Electrical Transport — Measuring and Reporting Electrical Conductivity in Metal-Organic Frameworks: Cd2(TTFTB) as a Case Study

16 measurement groups · 78 results

Reported values remain attached to the sample, method, conditions, extraction quality and source location that produced them.

four-point probe, direct-contact approach

Electrical conductivity

Pressed pellet, direct-contact probe · Pellet

297 K, air RH 35%, dark; currents +/-1 to +/-20 nA; four gold-plated tungsten probes, 1.50 mm spacing.

Temperature: 297
Atmosphere: air, 35% relative humidity
Geometry: 6.0 mm diameter, 240 um thick pellet; linear point-probe geometry
Context: pristine_framework
Measurement source: S6; S24 · 4-point probe method for pressed pellets · Figure S7

Property	Reported value	Normalised value	Uncertainty	Origin and quality	Source
Corrected electrical conductivity	4.39 x 10^-6 S/cm	—	—	Text Exact Reported	S6 · 4-point probe method for pressed pellets · Figure S7
Electrical conductance	3.07 x 10^-7 S	—	—	Text Exact Reported	S6 · 4-point probe method for pressed pellets · Figure S7
I-V linear regression R2	R2 = 0.99994	—	—	Text Exact Reported	S6 · 4-point probe method for pressed pellets · Figure S7
Uncorrected electrical conductivity	3.26 x 10^-7 S/cm	—	—	Text Exact Reported	S6 · 4-point probe method for pressed pellets · Figure S7

two-contact probe, in situ press, resistance-thickness regression

Electrical conductivity

Pressed pellet, in situ press · Pellet

297 K assumed/room temperature, air RH 40%, dark; 9 pellets with variable thickness; electrometer in ohmmeter mode.

Temperature: 297
Atmosphere: air, 40% relative humidity
Geometry: circular pellet, diameter 0.208 cm, thickness 170-820 um, stainless steel rod contacts
Context: pristine_framework
Measurement source: S2; S21 · 2-contact probe method for pressed pellets by in situ press · Figure S4

Property	Reported value	Normalised value	Uncertainty	Origin and quality	Source
Electrical conductivity, pressed pellet in situ press	2.07 (+/-0.13) x 10^-6 S/cm	—	±0.13 x 10^-6 S/cm	Text Exact Reported	S2 · 2-contact probe method for pressed pellets by in situ press · Figure S4
Offset resistance	65.4 (+/-21.8) kOhm	—	±21.8 kOhm	Text Exact Reported	S2 · 2-contact probe method for pressed pellets by in situ press · Figure S4
Resistance-thickness regression R2	R2 = 0.97	—	—	Text Exact Reported	S2 · 2-contact probe method for pressed pellets by in situ press · Figure S4

van der Pauw, direct-contact approach

Electrical conductivity

Pressed pellet, direct-contact probe · Pellet

Same pellet/environment as four-point probe; 10 nA current; voltage measured with nanovoltmeter; approximately square peripheral probe placement.

Temperature: 297
Atmosphere: air, 35% relative humidity
Geometry: four peripheral probes on pressed pellet, t = 240 um
Context: pristine_framework
Measurement source: S7 · Van der Pauw method for pressed pellets · Table S1; Scheme S3

Property	Reported value	Normalised value	Uncertainty	Origin and quality	Source
Electrical conductivity, van der Pauw	2.70 x 10^-6 S/cm	—	—	Text Exact Reported	S7 · Van der Pauw method for pressed pellets · Table S1
van der Pauw RA	3.71 x 10^6 Ohm	—	—	SI Table Exact Reported	S7 · Van der Pauw method for pressed pellets · Table S1
van der Pauw RB	3.54 x 10^6 Ohm	—	—	SI Table Exact Reported	S7 · Van der Pauw method for pressed pellets · Table S1

two-contact probe, wire-paste approach

Electrical conductivity

Pressed pellet, wire-paste cuboid · Pellet

297 K, air RH 46%, dark; voltage sweep -1 to 1 V; carbon paste/gold-wire contacts.

Temperature: 297
Atmosphere: air, 46% relative humidity
Geometry: cut cuboid pressed pellet on glass slide; two gold-wire/carbon-paste contacts
Context: pristine_framework
Measurement source: S3-S4; S22 · 2-contact probe method for pressed pellets by pasting wires · Figure S5; Scheme S1

Property	Reported value	Normalised value	Uncertainty	Origin and quality	Source
Electrical conductivity, pressed pellet two-contact wire-paste	2.29 x 10^-6 S/cm	—	—	Text Exact Reported	S4 · 2-contact probe method for pressed pellets by pasting wires · Figure S5; Scheme S1
Conductance, pressed pellet two-contact wire-paste	3.82 x 10^-8 S	—	—	Text Exact Reported	S3 · 2-contact probe method for pressed pellets by pasting wires · Figure S5
I-V linear regression R2	R2 = 0.9993	—	—	Text Exact Reported	S3 · 2-contact probe method for pressed pellets by pasting wires · Figure S5

four-contact probe, wire-paste approach

Electrical conductivity

Pressed pellet, wire-paste cuboid · Pellet

Same environmental conditions as two-contact wire-paste pressed pellet; current sweep -100 to 100 nA.

Temperature: 297
Atmosphere: air, 46% relative humidity
Geometry: same cuboid pellet with four gold-wire/carbon-paste contacts
Context: pristine_framework
Measurement source: S5; S23 · 4-contact probe method for pressed pellets · Figure S6; Scheme S2

Property	Reported value	Normalised value	Uncertainty	Origin and quality	Source
Electrical conductivity, pressed pellet four-contact wire-paste	4.08 x 10^-6 S/cm	—	—	Text Exact Reported	S5 · 4-contact probe method for pressed pellets · Figure S6; Scheme S2
Conductance, pressed pellet four-contact wire-paste	1.90 x 10^-7 S	—	—	Text Exact Reported	S5 · 4-contact probe method for pressed pellets · Figure S6
I-V linear regression R2	R2 = 0.99991	—	—	Text Exact Reported	S5 · 4-contact probe method for pressed pellets · Figure S6

two-contact probe, Ga-Sn or In-Ga-Sn alloy approach

Electrical conductivity

Single-crystal alloy-contact devices · Single Crystal

297 K, air RH 44%, dark; -1 to 1 V sweep; five crystals tested.

Temperature: 297
Atmosphere: air, 44% relative humidity
Geometry: alloy drops on tungsten probe tips contacting single crystal on sapphire
Context: pristine_framework
Measurement source: S15; S34 · Alloy approach for single crystals · Figure S17

Property	Reported value	Normalised value	Uncertainty	Origin and quality	Source
I-V linearity for alloy-contact devices	I-V curves of all devices were not linear	—	—	Text Qualitative	S15 · Alloy approach for single crystals · Figure S17

air-vacuum cycling, two-contact wire-paste conductivity

Electrical conductivity

Single-crystal wire-paste devices for environmental tests · Single Crystal

297 K, dark; air RH 41%; five air-vacuum cycles; chamber evacuated to about 2e-5 torr.

Temperature: 297
Atmosphere: air/vacuum cycling
Geometry: single-crystal two-contact wire-paste device, sigma_parallel_c
Context: pristine_framework
Measurement source: S16 · Influence of environmental conditions · Figure 9

Property	Reported value	Normalised value	Uncertainty	Origin and quality	Source
Decrease in air conductivity over 5 cycles	approximately 8%	—	—	Text Approximate	p009 / 14780 · Impact of Atmosphere · Figure 9
Electrical conductivity in air	~1.2 x 10^-4 S/cm	—	—	Text Approximate	p009 / 14780 · Impact of Atmosphere · Figure 9
Electrical conductivity in vacuum	~2 x 10^-5 S/cm	—	—	Text Approximate	p009 / 14780 · Impact of Atmosphere · Figure 9

four-contact probe, bottom-contact approach

Electrical conductivity

Single-crystal bottom-contact devices · Single Crystal

297 K, air RH 35-45%, dark; current sweeps on three devices.

Temperature: 297
Atmosphere: air, 35-45% relative humidity
Geometry: single crystal transferred onto prepatterned Ti/Au bottom electrodes
Context: pristine_framework
Measurement source: S12-S13; S32; S36-S37 · Bottom-contact approach for single crystals · Figure S15; Table S2

Property	Reported value	Normalised value	Uncertainty	Origin and quality	Source
Bottom-contact conductivity reliability statement	significantly less than 10^-5 S/cm; not accurate	—	—	Text Approximate	S13 · Bottom-contact approach for single crystals · Figure S15
Table S2 entry 42 electrical conductivity (sigma_parallel_c_bottom_contact)	3.96e-07 S/cm	—	—	SI Table Exact Reported	S36-S37 · Table S2 · Table S2
Table S2 entry 43 electrical conductivity (sigma_parallel_c_bottom_contact)	9.09e-08 S/cm	—	—	SI Table Exact Reported	S36-S37 · Table S2 · Table S2
Table S2 entry 44 electrical conductivity (sigma_parallel_c_bottom_contact)	2.81e-06 S/cm	—	—	SI Table Exact Reported	S36-S37 · Table S2 · Table S2

broadband halogen illumination response under constant bias

Single-crystal wire-paste devices for environmental tests · Single Crystal

297 K, air RH 38%; 1 V bias; repeated dark/illumination cycles of 30 s each using halogen lamp.

Temperature: 297
Atmosphere: air, 38% relative humidity
Geometry: single-crystal two-contact wire-paste device, sigma_parallel_c response monitored as current
Context: pristine_framework
Measurement source: S16 · Influence of environmental conditions · Figure 10

Property	Reported value	Normalised value	Uncertainty	Origin and quality	Source
Current increase under halogen illumination	~350 pA	—	—	Text Approximate	p009 / 14780 · Impact of Illumination · Figure 10
Rapid current increase within 5 s	~325 pA within 5 s	—	—	Text Approximate	p009 / 14780 · Impact of Illumination · Figure 10
Slow current increase over next 25 s	25 pA over next 25 s	—	—	Text Exact Reported	p009 / 14780 · Impact of Illumination · Figure 10

two-contact probe, probe-paste approach, sigma_parallel_c

Electrical conductivity

Single-crystal probe-paste devices, sigma_parallel_c · Single Crystal

297 K assumed room temperature, air RH 35-45%, dark; -0.1 to 0.1 V sweep.

Temperature: 297
Atmosphere: air, 35-45% relative humidity
Geometry: carbon-paste-coated micromanipulated probes on two hexagonal crystal faces
Context: pristine_framework
Measurement source: S9-S10; S27; S36-S37 · Probe-paste approach for single crystals · Figure S10; Table S2

Property	Reported value	Normalised value	Uncertainty	Origin and quality	Source
Average electrical conductivity, probe-paste sigma_parallel_c	9.82 (+/-2.09) x 10^-5 S/cm	—	±2.09 x 10^-5 S/cm	Text Exact Reported	S10 · Probe-paste approach for single crystals · Figure S10; Table S2
Table S2 entry 27 electrical conductivity (sigma_parallel_c)	6.97e-05 S/cm	—	—	SI Table Exact Reported	S36-S37 · Table S2 · Table S2
Table S2 entry 28 electrical conductivity (sigma_parallel_c)	8.54e-05 S/cm	—	—	SI Table Exact Reported	S36-S37 · Table S2 · Table S2
Table S2 entry 29 electrical conductivity (sigma_parallel_c)	0.000172 S/cm	—	—	SI Table Exact Reported	S36-S37 · Table S2 · Table S2
Table S2 entry 30 electrical conductivity (sigma_parallel_c)	8.54e-05 S/cm	—	—	SI Table Exact Reported	S36-S37 · Table S2 · Table S2
Table S2 entry 31 electrical conductivity (sigma_parallel_c)	7.86e-05 S/cm	—	—	SI Table Exact Reported	S36-S37 · Table S2 · Table S2

two-contact probe, probe-paste approach, sigma_perpendicular_c

Electrical conductivity

Single-crystal probe-paste devices, sigma_perpendicular_c · Single Crystal

297 K assumed room temperature, air RH 35-45%, dark; -0.1 to 0.1 V sweep.

Temperature: 297
Atmosphere: air, 35-45% relative humidity
Geometry: carbon-paste-coated micromanipulated probes on opposite rectangular crystal faces
Context: pristine_framework
Measurement source: S9-S10; S28; S36-S37 · Probe-paste approach for single crystals · Figure S11; Table S2

Property	Reported value	Normalised value	Uncertainty	Origin and quality	Source
Average electrical conductivity, probe-paste sigma_perpendicular_c	2.36 (+/-0.72) x 10^-7 S/cm	—	±0.72 x 10^-7 S/cm	Text Exact Reported	S10 · Probe-paste approach for single crystals · Figure S11; Table S2
Table S2 entry 32 electrical conductivity (sigma_perpendicular_c)	1.38e-07 S/cm	—	—	SI Table Exact Reported	S36-S37 · Table S2 · Table S2
Table S2 entry 33 electrical conductivity (sigma_perpendicular_c)	1.54e-07 S/cm	—	—	SI Table Exact Reported	S36-S37 · Table S2 · Table S2
Table S2 entry 34 electrical conductivity (sigma_perpendicular_c)	3.27e-07 S/cm	—	—	SI Table Exact Reported	S36-S37 · Table S2 · Table S2
Table S2 entry 35 electrical conductivity (sigma_perpendicular_c)	1.17e-07 S/cm	—	—	SI Table Exact Reported	S36-S37 · Table S2 · Table S2
Table S2 entry 36 electrical conductivity (sigma_perpendicular_c)	4.46e-07 S/cm	—	—	SI Table Exact Reported	S36-S37 · Table S2 · Table S2

two-contact probe, probe-wire-paste approach

Electrical conductivity

Single-crystal probe-wire-paste devices · Single Crystal

297 K, air RH 35-45%, dark; -1 to 1 V sweep; conductivity parallel to c axis.

Temperature: 297
Atmosphere: air, 35-45% relative humidity
Geometry: gold wires on tungsten probes, carbon paste to crystal faces
Context: pristine_framework
Measurement source: S11; S29; S36-S37 · Probe-wire-paste approach for single crystals · Figure S12; Table S2

Property	Reported value	Normalised value	Uncertainty	Origin and quality	Source
Average electrical conductivity, probe-wire-paste sigma_parallel_c	1.08 (+/-0.29) x 10^-4 S/cm	—	±0.29 x 10^-4 S/cm	Text Exact Reported	S11 · Probe-wire-paste approach for single crystals · Figure S12; Table S2
Table S2 entry 37 electrical conductivity (sigma_parallel_c)	6.44e-05 S/cm	—	—	SI Table Exact Reported	S36-S37 · Table S2 · Table S2
Table S2 entry 38 electrical conductivity (sigma_parallel_c)	0.00013 S/cm	—	—	SI Table Exact Reported	S36-S37 · Table S2 · Table S2
Table S2 entry 39 electrical conductivity (sigma_parallel_c)	0.000196 S/cm	—	—	SI Table Exact Reported	S36-S37 · Table S2 · Table S2
Table S2 entry 40 electrical conductivity (sigma_parallel_c)	5.55e-05 S/cm	—	—	SI Table Exact Reported	S36-S37 · Table S2 · Table S2
Table S2 entry 41 electrical conductivity (sigma_parallel_c)	9.18e-05 S/cm	—	—	SI Table Exact Reported	S36-S37 · Table S2 · Table S2

temperature-dependent two-contact wire-paste conductivity

Electrical conductivity

Single-crystal wire-paste devices for environmental tests · Single Crystal

Air RH 36-43%, dark; temperature stepped from 296 to 310 K in 1 K increments, 30 min per step.

Temperature: 296-310
Atmosphere: air, 36-43% relative humidity
Geometry: single-crystal two-contact wire-paste device, sigma_parallel_c
Context: pristine_framework
Measurement source: S16-S17; S35 · Influence of environmental conditions · Figure 8; Figure S18

Property	Reported value	Normalised value	Uncertainty	Origin and quality	Source
Activation energy	0.293 eV	—	—	Text Exact Reported	p009 / 14780 · Impact of Temperature · Figure 8
Electrical conductivity at 296 K	8.13 x 10^-5 S/cm	—	—	Text Exact Reported	p009 / 14780 · Impact of Temperature · Figure 8
Electrical conductivity at 310 K	1.36 x 10^-4 S/cm	—	—	Text Exact Reported	p009 / 14780 · Impact of Temperature · Figure 8
Conductivity-temperature slope	roughly (3-4) x 10^-6 S/cm per K	—	—	Text Range	p009 / 14780 · Impact of Temperature · Figure 8

two-contact probe, top-contact approach

Electrical conductivity

Single-crystal top-contact devices · Single Crystal

297 K, air RH 39%, dark; -1 to 1 V sweep; three devices tested.

Temperature: 297
Atmosphere: air, 39% relative humidity
Geometry: shadow-mask Ti/Au top contacts on single crystal on glass
Context: pristine_framework
Measurement source: S14; S33 · Top-contact method for single crystals · Figure S16

Property	Reported value	Normalised value	Uncertainty	Origin and quality	Source
Electrical conduction in top-contact devices	No electrical conduction observed in 3 devices	—	—	Text Qualitative	S14 · Top-contact method for single crystals · Figure S16

two-contact probe, single-crystal wire-paste approach

Electrical conductivity

Single-crystal wire-paste devices · Single Crystal

297 K, air RH 30-50%, dark; mostly -0.1 to 0.1 V sweeps; conductivity parallel to c axis.

Temperature: 297
Atmosphere: air, 30-50% relative humidity
Geometry: two gold wires with carbon paste on hexagonal crystal faces
Context: pristine_framework
Measurement source: S8; S25; S36-S37 · Wire-paste approach for single crystals · Figure S8; Table S2

Property	Reported value	Normalised value	Uncertainty	Origin and quality	Source
Average electrical conductivity, single-crystal wire-paste two-contact sigma_parallel_cMarked as a best value within this paper	2.51 (+/-0.46) x 10^-4 S/cm	—	±0.46 x 10^-4 S/cm	Text Exact Reported	S8 · Wire-paste approach for single crystals · Table S2
Table S2 entry 1 electrical conductivity (sigma_parallel_c)	0.00036 S/cm	—	—	SI Table Exact Reported	S36-S37 · Table S2 · Table S2
Table S2 entry 2 electrical conductivity (sigma_parallel_c)Marked as a best value within this paper	0.000881 S/cm	—	—	SI Table Exact Reported	S36-S37 · Table S2 · Table S2
Table S2 entry 3 electrical conductivity (sigma_parallel_c)	0.000512 S/cm	—	—	SI Table Exact Reported	S36-S37 · Table S2 · Table S2
Table S2 entry 4 electrical conductivity (sigma_parallel_c)	0.000762 S/cm	—	—	SI Table Exact Reported	S36-S37 · Table S2 · Table S2
Table S2 entry 5 electrical conductivity (sigma_parallel_c)	0.000226 S/cm	—	—	SI Table Exact Reported	S36-S37 · Table S2 · Table S2
Table S2 entry 6 electrical conductivity (sigma_parallel_c)	0.000134 S/cm	—	—	SI Table Exact Reported	S36-S37 · Table S2 · Table S2
Table S2 entry 7 electrical conductivity (sigma_parallel_c)	0.000164 S/cm	—	—	SI Table Exact Reported	S36-S37 · Table S2 · Table S2
Table S2 entry 8 electrical conductivity (sigma_parallel_c)	0.000118 S/cm	—	—	SI Table Exact Reported	S36-S37 · Table S2 · Table S2
Table S2 entry 9 electrical conductivity (sigma_parallel_c)	0.000342 S/cm	—	—	SI Table Exact Reported	S36-S37 · Table S2 · Table S2
Table S2 entry 10 electrical conductivity (sigma_parallel_c)	0.000204 S/cm	—	—	SI Table Exact Reported	S36-S37 · Table S2 · Table S2
Table S2 entry 11 electrical conductivity (sigma_parallel_c)	0.000221 S/cm	—	—	SI Table Exact Reported	S36-S37 · Table S2 · Table S2
Table S2 entry 12 electrical conductivity (sigma_parallel_c)	0.000224 S/cm	—	—	SI Table Exact Reported	S36-S37 · Table S2 · Table S2
Table S2 entry 13 electrical conductivity (sigma_parallel_c)	0.00066 S/cm	—	—	SI Table Exact Reported	S36-S37 · Table S2 · Table S2
Table S2 entry 14 electrical conductivity (sigma_parallel_c)	6.96e-05 S/cm	—	—	SI Table Exact Reported	S36-S37 · Table S2 · Table S2
Table S2 entry 15 electrical conductivity (sigma_parallel_c)	0.000296 S/cm	—	—	SI Table Exact Reported	S36-S37 · Table S2 · Table S2
Table S2 entry 16 electrical conductivity (sigma_parallel_c)	5.87e-05 S/cm	—	—	SI Table Exact Reported	S36-S37 · Table S2 · Table S2
Table S2 entry 17 electrical conductivity (sigma_parallel_c)	7.92e-05 S/cm	—	—	SI Table Exact Reported	S36-S37 · Table S2 · Table S2
Table S2 entry 18 electrical conductivity (sigma_parallel_c)	0.000112 S/cm	—	—	SI Table Exact Reported	S36-S37 · Table S2 · Table S2
Table S2 entry 19 electrical conductivity (sigma_parallel_c)	0.000123 S/cm	—	—	SI Table Exact Reported	S36-S37 · Table S2 · Table S2
Table S2 entry 20 electrical conductivity (sigma_parallel_c)	0.000177 S/cm	—	—	SI Table Exact Reported	S36-S37 · Table S2 · Table S2
Table S2 entry 21 electrical conductivity (sigma_parallel_c)	0.000191 S/cm	—	—	SI Table Exact Reported	S36-S37 · Table S2 · Table S2
Table S2 entry 22 electrical conductivity (sigma_parallel_c)	7.18e-05 S/cm	—	—	SI Table Exact Reported	S36-S37 · Table S2 · Table S2
Table S2 entry 23 electrical conductivity (sigma_parallel_c)	9.49e-05 S/cm	—	—	SI Table Exact Reported	S36-S37 · Table S2 · Table S2
Table S2 entry 24 electrical conductivity (sigma_parallel_c)	8.6e-05 S/cm	—	—	SI Table Exact Reported	S36-S37 · Table S2 · Table S2
Table S2 entry 25 electrical conductivity (sigma_parallel_c)	9.94e-05 S/cm	—	—	SI Table Exact Reported	S36-S37 · Table S2 · Table S2

four-contact probe, single-crystal wire-paste approach

Electrical conductivity

Single-crystal wire-paste devices · Single Crystal

297 K, air RH 37%, dark; -10 to 10 nA current sweep; conductivity parallel to c axis.

Temperature: 297
Atmosphere: air, 37% relative humidity
Geometry: four gold wires with carbon paste on a single crystal
Context: pristine_framework
Measurement source: S8; S26; S36-S37 · Wire-paste approach for single crystals · Figure S9; Table S2

Property	Reported value	Normalised value	Uncertainty	Origin and quality	Source
Electrical conductivity, single-crystal wire-paste four-contact sigma_parallel_c	1.91 x 10^-4 S/cm	—	—	Text Exact Reported	S8 · Wire-paste approach for single crystals · Figure S9; Table S2
Table S2 entry 26 electrical conductivity (sigma_parallel_c)	0.000191 S/cm	—	—	SI Table Exact Reported	S36-S37 · Table S2 · Table S2