involving TCNQ or iodine doping.
Controlling variables: dopant identity · dopant loading · framework pore accessibility · binding to open sites · doping temperature
Representative materials: TCNQ@Cu3(BTC)2 · I2-doped Cu[Ni(pdt)2] · TCNQ-doped Cu-TATAB
Caveat: This is an extrinsic route and depends on stable dopant-framework interactions; the review does not treat long-term dopant stability in depth.
157 · 2.3 Design and preparation of conductive MOFs · Figure 6b
Forms MOFs by coordination reaction between metal ions and organic ligands under elevated temperature or pressure.
Claimed effects: Can produce small particles and high crystallinity, but is criticised for pollution, high energy consumption, long reaction times, low yields and high costs.
Controlling variables: metal ion identity · organic ligand identity · temperature · pressure · reaction time
Representative materials: MIL-53 · HKUST-1 · UiO-66 · MOF-74 · Co-MOF
Caveat: The review explicitly calls for greener and more environmentally friendly routes for monometallic MOFs.
153 · 2.1 Preparation of monometallic MOFs · Figure 3
Selects metal ions, redox-active linkers, pi-stacked ligands and modified organic ligands to increase charge-carrier density and mobility.
Claimed effects: Provides efficient charge transport by tuning the electronic structure of the framework rather than relying only on derivative conversion.
Controlling variables: metal ion energy levels · redox-active linker chemistry · pi-stacking distance · orbital overlap · charge carrier density · carrier mobility
Representative materials: Cu-CAT-1 · Fe2(BDT)3 · Cd2TTFTB · Ni3(HITP)2
Caveat: The review states that few conductive MOFs had been reported and that low conductivity and structural instability remain disadvantages.
157 · 2.3 Design and preparation of conductive MOFs
Uses electromagnetic-wave or ultrasonic energy to shorten crystallisation and control MOF morphology relative to conventional solvothermal methods.
Claimed effects: Reported as faster, more efficient and potentially lower-pollution, with microwave IRMOF synthesis reducing reaction times and increasing yields in a cited example.
Controlling variables: solvent · metal salts · organic ligand · microwave exposure · ultrasonic energy
Representative materials: IRMOF-1 · IRMOF-2 · IRMOF-3 · Ni-MOF/Ti3C2Tx
Caveat: The review still states that many monometallic MOF synthesis methods have high energy consumption and low yields.
153 · 2.1 Preparation of monometallic MOFs
These are the review authors’ synthesis, not newly measured results.
Bimetallic MOFs are presented as improving over monometallic MOFs through added active sites, crystal defects, electronic coupling, porosity and mixed-metal coordination effects.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: Benefits depend on metal choice, ionic radius and synthesis control.
153 · 2.2 Preparation of bimetallic MOFs
The review states that both capacitance and stability of bimetallic MOF supercapacitors are higher than those prepared using monometallic MOFs.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: This is a generalised comparison across selected examples and may not hold for every material or test condition.
161 · 3.2.2 Application of bimetallic MOFs · Figure 8
The review cautions that bimetallic MOF synthesis is complex, hard to precisely control and not yet well suited to large-scale production; poor stability and conductivity also limit application.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: No formal technoeconomic or scale-up comparison is provided.
157 · 2.2.2 Post-synthesis modification method
In metal-catecholate MOFs, redox-active linkers and orbital overlap support charge transfer, while metal identity strongly affects measured conductivity.
Evidence basis: single_reference
Caveat: Based on the review's summary of M-CAT examples rather than a general law for all catecholate MOFs.
157 · 2.3 Design and preparation of conductive MOFs
Conductive MOFs are presented as promising supercapacitor electrodes because they outperform traditional MOFs in conductivity, but the review emphasises that few such studies existed.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: The evidence base is explicitly sparse and mainly consists of selected high-performance examples.
161 · 3.2.3 Conductive MOFs for supercapacitors
The review uses the conductivity relation to argue that carrier density and mobility determine conductivity and should guide conductive MOF design.
Evidence basis: single_reference
Caveat: Presented as a design heuristic rather than a fitted model for the reviewed supercapacitor devices.
157 · 2.3 Design and preparation of conductive MOFs
MOF-derived electrodes are interpreted as improving performance through inherited microstructure, reduced oxide crystallinity, higher surface area, hollow/mesoporous morphology and mixed-metal synergy that aid ion/electron transport.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: Derivative conversion can also remove MOF pore structures and requires energy-intensive processing.
158 · 3.1 Application of MOF derivatives in supercapacitors
Redox-active dopants such as TCNQ are presented as bridges between adjacent sites that enhance electron coupling, orbital overlap and charge transport.
Evidence basis: single_reference
Caveat: The review does not establish whether such dopant-enhanced conductivity persists in all electrochemical environments.
157 · 2.3 Design and preparation of conductive MOFs · Figure 6b
The review treats electrode-material properties as the main determinant of supercapacitor electrochemical performance, with desirable traits including high conductivity, large surface area, porosity and redox activity.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: This is a broad supercapacitor framing claim, not a measured result from the review.
152 · 1 Introduction
Mixed-valence metal ions are presented as a route to facilitate charge transfer in MOFs, exemplified by oxidation of Fe2+ sites in Fe2(BDT)3 while preserving framework structure.
Evidence basis: single_reference
Caveat: The review reports a single exemplar and does not discuss long-term mixed-valence stability under device operation.
157 · 2.3 Design and preparation of conductive MOFs
Porous MOF structures, uniform pores, high surface area, open metal sites and functional groups are presented as enabling ion/electron transport and electrochemical activity in supercapacitor electrodes.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: The review summarises the field; individual mechanisms require primary-study confirmation.
152 · 1 Introduction
Hydro/solvothermal monometallic MOF synthesis is mature and can give small, crystalline particles, but the review flags pollution, energy use, time, yield and cost drawbacks.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: The disadvantages are stated generally rather than quantified across a systematic dataset.
153 · 2.1 Preparation of monometallic MOFs
The outlook identifies limited conductivity, insufficient stability, poor scale-up suitability, rigidity, poor dispersibility, agglomeration and electrothermal degradation as barriers to MOF supercapacitor deployment.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: This is the review authors' synthesis of limitations rather than a quantified meta-analysis.
162 · 4 Conclusion and outlook
Pi-stacking and orbital overlap are interpreted as forming continuous charge-transport channels that improve charge mobility between frameworks.
Evidence basis: single_reference
Caveat: The cited example compares isostructural TTF-based frameworks; extrapolation to other MOFs should be cautious.
157 · 2.3 Design and preparation of conductive MOFs · Figure 6a
MOF-derived sulfides are described as more conductive than oxides because sulfur is less electronegative, but metal sulfides still suffer slow charge/discharge rates and poor cycling stability.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: The review gives examples but not a systematic comparison across sulfide compositions.
159 · 3.1 Application of MOF derivatives in supercapacitors
Conductive MOF transport is framed through hopping between localised sites and band-like transport through continuous energy bands.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: The review does not assign each benchmark material to a fully resolved mechanism.
157 · 2.3 Design and preparation of conductive MOFs
Every row remains visibly secondary and links to a primary dossier only where the mapping is verified.
| Material | Property | Reported value | Context and quality | Primary evidence | Review source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SecondaryColumnar hierarchical Co-MOF asymmetric supercapacitor | specific capacitance | 325 F g^-1; power density 2.13 kW kg^-1; energy density 50.3 Wh kg^-1 at 5 A g^-1; 90.7% cycle life | Asymmetric supercapacitor assembled from Co-MOF at current density 5 A g^-1 Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 160 · 3.2.1 MOFs as electrode material for supercapacitor |
| SecondaryCo/Mn-MOF asymmetric supercapacitor | energy density | 57.2 Wh kg^-1 at power density 2000 W kg^-1; retention 93.51% at 5000 cycles | Co/Mn-MOF nanoparticles on nickel foam as cathode and activated carbon as anode Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 160 · 3.2.2 Application of bimetallic MOFs |
| SecondaryCo/Ni-LDH | specific capacitance | 1877 F g^-1 at 1 A g^-1; cycling stability 99.89% after 5000 cycles | Bimetallic Co/Ni hydroxide derived from Co/Ni-ZIF Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 159 · 3.1 Application of MOF derivatives in supercapacitors · Figure 7a |
| SecondaryCo/Ni-MOF/CFP asymmetric supercapacitor | power density | 23,200 W kg^-1 and energy density 26.8 Wh kg^-1, capacity retention 96% after 5000 cycles | Co/Ni-MOF/CFP positive electrode and activated carbon negative electrode Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 161 · 3.2.2 Application of bimetallic MOFs · Figure 8a |
| SecondaryCu-CAT-1 | electrical conductivity | 2.1 x 10^-1 S cm^-1 | Room temperature, four-probe method Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 157 · 2.3 Design and preparation of conductive MOFs |
| SecondaryTCNQ-doped Cu-TATAB | conductivity increase | increasing by four orders of magnitude after doping with TCNQ molecules | TCNQ doping of a three-dimensional Cu-MOF Text · Qualitative | research_0110 | 158 · 2.3 Design and preparation of conductive MOFs |
| SecondaryFe2(BDT)3 | conductivity increase after mixed-valence oxidation | five orders of magnitude higher than orange-red crystal | Stabilised black crystal after exposure to air compared with as-synthesised orange-red crystal Text · Qualitative | No verified corpus mapping | 157 · 2.3 Design and preparation of conductive MOFs |
| SecondaryI2-doped Cu[Ni(pdt)2] MOF film | electrical conductivity increase | from 10^-8 to 10^-4 S cm^-1 | I2 vapour doping at 50 deg C Text · Exact Reported | research_0203 | 158 · 2.3 Design and preparation of conductive MOFs |
| SecondaryIRMOF-1, IRMOF-2 and IRMOF-3 | microwave synthesis time and yield improvement | synthesis time reduced from several hours to 30-180 s; yields increased from 30% to more than 90% | Microwave method compared with hydro/solvothermal method for IRMOF synthesis Text · Range | No verified corpus mapping | 153 · 2.1 Preparation of monometallic MOFs |
| SecondaryNC-800 graphitic carbon NixCo1-x composite | specific capacitance | 715 F g^-1 at 1 A g^-1 | Carbonised bimetallic Ni/Co-MOF precursor under N2 at 800 deg C Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 160 · 3.1 Application of MOF derivatives in supercapacitors |
| SecondaryNi3(HITP)2 MOF | areal capacitance | 18 microF cm^-2 and stability of 90% after 10,000 cycles | Conductive Ni3(HITP)2 MOF used as supercapacitor electrode material Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 161 · 3.2.3 Conductive MOFs for supercapacitors |
| SecondaryNi-CAT/NiCo-LDH/NF | areal capacitance | 3200 mF cm^-2 at 1 mA cm^-2 | Conductive Ni-CAT nanorods combined with layered Ni/Co-LDH on nickel foam Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 161 · 3.2.3 Conductive MOFs for supercapacitors |
| SecondaryNi-HAB MOF | areal capacitance | 23 F cm^-2 and cycling stability of 90% | Conducting Ni-HAB MOF supercapacitor electrode Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 161 · 3.2.3 Conductive MOFs for supercapacitors |
| SecondaryNiCo2O4/NiO microspheres | specific capacitance | 726 F g^-1 at 1 A g^-1; stability 91.4% over 5000 cycles | MOF-derived microsphere electrode at current density 1 A g^-1 Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 159 · 3.1 Application of MOF derivatives in supercapacitors |
| SecondaryTCNQ@Cu3(BTC)2 MOF | electrical conductivity increase | from 10^-8 S cm^-1 to 0.07 S cm^-1 | Cu3(BTC)2 MOF films permeated with TCNQ redox-active molecules Text · Exact Reported | research_0088 | 157 · 2.3 Design and preparation of conductive MOFs · Figure 6b |
| SecondaryZn-Co-S/NF asymmetric supercapacitor | energy density | 31.9 Wh kg^-1, power density 8.5 kW kg^-1, stability 71.0% after 10,000 cycles | Asymmetric supercapacitor using Zn-Co-S/NF and activated carbon Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 159 · 3.1 Application of MOF derivatives in supercapacitors · Figure 7b |
Open questions are presented as review-author priorities, not conclusions from the primary database.
Self-assembled bimetallic MOFs require careful optimisation of metal content and reaction conditions, and their morphology can be unpredictable.
Proposed direction: Develop better control over secondary metal-ion concentration, ionic-radius matching and reaction environment.
155 · 2.2.1 One-step synthesis
MOF derivative synthesis can remove pore structures and often requires high-temperature, energy-intensive processing.
Proposed direction: Develop lower-energy conversion routes that preserve designed porosity and morphology.
160 · 3.1 Application of MOF derivatives in supercapacitors
The review states that MOF materials degrade under long-term electrothermal exposure and their spatial structure can collapse.
Proposed direction: Develop multifunctional MOF materials with heat resistance, freezing resistance and non-toxic properties.
162 · 4 Conclusion and outlook
The review explicitly says few conductive MOFs had been reported and few studies used conductive MOFs in supercapacitors.
Proposed direction: Develop new conductive MOF structures and evaluate them as electrode materials under comparable supercapacitor conditions.
158 · 2.3 Design and preparation of conductive MOFs
Rigid MOFs, poor dispersibility and aqueous agglomeration limit flexible-material applications.
Proposed direction: Combine MOFs with flexible materials, including hydrogel systems, to improve dispersibility, biocompatibility, conductivity and storage performance.
162 · 4 Conclusion and outlook
Many monometallic MOF syntheses are described as energy intensive, low yield and polluting, with unrecycled organic compounds.
Proposed direction: Explore simple, fast, safe, controllable, low-cost and environmentally friendly synthesis methods.
153 · 2.1 Preparation of monometallic MOFs
Poor electrical conductivity in most MOFs and bimetallic MOFs is repeatedly identified as limiting supercapacitor performance.
Proposed direction: Design MOFs with intrinsic conductivity through metal-linker selection, mixed valence, pi-stacking and controlled modification.
157 · 2.3 Design and preparation of conductive MOFs
The review states that relatively few metal-active sites on monometallic MOFs limit application.
Proposed direction: Use bimetallic MOF design or secondary metal-ion incorporation to increase active sites and defects.
153 · 2.1 Preparation of monometallic MOFs
Limited conductivity, insufficient stability and poor suitability for large-scale production limit MOF supercapacitor applications.
Proposed direction: Create stable-morphology MOFs combining electrical conductivity with energy-storage performance.
162 · 4 Conclusion and outlook
Mappings show which printed review references have a verified counterpart in the frozen primary corpus.
| Reference | Study | Role and context | Corpus mapping |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ref. 62021 | Metal-organic framework derived bimetallic materials for electrochemical energy storage10.1002/anie.202010093 | background_electrode_requirements · mof_derivative_contextCited for general electrode-material requirements and MOF-derived electrochemical energy-storage context. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 72015 | A review of electrolyte materials and compositions for electrochemical supercapacitors10.1039/c5cs00303b | background_electrode_requirements · supercapacitor_contextCited with Ref. 6 in the review's broad discussion of supercapacitor performance requirements. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 182020 | Recent progress in metal-organic framework-based supercapacitor electrode materials | mof_supercapacitor_context · electrode_materialsSupports the review's statement that MOFs are increasingly used as supercapacitor electrode materials. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 192020 | Nanoporous materials derived from metal-organic framework for supercapacitor application | mof_derivative_context · supercapacitor_applicationCited in the graphical overview for MOF derivatives and supercapacitor applications. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 212021 | Metal-organic frameworks derived functional materials for electrochemical energy storage and conversion: a mini review10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c04898 | mof_derivative_context · energy_storage_conversionCited as part of the review's justification that MOFs and derivatives are used in energy storage and supercapacitors. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 312011 | Metal-organic frameworks: a rapidly growing class of versatile nanoporous materials10.1002/adma.201002854 | monometallic_synthesis_backgroundCited for commonly used synthesis methods for monometallic MOFs. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 322020 | Co-MOF/polyaniline-based electrode material for high performance supercapattery devices | monometallic_synthesis_example · morphologyUsed by the review as a hydro/solvothermal Co-MOF example with mixed rod, square and rectangular morphology. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 362019 | Schiff Base-functionalized cobalt-based metal organic framework microspheres with a sea urchin-like structure for supercapacitor electrode material | monometallic_mof_benchmark · morphologyCited for sea-urchin-like Co-MOF morphology and later for direct monometallic MOF supercapacitor performance. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 392006 | Rapid production of metal-organic frameworks via microwave-assisted solvothermal synthesis10.1021/ja0635231 | synthesis_benchmark · microwave_methodCited for microwave-assisted IRMOF synthesis time and yield improvements. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 402020 | Synthesis of Ni-MOF/Ti3C2Tx hybrid nanosheets via ultrasonific method for supercapacitor electrodes | ultrasonic_method · synthesis_exampleCited for ultrasonic synthesis as a short-time controlled monometallic MOF route. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 412017 | Functionalized bimetallic hydroxides derived from metal-organic frameworks for high-performance hybrid supercapacitor with exceptional cycling stability10.1021/acsenergylett.7b00265 | bimetallic_mof · mof_derived_hydroxide · supercapacitor_benchmarkCited for heterometallic ions enhancing MOFs and for Co/Ni MOF-derived hydroxide supercapacitor behaviour. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 422018 | An overview of different strategies to introduce conductivity in metal-organic frameworks and miscellaneous applications thereof10.1039/c8ta04220a | conductivity_strategy_context · bimetallic_mof_contextCited in the review's discussion of bimetallic MOFs as promising in gas adsorption, catalysis and energy. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 432020 | Nickel/cobalt bimetallic metal-organic frameworks ultrathin nanosheets with enhanced performance for supercapacitors | bimetallic_one_step · morphologyCited for one-step hydrothermal Ni/Co-MOF nanoflakes and larger pore/surface area than Ni-MOF. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 442016 | A novel bimetallic MIL-101(Cr, Mg) with high CO2 adsorption capacity and CO2/N2 selectivity10.1016/j.ces.2016.03.035 | bimetallic_one_step · surface_area_exampleCited for Mg-doped MIL-101(Cr) having larger surface area and adsorption capacity than MIL-101(Cr). | Unmapped |
| Ref. 482014 | Zn-doped Ni-MOF material with a high supercapacitive performance10.1039/c4ta04346d | bimetallic_one_step · supercapacitor_materialCited for Zn-doped Ni-MOF microsphere morphology, interlayer expansion and active-site increase. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 492007 | High-enthalpy hydrogen adsorption in cation-exchanged variants of the microporous metal-organic framework Mn3 [(Mn4Cl) 3 (BTT) 8 (CH3OH) 10] 210.1021/ja072871f | post_synthesis_modification · cation_exchangeIdentified by the review as the earliest reported bimetallic MOFs made through post-synthesis metal exchange. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 502018 | Formation of bimetallic metal-organic framework nanosheets and their derived porous nickel-cobalt sulfides for supercapacitors10.1039/c8dt00464a | post_synthesis_modification · bimetallic_mof · mof_derived_sulfideCited for post-synthesis Co incorporation into Ni-MOF and preservation of crystal structure while morphology changed. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 512020 | Conductive MOFs10.1016/j.enchem.2020.100029 | transport_mechanism · conductivity_designCited for hopping and band theories and the conductivity relation used in the review's conductive MOF design discussion. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 522020 | Electrically conductive metal-organic frameworks10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00766 | transport_mechanism · conductivity_measurement_contextCited for electrical conductivity as a key measure of whether MOFs conduct electricity. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 572012 | New porous crystals of extended metal-catecholates10.1021/cm301194a | transport_benchmark · metal_catecholate_mofCited for HHTP metal-catecholate MOFs, reversible redox chemistry, orbital overlap and Cu-CAT-1 conductivity. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 582018 | Tunable mixed-valence doping toward record electrical conductivity in a three-dimensional metal-organic framework10.1021/jacs.8b03604 | transport_benchmark · mixed_valenceCited for mixed-valence Fe2(BDT)3 and five-order conductivity enhancement after partial oxidation. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 592015 | Cation-dependent intrinsic electrical conductivity in isostructural tetrathiafulvalene-based microporous metal-organic frameworks10.1021/ja512437u | transport_mechanism · pi_stackingCited for cation-dependent orbital overlap and conductivity in pi-stacked TTF-based MOFs. | research_0353 |
| Ref. 602014 | Tunable electrical conductivity in metal-organic framework thin-film devices10.1126/science.1246738 | transport_benchmark · dopant_conductivity · thin_film_deviceCited for TCNQ permeation in Cu3(BTC)2 MOF films and large conductivity increase. | research_0088 |
| Ref. 612010 | Conductivity, doping, and redox chemistry of a microporous dithiolene-based Metal-Organic framework10.1021/cm101238m | transport_benchmark · iodine_dopingCited for iodine-vapour doping of a dithiolene MOF film and conductivity enhancement. | research_0203 |
| Ref. 622019 | Tunable electrical conductivity of a new 3D MOFs: Cu-TATAB10.1016/j.inoche.2019.04.037 | transport_benchmark · tcnq_dopingCited for TCNQ doping changing a Cu-MOF from insulating to semiconducting behaviour. | research_0110 |
| Ref. 632020 | Bimetallic metal-organic frameworks and their derivatives10.1039/d0sc01432j | mof_derivative_context · bimetallic_mof_contextCited for derivative categories and synergistic mixed-metal effects in MOF-derived supercapacitor electrodes. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 652018 | Hierarchical two-dimensional conductive metal-organic framework/layered double hydroxide nanoarray for a high-performance supercapacitor10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b00493 | conductive_mof_supercapacitor · benchmark_context · composite_electrodeCited for conductive Ni-CAT nanorod and layered Ni/Co-LDH composite electrodes on nickel foam. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 662017 | Metal-organic framework-derived nanoporous metal oxides toward supercapacitor applications: progress and prospects10.1021/acsnano.7b02796 | mof_derived_oxide_context · supercapacitor_applicationCited for MOF-derived metal oxide advantages including high surface area and electrolyte diffusion. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 672017 | Metal organic frameworks as precursors for the manufacture of advanced catalytic materials10.1039/c7qm00007c | mof_derived_oxide_benchmark · precursor_contextCited in the review for heat-treated bimetallic Co/Ni-MOF yielding NiCo2O4/NiO microspheres. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 692020 | Room temperature and aqueous synthesis of bimetallic ZIF derived CoNi layered double hydroxides and their applications in asymmetric supercapacitors10.1016/j.jcis.2020.06.050 | mof_derived_hydroxide_benchmark · supercapacitor_benchmarkCited for Co/Ni-LDH hollow cage structures derived from Co/Ni-ZIF and high capacitance/cycling stability. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 702018 | A zinc cobalt sulfide nanosheet array derived from a 2D bimetallic metal-organic frameworks for high-performance supercapacitors10.1002/chem.201800960 | mof_derived_sulfide_benchmark · transport_morphologyCited for porous Zn-Co-S nanosheets derived from Zn/Co-MOF on nickel foam and device performance. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 732017 | formation of double-shelled zinc-cobalt sulfide dodecahedral cages from bimetallic zeolitic imidazolate frameworks for hybrid supercapacitors10.1002/anie.201702649 | mof_derived_sulfide · hollow_structureCited for shell zinc-cobalt sulfide dodecahedral cages as MOF-derived sulfide supercapacitor electrodes. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 742016 | MOF-derived binary mixed metal/metal oxide @carbon nanoporous materials and their novel supercapacitive performances10.1039/c6cp02374f | carbon_composite_derivative · temperature_effectCited for direct carbonisation of Co/Mn-MOFs to nanoporous Co/Mn@C and the effect of carbonisation temperature. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 752018 | One-step synthetic strategy of hybrid materials from bimetallic metal-organic frameworks for supercapacitor applications10.1021/acsaem.8b00103 | carbon_composite_benchmark · mof_derivativeCited for graphitic carbon NixCo1-x composite derived from bimetallic Ni/Co-MOF and its capacitance. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 812019 | Dual-purpose 3D pillared metal-organic framework with excellent properties for catalysis of oxidative desulfurization and energy storage in asymmetric supercapacitor10.1021/acsami.9b00415 | monometallic_mof_benchmark · supercapacitor_benchmarkCited for columnar hierarchical Co-MOF direct electrode performance in an asymmetric supercapacitor. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 822020 | Self-assembled bimetallic cobalt-manganese metal-organic framework as a highly efficient, robust electrode for asymmetric supercapacitors | bimetallic_mof_benchmark · direct_mof_electrodeCited for Co/Mn-MOF nanoparticles on nickel foam and asymmetric supercapacitor energy/power performance. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 832020 | Mechanistic insight into bimetallic CoNi-MOF arrays with enhanced performance for supercapacitors10.1039/c9nr10473a | bimetallic_mof_benchmark · charge_transferCited for Co/Ni-MOF nanosheets on carbon fibre paper and review interpretation that Co introduction facilitates charge transfer. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 842020 | Bimetallic MOF nanosheets decorated on electrospun nanofibers for high-performance asymmetric supercapacitors10.1021/acsami.9b16420 | bimetallic_mof · morphology_comparison · supercapacitor_benchmarkCited for PPNF@M/Ni-MOF nanosheets and the effect of doped metal radius on morphology and electrochemical performance. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 852017 | Conductive MOF electrodes for stable supercapacitors with high areal capacitance10.1038/nmat4766 | conductive_mof_supercapacitor · transport_benchmarkCited for conductive Ni3(HITP)2 MOF electrodes with capacitance and cycling-stability performance. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 862018 | Robust and conductive two-dimensional metal-organic frameworks with exceptionally high volumetric and areal capacitance10.1038/s41560-017-0044-5 | conductive_mof_supercapacitor · transport_benchmarkCited for conductive Ni-HAB MOF capacitance and cycling stability as a supercapacitor electrode. | Unmapped |