Secondary batteries
2-9 and 27-29Reviews π-d MOFs across LIB, SIB, PIB, ZIB and multivalent batteries, mainly through ligand functionality and M-X4 coordination motifs.
Relevance: Supporting · 27 · Secondary batteries · Table 2
Review · secondary evidenceReview
Structural engineering of M-X4 moiety in conductive π-d metal-organic frameworks for electrochemical energy storage systems
Authors unavailable · Coordination Chemistry Reviews · 2026
8review sections
6material families
14review claims
20secondary benchmarks
40cited studies
8research gaps
Review scope
To review conductive π-d metal-organic frameworks for electrochemical energy storage through the structural engineering of M-X4 coordination moieties, linking metal nodes, linker functionality, topology, charge transport and electrochemical performance.
- Coverage
- 1989–2025
- Category
- Review Transport Physics
- Material scope
- conductive π-d metal-organic frameworks · M-O4, M-(NH)4, M-S4 and hybrid M-X4 coordination motifs · transition-metal nodes including Cu, Ni, Fe, Co and Zn · polyphenolic, polyamino, polythiol and hybrid functionalised organic linkers
- Transport scope
- metal-ligand π-d electronic coupling · electron delocalisation and semiconducting or quasi-metallic conduction · ion diffusion through ordered pores · Faradaic, non-Faradaic and pseudocapacitive charge storage
- Application scope
- Li-ion batteries · Na-ion batteries · K-ion batteries · Zn-ion batteries · Mg-, Al- and Ca-ion batteries · EDLCs, pseudocapacitors and hybrid supercapacitors
- Explicit exclusions
- primary experimental recipe extraction · exhaustive bibliography transcription · non-conductive MOFs not discussed through π-d conjugation or energy-storage function
- Source
- 1 · Abstract
- Evidence role
- Context, taxonomy and secondary benchmarking
Section map
The review’s argument is preserved as a navigable set of section summaries.
Design principles
1-2Organises design into metal cation selection, organic ligand design, electronic conjugation and topology optimisation.
Relevance: Core · 1-2 · Design principles
Introduction
1Positions conductive π-d MOFs as a subclass bridging porous MOFs and conductive systems, and explains why this review focuses on coordination structure rather than device metrics alone.
Relevance: Core · 1 · Introduction
Summary and outlook
12States key barriers: long-term stability, degradation mechanisms, scalable synthesis, electrode fabrication, device integration and standardisation.
Relevance: Core · 12 · Summary and outlook
Electrochemical energy storage mechanism
2 and 13Distinguishes Faradaic battery-like processes from non-Faradaic EDLC storage and links both to electron transfer, ion insertion/extraction, and pore-mediated diffusion.
Relevance: Core · 2 · Electrochemical energy storage mechanism · Fig. 2
Structure characteristics and conductive mechanism
1Defines π-d MOF structure as π-conjugated linkers coupled to d-orbital metal nodes, producing delocalised pathways, tunable coordination geometry and semiconducting or quasi-metallic behaviour.
Relevance: Core · 1 · Structure characteristics and conductive mechanism · Fig. 1
Supercapacitors
9-12 and 27Separates EDLCs, pseudocapacitors and HSCs and explains how conductive π-d MOFs can support ion adsorption, surface redox or both.
Relevance: Core · 27 · Supercapacitors · Table 3
Synthetic methodologies
2 and 27Compares solvothermal, microwave-assisted, electrochemical, layer-by-layer and post-synthetic routes in terms of crystallinity, film formation, scalability and process complexity.
Relevance: Core · 27 · Synthetic methodologies · Table 1
Taxonomies
Classification systems are attributed to this review and are not treated as a global material registry.
Rational Design VariableAuthor-proposed
Four design principles
A top-down design framework for tuning conductivity and charge storage through metal electronic configuration, ligand planarity and donor chemistry, orbital overlap and connected pore topology.
Categories: metal cations design · organic ligand design · electronic conjugation · topology optimization
1-2 · Design principles
Application EnvironmentAuthor-proposed
Energy-storage device classes
Applications are organised by working ion and by capacitor mechanism, allowing transport requirements to be compared across hydrated Zn2+, large K+ and surface-adsorbed ions.
Categories: LIBs · SIBs · PIBs · ZIBs · MIBs/AIBs/CIBs · EDLCs · PCs · HSCs
28-29 · Figures and tables · Table 4
Network Architecture
Framework dimensionality
The review links 1D, 2D and 3D π-d frameworks to different electron-delocalisation pathways, pore connectivity and ion-diffusion behaviour.
Categories: 1D · 2D · 3D
12 · Figures and tables · Fig. 1
Linker Donor GroupsAuthor-proposed
Organic-linker functionality
Polyphenolic, polyamino, polythiol and hybrid linkers are compared for their effects on π-conjugation, metal-ligand bonding and electrochemical stability.
Categories: R-OH · R-NH2 · R-SH · mixed -OH/-NH2/-SH
1 · Structure characteristics and conductive mechanism · Fig. 1
Local Coordination ChemistryAuthor-proposed
M-X4 coordination-moiety taxonomy
The review uses the donor atom around the metal node as its central structure-property framework for comparing conductivity, redox chemistry and ion transport.
Categories: M-O4 · M-(NH)4 · M-S4 · hybrid M-X4
1 · Introduction · Scheme 1
Electrochemical Process
Charge-storage mechanism
The review separates battery-like redox insertion/extraction from EDLC ion adsorption and then treats pseudocapacitors and HSCs as surface-redox or mixed-mechanism cases.
Categories: Faradaic · non-Faradaic · pseudocapacitive · hybrid capacitive/faradaic
2 · Electrochemical energy storage mechanism · Fig. 2
Material families
Review-defined families retain their representative materials and conduction descriptions.
HHTP/CAT catecholate conductive MOFs
1D Nanowires, 2D Frameworks And Vertically Aligned ArraysCatechol-rich triphenylene linkers coordinated to Cu, Co, Ni, Zn or related metals in conductive M-O4 motifs.
Conduction: The same linker family is used to compare metal-node effects, dimensionality, framework morphology and electrode architecture.
Representative materials: Cu3(HHTP)2 · Co3(HHTP)2 · Ni3(HHTP)2 · Zn-HHTP · Cu-CAT NWAs
Nodes / linkers: Cu · Co · Ni · Zn · HHTP · CAT
15 · Figures and tables · Fig. 6
HITP/HAB-type Ni and Co conductive MOFs
Primarily 2D Layered Conductive FrameworksNitrogen-rich triphenylene or hexaaminobenzene frameworks that form high-conductivity M-(NH)4 networks.
Conduction: The review uses these as examples where morphology, pH and ligand-centred redox can dominate measured electrochemical behaviour.
Representative materials: Ni3(HITP)2 · Co-HAB · Ni-HAB
Nodes / linkers: Ni · Co · HITP · HAB
10 · Engineering R-NH2 functionalized M-(NH)4 moiety for conductive π-d MOFs in EDLCs · Fig. 24
Hybrid functionalised M-X4 conductive π-d MOFs
Varied 2D And Coordination-Polymer FrameworksFrameworks using mixed O, N and S donor groups in one ligand or framework to combine redox sites and electronic delocalisation.
Conduction: Hetero-chelating donor sets are reviewed as a way to balance robust bonding, multiple redox centres and improved ion diffusion.
Representative materials: Ni-S · Ni-NH · Fe-TTTP · Cu-CuPc · Ni-DTA · Ni-DABDT
Nodes / linkers: Ni · Fe · Cu · Co · DABDT · TTTP · CuPcOH · DTA
5 · Engineering hybrid functionalized M-X4 moiety in conductive π-d MOFs for LIBs · Fig. 10
R-NH2 functionalised M-(NH)4 conductive π-d MOFs
Mostly Extended 2D Or 3D Conductive NetworksAmine or imine rich linkers coordinate metals through N donors, forming strongly conjugated metal-amine networks.
Conduction: Nitrogen donors strengthen metal-ligand coupling, enhance electron donation, and support ligand-centred or mixed metal/ligand redox.
Representative materials: Ni3(HITP)2 · Ni-TABQ · Co-HAB · Cu-BTA-H · Ni2[CuPc(NH)8]
Nodes / linkers: Ni · Co · Cu · Fe · TAB · DI · TABQ · HITP · HAB · CuPc(NH)8
4 · Engineering R-NH2 functionalized M-(NH)4 moiety in conductive π-d MOFs for LIBs · Fig. 8
R-OH functionalised M-O4 conductive π-d MOFs
1D, 2D And 3D Examples Are ReviewedMOFs built from phenolic, quinone, catechol or carboxylate oxygen-donor linkers coordinating metal nodes in M-O4 motifs.
Conduction: Oxygen-donor linkers provide redox-active sites and π-d coupling, while larger conjugated skeletons can open ion pathways and stabilise ligand-centred storage.
Representative materials: Fe(dhbq)(H2O)2 · Cu-THQ · Cu3(HHTP)2 · Zn-HHTP · Cu-DBC
Nodes / linkers: Fe · Cu · Zn · Co · Ni · DHBQ · THQ · HHTP/CAT · HHTQ/HATN · 8OH-DBC
2 · Engineering R-OH functionalized M-O4 moiety in conductive π-d MOFs for LIBs · Fig. 3
R-SH functionalised M-S4 conductive π-d MOFs
2D Conductive Frameworks And Nonporous Coordination PolymersThiolate donor linkers such as BHT, ETT and TTO coordinate metal nodes through sulfur-rich M-S4 units.
Conduction: Soft sulfur donors and high polarizability favour strong M-S bonding and efficient π-d delocalisation, often giving high intrinsic conductivity.
Representative materials: Cu-BHT · rGO/Cu-BHT · Ni-TTO · Ni3BHT
Nodes / linkers: Cu · Ni · BHT · ETT · TTO
5 · Engineering R-SH functionalized M-S4 moiety in conductive π-d MOFs for LIBs · Fig. 9
Synthesis strategies
Review-level synthesis principles remain separate from primary-study recipes.
Electrochemical assembly
Direct bottom-up electrodeposition of conductive MOF films on electrode surfaces.
Claimed effects: Improves electrode contact and enables binder-free film-based applications in batteries and supercapacitors.
Controlling variables: substrate · applied potential/current · electrolyte composition · metal and ligand precursor compatibility
Representative materials: conductive MOF films · Ni3(HITP)2 nanosheets
Caveat: Limited control over crystallinity and restricted to electrode-compatible materials.
27 · Synthetic methodologies · Table 1
Layer-by-layer assembly
Sequential thin-film construction for nanoscale control of conductive MOF thickness and uniformity.
Claimed effects: Provides precision for thin-film applications, including supercapacitors and microelectronics.
Controlling variables: layer count · precursor sequence · surface chemistry · growth time
Representative materials: thin-film π-d MOFs
Caveat: Complex, labour-intensive and low-throughput for large-scale applications.
27 · Synthetic methodologies · Table 1
Microwave-assisted synthesis
Uses dipole rotation and ionic conduction for uniform heating, rapid nucleation and morphology control.
Claimed effects: Shortens reaction time and can help produce controlled conductive MOF morphologies.
Controlling variables: microwave heating · precursor concentration · solvent · growth time
Representative materials: electrically conductive MOFs with controlled morphologies
Caveat: The review notes limited scalability, specialised equipment and potential reduced framework stability.
27 · Synthetic methodologies · Table 1
Post-synthetic modification and hybridisation
Uses doping, ligand or metal ion exchange, framework decoration, surface functionalisation and composites with conductive polymers, graphene or CNTs.
Claimed effects: Tunes conductivity, processability, mechanical flexibility, electrolyte accessibility and electrochemical activity.
Controlling variables: accessible functional sites · dopant identity · composite phase · surface interactions
Representative materials: rGO/Cu-BHT · Cu-HAN@CNT · Cu-CAT-NWAs@PPy
Caveat: Limited to frameworks with accessible sites and can be time-consuming and multi-step.
2 · Synthetic methodologies
Solvothermal synthesis
High-temperature, high-pressure coordination of metal precursors and organic linkers in solvent to obtain crystalline conductive π-d MOFs.
Claimed effects: Preferred for high-crystallinity MOFs and precise framework control across diverse metal-ligand combinations.
Controlling variables: pH · temperature · solvent type · reaction time · metal-ligand combination
Representative materials: Cu-CAT · Co-HHTP/G · Cu-DCB
Caveat: Requires high temperature and pressure and has limited industrial scalability.
27 · Synthetic methodologies · Table 1
Review claims
These are the review authors’ synthesis, not newly measured results.
Author InterpretationHigh supportCaveat
Commercial deployment is limited by realistic cycling stability, degradation understanding, scalable synthesis, electrode fabrication, device integration and batch reproducibility.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: The review gives no single quantified threshold for commercial readiness.
12 · Summary and outlook
Author InterpretationMedium supportMeasurement Interpretation
For Cu3(HHTP)2-related EDLCs, the review reports an interpretation that capacitance may be governed more by 3D framework architecture and electrolyte interaction than by metal-node or linker identity alone.
Evidence basis: single_reference
Caveat: The claim comes from one cited EDLC study as summarised by the review.
10 · Engineering R-OH functionalized M-O4 moiety for conductive π-d MOFs in EDLCs · Fig. 23
Consensus SummaryHigh supportTransport Mechanism
Conductive π-d MOFs operate through Faradaic redox in battery-type devices and non-Faradaic ion adsorption in EDLC-type devices, while ion diffusion through pores supports both.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: Many real devices show mixed behaviour, especially pseudocapacitors and hybrid supercapacitors.
2 · Electrochemical energy storage mechanism · Fig. 2
Consensus SummaryHigh supportTransport Mechanism
In HSCs, π-d MOFs are described as dual-function electrodes supporting EDLC ion adsorption and pseudocapacitive near-surface redox.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: Device architecture and counter-electrode choice remain important for actual performance.
11 · Hybrid supercapacitors
Consensus SummaryHigh supportTransport Mechanism
For R-NH2 pseudocapacitive MOFs such as Ni-HAB and Ni2[CuPc(NH)8], the review emphasises ligand-centred surface redox as the main storage contribution.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: Applies to the cited systems rather than all amine-linked conductive MOFs.
10-11 · Engineering R-NH2 functionalized M-(NH)4 moiety for conductive π-d MOFs in PCs · Fig. 28
DescriptiveMedium supportStructure Property Link
Transition-metal nodes with partially filled d orbitals enable metal-linker charge transfer, tunable geometry and redox activity through mixed valence states.
Evidence basis: single_reference
Caveat: The claim is broad and should be checked against primary studies for any specific metal system.
1 · Structure characteristics and conductive mechanism
Author InterpretationHigh supportMeasurement Interpretation
For Ni3(HITP)2 EDLC electrodes, the review highlights that morphology can affect capacitance more strongly than bulk conductivity.
Evidence basis: single_reference
Caveat: Specific to the Ni3(HITP)2 case study and EDLC measurement conditions.
10 · Engineering R-NH2 functionalized M-(NH)4 moiety for conductive π-d MOFs in EDLCs · Fig. 24
Author InterpretationHigh supportCaveat
The review identifies in situ and operando measurements as necessary to resolve structural evolution, charge-storage mechanisms and ion-transport dynamics.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: This is an outlook recommendation, not a resolved consensus benchmark.
12 · Summary and outlook
ContestedHigh supportControversy
The review flags that Ni3(HITP)2, often described as an EDLC material, can show pronounced faradaic behaviour depending on electrolyte pH.
Evidence basis: single_reference
Caveat: This cautions against assigning a fixed charge-storage mechanism without electrolyte conditions.
10 · Engineering R-NH2 functionalized M-(NH)4 moiety for conductive π-d MOFs in EDLCs · Fig. 24
Consensus SummaryHigh supportTransport Mechanism
π-d MOF conductivity is attributed to coupling between π-electron-rich organic linkers and d-orbital metal centres, creating delocalised charge pathways.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: The review summarises, rather than independently measures, electronic structure.
1 · Introduction
Author InterpretationHigh supportDefinition Scope
The review argues that prior reviews over-emphasise device metrics and under-analyse intrinsic coordination structures, charge transport mechanisms and structure-function relationships.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: This is the review authors' positioning of the secondary literature.
1 · Introduction
Author InterpretationHigh supportCaveat
M-S4 frameworks can offer strong metal-sulfur bonding and high conductivity, but the review repeatedly notes limited ligand diversity, oxidative instability and underexploration.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: This is a synthesis of review commentary across LIB, SIB and PC sections.
10-11 · Engineering R-SH functionalized M-S4 moiety for conductive π-d MOFs in PCs · Fig. 29
Author InterpretationHigh supportStructure Property Link
Topology optimisation can simultaneously support electronic charge delocalisation and ionic transport by controlling interconnectivity, pore size, pore shape and connectivity.
Evidence basis: single_reference
Caveat: The relative importance of each topological variable is material- and electrolyte-specific.
2 · Design principles
DescriptiveMedium supportApplication Relevance
The review frames ZIBs as favourable for π-d MOF channels because hydrated Zn2+ is described as smaller than hydrated Li+, Na+ and K+ ions, easing transport.
Evidence basis: single_reference
Caveat: Hydrated-radius arguments are electrolyte-dependent and should not be treated as universal without primary electrochemical context.
8 · Zn-ion batteries
Secondary benchmarks
Every row remains visibly secondary and links to a primary dossier only where the mapping is verified.
| Material | Property | Reported value | Context and quality | Primary evidence | Review source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Secondary2D Cu-THQ | LIB discharge capacity | 390 mAh g-1 at 50 mA g-1 | LIB, 1.5-4.0 V; Table 4 and Fig. 4. Table · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 28 · Figures and tables · Table 4 |
| Secondary(H2NMe2)2FeIII2(Cl2dhbq)3 | LIB reversible capacity | 200 mAh g-1 at 20 mA g-1 | LIB cathode; 1.8-4.2 V in Table 4. Table · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 28 · Figures and tables · Table 4 |
| SecondaryCu-BHT | electrical conductivity | 230 S cm-1 | R-SH functionalised CuS4 MOF for LIB discussion. Text · Exact Reported | research_0365 | 5 · Engineering R-SH functionalized M-S4 moiety in conductive π-d MOFs for LIBs · Fig. 9 |
| SecondaryCu-BHT | LIB reversible capacity | 232 mAh g-1 at 300 mA g-1 | LIB, R-SH ligand type; 1.5-3.0 V in Table 4. Table · Exact Reported | research_0365 | 28 · Figures and tables · Table 4 |
| SecondaryCu-DBC | PC gravimetric capacitance | 396 F g-1 at 200 mA g-1 | Pseudocapacitor, R-OH ligand type, 0-0.8 V. Table · Exact Reported | research_0068 | 29 · Figures and tables · Table 4 |
| SecondaryCu-DCB | HSC specific capacitance | 760 F g-1 at 50 A g-1 | Positive electrode in zinc-ion HSC; 0.7-1.2 V. Table · Exact Reported | research_0060 | 29 · Figures and tables · Table 4 |
| SecondaryCu-HHB | HSC areal capacitance | 111.7 mF cm-2 at 0.4 mA cm-2 | Hybrid supercapacitor, R-OH ligand type, 0-0.8 V. Table · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 29 · Figures and tables · Table 4 |
| SecondaryCu3(HHTP)2 | EDLC specific capacitance | 110 F g-1 at 40 mA g-1 | EDLC, 0-1.0 V in Table 4. Table · Exact Reported | research_0040 | 28 · Figures and tables · Table 4 |
| SecondaryCu3(HHTP)2 | ZIB cathode capacity | 228 mAh g-1 at 50 mA g-1 | ZIB, R-OH ligand type, 0.5-1.3 V. Table · Exact Reported | research_0188 | 28 · Figures and tables · Table 4 |
| SecondaryNi2[CuPc(NH)8]-SSCs | PC specific capacitance | 145 F g-1 at 1000 mA g-1 | Pseudocapacitor, R-NH2 ligand type, 0-1.6 V. Table · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 29 · Figures and tables · Table 4 |
| SecondaryFe(dhbq)(H2O)2 | LIB charge capacity | 178 mAh g-1 at 10 mA g-1 | LIB, 1.4-4.0 V, R-OH ligand type; Table 4 reports capacity/current. Table · Exact Reported | research_0103 | 28 · Figures and tables · Table 4 |
| SecondaryHAN-Cu-MOF | PIB specific capacity | 455 mAh g-1 at 50 mA g-1 | PIB, R-OH ligand type, 0.01-3.0 V. Table · Exact Reported | research_0812 | 28 · Figures and tables · Table 4 |
| SecondaryNi-HAB | volumetric capacitance | up to 760 F cm-3 | Pseudocapacitive Ni-HAB films; sub-millimetre thickness. Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 11 · Engineering R-NH2 functionalized M-(NH)4 moiety for conductive π-d MOFs in PCs · Fig. 28 |
| SecondaryNi3(HITP)2 | EDLC capacitance | 111 F g-1 at 50 mA g-1 | EDLC, R-NH2 ligand type, 0-1.0 V. Table · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 29 · Figures and tables · Table 4 |
| SecondaryNi3(HITP)2 | LIB reversible capacity | 1080 mAh g-1 at 100 mA g-1 | LIB anode; R-NH2 ligand type; 0.01-3.0 V in Table 4. Table · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 28 · Figures and tables · Table 4 |
| SecondaryNi3(HITP)2 | EDLC/pH-dependent capacitance | 297 F g-1 at 330 mA g-1 | EDLC entry with 0-0.6 V window; review text notes pH-sensitive faradaic behaviour. Table · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 29 · Figures and tables · Table 4 |
| SecondaryNi-TABQ | SIB capacity | 470 mAh g-1 at 100 mA g-1 | SIB; R-NH2 ligand type; 0.2-3.0 V. Table · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 28 · Figures and tables · Table 4 |
| SecondaryNi-TTO | electrical conductivity | approximately 30 S cm-1 | SIB, R-SH M-S4 family; conductivity cited as explanation for rate capability. Text · Approximate | No verified corpus mapping | 7 · Engineering R-SH functionalized M-S4 moiety for conductive π-d MOFs in SIBs · Fig. 14 |
| SecondaryZn-HHTP | SIB reversible capacity | 150 mAh g-1 at 100 mA g-1 | SIB; R-OH ligand type; 1.0-3.5 V in Table 4. Table · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 28 · Figures and tables · Table 4 |
| SecondaryZn-PTCA | SIB reversible capacity | 357 mAh g-1 at 50 mA g-1 | SIB anode, 0.01-2.0 V. Table · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 28 · Figures and tables · Table 4 |
Research gaps
Open questions are presented as review-author priorities, not conclusions from the primary database.
computational discovery
MediumThe review proposes computational modelling and AI-driven screening to identify structures with target electronic properties and stability.
Proposed direction: Combine DFT and machine-learning screening with experimental validation for targeted conductive MOF discovery.
12 · Summary and outlook
reproducibility
MediumThe review highlights batch-to-batch reproducibility as a commercialisation barrier.
Proposed direction: Standardise synthesis, processing and reporting protocols for conductive π-d MOFs.
12 · Summary and outlook
mechanistic understanding
HighThe review states that degradation mechanisms in conductive π-d MOFs remain insufficiently understood.
Proposed direction: Use operando XRD, Raman and EIS to track structural evolution, redox changes and ion-transport dynamics.
12 · Summary and outlook
electrode fabrication and integration
HighConstraints in electrode fabrication, high mass loading and device integration limit translation from laboratory demonstrations.
Proposed direction: Design frameworks and composites compatible with manufacturing processes and robust high-loading electrodes.
12 · Summary and outlook
operational stability
HighLimited long-term stability under realistic operating conditions remains a critical barrier.
Proposed direction: Engineer robust coordination environments and framework architectures that tolerate electrochemical cycling.
12 · Summary and outlook
scalability
HighScalable and cost-effective synthesis is identified as a major obstacle for practical deployment.
Proposed direction: Develop low-cost, high-efficiency routes using earth-abundant metals and inexpensive ligands.
12 · Summary and outlook
SIB material diversity
MediumR-OH/M-O4 π-d MOFs for SIBs remain limited in variety and need better rate capability and long-term stability.
Proposed direction: Pursue rational ligand design, electronic-structure modulation and framework engineering for sodium storage.
6 · Engineering R-OH functionalized M-O4 moiety for conductive π-d MOFs in SIBs
R-SH/M-S4 chemistry
MediumM-S4 systems are promising but underdeveloped because of synthetic difficulty, oxidative instability, poor structural tunability and limited ligand diversity.
Proposed direction: Develop stable thiol or mixed-donor ligands and tune metal nodes without sacrificing high conductivity.
11 · Engineering R-SH functionalized M-S4 moiety for conductive π-d MOFs in PCs
Cited-study map
Mappings show which printed review references have a verified counterpart in the frozen primary corpus.
Show 40 cited-study records
| Reference | Study | Role and context | Corpus mapping |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ref. 282023 | Conductive MOFs for electrocatalysis and electrochemical sensor10.1016/j.esci.2023.100133 | transport_mechanism · conductive_mof_contextCited in the review's general explanation of why conductive π-d MOFs have favourable electronic properties. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 292022 | Conductive properties of triphenylene MOFs and COFs10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214459 | transport_mechanism · triphenylene_mof_contextCited with Ref. 28 to support the electronic-coupling explanation for conductive π-d MOFs. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 302022 | Approaches to enhancing electrical conductivity of pristine metal-organic frameworks for supercapacitor applications10.1002/smll.202203307 | conductivity_design · supercapacitor_contextSupports the review's broad discussion of transition metals and mixed-valence redox activity in π-d MOFs. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 752020 | Conductive metal-organic frameworks: design, synthesis, and applications10.1002/smtd.202000396 | design_principles · topology_optimisationSupports the design-principle discussion on topology, pore control and simultaneous electronic/ionic transport. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 792025 | From 0D to 2D: microwave-assisted synthesis of electrically conductive metal-organic frameworks with controlled morphologies10.1039/d4sc07025a | synthesis_strategy · morphology_controlCited as an example of microwave-assisted synthesis as a route to shorter-timeframe π-d MOF formation. | research_0036 |
| Ref. 802022 | A one-dimensional conductive metal-organic framework with extended π-d conjugated nanoribbon layers10.1038/s41467-022-35315-0 | synthesis_strategy · thin_films_and_devicesCited in the review's discussion of electrochemical assembly and direct construction of MOF films on electrodes. | research_0009 |
| Ref. 812023 | Progress and perspectives of conducting metal-organic frameworks for electrochemical energy storage and conversion10.3390/chemistry5040161 | synthesis_strategy · prior_reviewCited for layer-by-layer assembly and thin-film MOF fabrication context. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 842022 | Freestanding metal-organic frameworks and their derivatives: an emerging platform for electrochemical energy storage and conversion10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00978.s001 | storage_mechanism · review_contextUsed in the review's discussion of Faradaic and non-Faradaic charge-storage mechanisms. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 872025 | Two-dimensional conjugated metal-organic frameworks for electrochemical energy conversion and storage10.1039/d5sc00463b | storage_mechanism · 2d_conjugated_mofsSupports the review's non-Faradaic double-layer discussion and broader energy-storage framing. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 912022 | Teaching metal-organic frameworks to conduct: ion and electron transport in metal-organic frameworks10.1146/annurev-matsci-080619-012811 | ion_transport · electron_transportCited in the section connecting pore architecture to ion transport and electron transport in MOFs. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1012021 | Electron-conductive metal-organic framework, Fe(dhbq)(dhbq= 2, 5-Dihydroxy-1, 4-benzoquinone): coexistence of microporosity and solid-state redox activity10.1021/acsami.1c06571 | secondary_benchmark · LIB · M-O4Used as an early Fe-DHBQ conductive π-d MOF LIB cathode example. | research_0103 |
| Ref. 1042020 | Effects of covalency on anionic redox chemistry in semiquinoid-based metal-organic frameworks10.1021/jacs.9b13050 | secondary_benchmark · LIB · redox_chemistryReview uses it to discuss Cl2DHBQ effects, anionic redox and conductivity/capacity differences in Fe semiquinoid MOFs. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1072023 | Graphite-like charge storage mechanism in a 2D π-d conjugated metal-organic framework revealed by stepwise magnetic monitoring10.1021/jacs.2c10650 | secondary_benchmark · mechanism · LIBSupports the review's mechanistic claim that Cu-THQ has graphite-like charge storage and efficient electron acceptance/donation. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1122019 | Bottom-up fabrication of 1D Cu-based conductive metal-organic framework nanowires as a high-rate anode towards efficient lithium storage10.1002/cssc.201902194 | synthesis_strategy · LIB · M-O4Used as a scalable solvothermal/bottom-up Cu-CAT nanowire example for LIB anodes. | research_0046 |
| Ref. 1242021 | Graphene analogue metal organic framework with superior capacity and rate capability as an anode for lithium ion batteries10.1016/j.electacta.2021.138750 | secondary_benchmark · LIB · M-(NH)4Cited for high-capacity R-NH2/M-(NH)4 Ni3(HITP)2 LIB anodes. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1282020 | Highly conductive two-dimensional metal-organic frameworks for resilient lithium storage with superb rate capability10.1021/acsnano.0c05200 | secondary_benchmark · LIB · M-S4Used as a central Cu-BHT example for sulfur-rich M-S4 conductivity and LIB rate capability. | research_0365 |
| Ref. 1292021 | 2D conductive MOFs with sufficient redox sites: reduced graphene oxide/Cu-benzenehexathiolate composites as high capacity anode materials for lithium-ion batteries10.1039/d0nr08549a | hybridisation · LIB · M-S4Used to illustrate conductive-carbon hybridisation for improving Cu-BHT performance and Li-ion transport. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1452018 | Environmentally sustainable aluminum-coordinated poly(tetrahydroxybenzoquinone) as a promising cathode for sodium ion batteries10.1021/acsami.7b13911 | SIB · M-O4 · benchmark_contextCited as an R-OH/M-O4 SIB cathode example where inert Al3+ coordination improves long-cycle stability. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1462021 | Successive storage of cations and anions by ligands of π-d-conjugated coordination polymers enabling robust sodium-ion batteries10.1002/ange.202106055 | secondary_benchmark · SIB · ligand_redoxReview uses this to distinguish ligand-based storage in Zn-HHTP from poorer Cu-HHTP cyclability. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1472018 | Activating aromatic rings as Na-ion storage sites to achieve high capacity10.1016/j.chempr.2018.08.015 | secondary_benchmark · SIB · ion_diffusionUsed for Zn-PTCA as a sodium-storage example where wavy layers and interlayer spacing create diffusion channels. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1522020 | A two-dimensional metal-organic polymer enabled by robust nickel-nitrogen and hydrogen bonds for exceptional sodium-ion storage10.1002/ange.202008726 | secondary_benchmark · SIB · M-(NH)4Used as a high-capacity N-rich 2D MOF/polymer SIB benchmark with Ni-N coordination and hydrogen bonding. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1552019 | A highly conductive conjugated coordination polymer for fast-charge sodium-ion batteries: reconsidering its structures10.1039/c9cc05679c | secondary_benchmark · SIB · M-S4Used for sulfur-donor M-S4 sodium-storage discussion and high-conductivity rate capability. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1672024 | Boosting potassium and sodium-ion storage performance by in-situ self-assembly of a Co-based π-d conjugated coordination polymer on graphene nanosheets10.1016/j.est.2024.112111 | synthesis_strategy · PIB · hybridisationUsed as a PIB example where graphene integration improves Co-HHTP electrochemical properties. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1682024 | Conductive metal-organic framework with superior redox activity as a stable high-capacity anode for high-temperature K-ion batteries10.1021/jacs.3c13113 | secondary_benchmark · PIB · M-O4Used for a high-capacity nitrogen-rich Cu-HAN/HATN-type PIB anode with redox-active CO, CN and Cu sites. | research_0812 |
| Ref. 1692024 | Anchoring π-d conjugated metal-organic frameworks with dual-active centers on carbon nanotubes for advanced potassium-ion batteries10.1002/adma.202305605 | hybridisation · PIB · transport_kineticsUsed to illustrate CNT integration for active-site access and electron-transfer pathways in PIBs. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1802018 | Recent advances in Zn-ion batteries10.1002/adfm.201802564 | ZIB_context · review_contextCited in the ZIB background on hydrated ion transport. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1882019 | Conductive 2D metal-organic framework for high-performance cathodes in aqueous rechargeable zinc batteries10.1038/s41467-019-12857-4 | secondary_benchmark · ZIB · M-O4Used as a conductive HHTP-based ZIB cathode benchmark. | research_0188 |
| Ref. 2192021 | Insights into the electric double-layer capacitance of two-dimensional electrically conductive metal-organic frameworks10.1039/d1ta04026j | secondary_benchmark · EDLC · measurement_interpretationReview uses it for Cu3(HHTP)2 EDLC capacitance and the interpretation that architecture/electrolyte dominates over specific metal/linker choice. | research_0040 |
| Ref. 2222017 | Conductive MOF electrodes for stable supercapacitors with high areal capacitance10.1038/nmat4766 | secondary_benchmark · EDLC · Ni3(HITP)2Used for the review's claim that Ni3(HITP)2 enabled a fully MOF-based, non-carbon EDLC electrode. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 2232019 | Extraordinary cycling stability of Ni3(HITP)2 supercapacitors fabricated by electrophoretic deposition: cycling at 100,000 cycles10.1016/j.cej.2019.122150 | electrochemical_assembly · EDLC · cycling_stabilityUsed for electrophoretic deposition of ultrathin Ni3(HITP)2 nanosheets and cycling stability. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 2262021 | Why conductivity is not always king-physical properties governing the capacitance of 2D metal-organic framework-based EDLC supercapacitor electrodes: a Ni 3 (HITP) 2 case study10.1039/d1fd00028d | measurement_interpretation · EDLC · morphologyUsed for the caveat that physical/morphological characteristics can govern capacitance more than bulk conductivity. | research_0225 |
| Ref. 2272024 | Electrochemical doping and structural modulation of conductive metal-organic frameworks10.1002/ange.202318387 | secondary_benchmark · EDLC · electrochemical_modulationUsed for the review's pH-dependent faradaic/non-faradaic caveat for Ni3(HITP)2. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 2322020 | Conjugated copper-catecholate framework electrodes for efficient energy storage10.1002/ange.201912642 | secondary_benchmark · PC · M-O4Used as the scarce R-OH pseudocapacitor example based on 8OH-DBC/Cu-DBC. | research_0068 |
| Ref. 2332018 | Robust and conductive two-dimensional metal-organic frameworks with exceptionally high volumetric and areal capacitance10.1038/s41560-017-0044-5 | secondary_benchmark · PC · M-(NH)4Used as a major Ni-HAB pseudocapacitive benchmark with high volumetric and areal capacitance. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 2342020 | Understanding the mechanism of high capacitance in nickel hexaaminobenzene-based conductive metal-organic frameworks in aqueous electrolytes10.1021/acsnano.0c07292 | PC · mechanism · ligand_redoxUsed for mechanistic assignment of Ni-HAB redox as primarily ligand-centred. | research_0809 |
| Ref. 2352021 | Dual-redox-sites enable two-dimensional conjugated metal-organic frameworks with large pseudocapacitance and wide potential window10.1021/jacs.1c03039 | secondary_benchmark · PC · dual_redoxUsed for dual-redox-site pseudocapacitance and simultaneous Na+/SO4 2- storage. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 2362021 | High-capacitance pseudocapacitors from Li+ ion intercalation in nonporous, electrically conductive 2D coordination polymers10.1021/jacs.0c10849 | PC · M-S4 · ion_intercalationUsed for the only reported R-SH/M-S4 pseudocapacitor example in the review. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 2472023 | 2D conjugated metal-organic frameworks embedded with iodine for high-performance ammonium-ion hybrid supercapacitors10.1002/adma.202305575 | secondary_benchmark · HSC · M-O4Used as an NH4+-based hybrid supercapacitor example using Cu-HHB paired with MXene. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 2492020 | Integrated conductive hybrid architecture of metal-organic framework nanowire array on polypyrrole membrane for all-solid-state flexible supercapacitors10.1002/aenm.201901892 | hybridisation · HSC · flexible_deviceUsed as a conductive MOF/polymer hybrid architecture for flexible all-solid-state supercapacitors. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 2512024 | De novo design and facile synthesis of highly crystalline 2D conductive metal-organic frameworks: A rotor-stator strategy10.1021/jacs.3c13985 | secondary_benchmark · HSC · molecular_designUsed for the review's rotor-stator molecular-engineering example and high HSC capacitance benchmark. | research_0060 |