Primary studyCore evidenceTransport Physics

Bismuth-based conductive MOF/COF hybrids enable efficient electrochemical heavy metal ion quantification

Shangguan N., Liu Y., Fan X. et al. · Microchemical Journal · 2026 · 117458

4materials
7samples
6synthesis routes
27measurements
152results
4claims and caveats

Evidence map

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Author interpretations and caveats

Paraphrased for this database from the authors’ stated interpretations — never quoted verbatim — and kept separate from reported measurements.

Application RelevanceSupport assessment: High

Bi-HHTP/COF/GCE enables simultaneous Cd2+ and Pb2+ quantification with low ug/L detection limits and acceptable recovery in water and food samples.

Caveat: Raw DPASV curves for real samples are in SI Fig. S6; Table 2 values are available in the main article, while the SI text has captions and the rendered SI surrogate was checked.

7-8 · 3.3-3.4; 4 · Fig. 4; Table 2 · Linked to 3 structured results

CaveatSupport assessment: High

The supplementary-information text contains captions for supporting Figs. S1-S6 and the rendered SI surrogate shows the panels; exact numeric extraction still relies on text/table values where available because several SI axes are only visually readable.

Caveat: No network retrieval was attempted; no missing SI request remains open because the local rendered SI surrogate satisfies visual-check needs.

2-4 · Results and discussion; Characterization · Figs. S1-S6

Phase AssignmentSupport assessment: High

Bi-HHTP/COF composite formation is supported by SEM/TEM morphology and XPS detection of O, N, Bi and C with shifted binding energies after combining Bi-HHTP and COF.

Caveat: Composite XRD details are not described in the main text; supplied SI text confirms Fig. S1 captions and the rendered SI surrogate shows the plotted panels.

4-5 · 3.1 · Fig. 1G-H; Fig. 2I-L · Linked to 4 structured results

Structure Property LinkSupport assessment: High

The Bi-HHTP/COF electrode gives the best charge-transfer and sensing response because conductive Bi-HHTP, porous COF and their cooperative interaction increase surface area, electron transfer and Cd2+/Pb2+ adsorption/alloying capability.

Caveat: Direct bulk electrical conductivity was not reported; the electronic-conductivity claim is inferred by the authors from electrochemical response and EIS.

6 · 3.3 · Fig. 3; Fig. S2 · Linked to 5 structured results

Material identities

Names and aliases are kept exactly within the paper’s own identity model.

MaterialCompositionStructure contextSource
Bi-HHTPBrowse family: Bi(HHTP) / Bi–HHTPBi-HHTP (bismuth-based conductive MOF; exact empirical formula not reported)Bi(III) · 2,3,6,7,10,11-hexahydroxytriphenylene (HHTP)unknown · PristineTypical Bi-HHTP structure assigned by XRD peaks at 8.28, 12.14, 13.93 and 26.93 deg and XPS Bi(III) signatures.4-5 · 2.3.1; 3.1 · Fig. S1A; Fig. 2A-D
Bi-HHTP/COFBrowse family: Bi(HHTP) / Bi–HHTPBi-HHTP/COF hybrid compositeBi(III) in Bi-HHTP component · HHTP in Bi-HHTP; TPB and DVA in COFunknown · CompositeComposite assignment from SEM/TEM showing Bi-HHTP nanobelts combined with COF microspheres and XPS showing O, N, Bi and C with shifted binding energies.4-6 · 2.3.3; 3.1; 3.3 · Fig. 1G-H; Fig. 2I-L; Fig. S3A
imine COFTPB-DVA COF (exact empirical formula not reported)none · 1,3,5-tris(4-aminophenyl)benzene (TPB) and 4-benzenedicarboxaldehyde (DVA)unknown · PristineAA stacking model assigned from XRD; imine formation supported by C=N FT-IR peak at 1612 cm-1.4-5 · 2.3.2; 3.1 · Fig. S1B-D; Fig. 2E-H
glassy carbon electrodeGCEnone · noneunknown · Model SystemCommercial glassy carbon electrode, diameter 3 mm, used as electrode substrate/control.4 · 2.4

Sample register

Sample form, processing state and composition status define the context for measurements.

Show 7 sample records
SampleForm and roleProcessing and geometrySource
Bi-HHTP/COF/GCEresearch_0082__mat__mat_bi_hhtp_cofElectrode · Target Sample · CompositeBi-HHTP/COF DMF suspension drop-cast and dried under infrared lampglassy carbon electrode · 3 uL of 3 mg/mL suspension drop-cast; film thickness not reported4 · 2.4
Bi-HHTP/COF composite powderresearch_0082__mat__mat_bi_hhtp_cofPowder · Target Sample · Compositeultrasonically assembled in DMF from Bi-HHTP and COF4 · 2.3.3
Bi-HHTP/GCEresearch_0082__mat__mat_bi_hhtpElectrode · Pristine Control · CompositeBi-HHTP suspension drop-cast on pretreated GCE by similar methodglassy carbon electrode4 · 2.4
Bi-HHTP powder/nanobeltsresearch_0082__mat__mat_bi_hhtpPowder · Composite Component · Pristine Frameworksolvothermally synthesised, washed and vacuum dried4 · 2.3.1
COF/GCEresearch_0082__mat__mat_cofElectrode · Pristine Control · CompositeCOF suspension drop-cast on pretreated GCE by similar methodglassy carbon electrode4 · 2.4
COF powder/microspheresresearch_0082__mat__mat_cofPowder · Composite Component · Pristine Frameworksolvothermally reacted under nitrogen, ethanol washed and dried4 · 2.3.2
bare GCEresearch_0082__mat__mat_gceElectrode · Pristine Control · Modelpolished, sonicated and air-driedglassy carbon electrode, d = 3 mm4 · 2.4