Measurement evidence
Bismuth-based conductive MOF/COF hybrids enable efficient electrochemical heavy metal ion quantification · Shangguan N., Liu Y., Fan X. et al. · Microchemical Journal · 2026 · 117458
Reported values remain attached to the sample, method, conditions, extraction quality and source location that produced them.
Bi-HHTP/COF/GCE · Electrode
50 ug/L Cd2+ and Pb2+ in 0.1 M ABS, pH 5.0.
| Property | Reported value | Normalised value | Uncertainty | Origin and quality | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DPASV peak current for Cd2+ at 50 ug/LMarked as a best value within this paper | 20.68 uA | — | — | Text Exact Reported | 6 · 3.3 · Fig. 3A-B |
| DPASV peak current for Pb2+ at 50 ug/LMarked as a best value within this paper | 11.08 uA | — | — | Text Exact Reported | 6 · 3.3 · Fig. 3A-B |
Bi-HHTP/GCE · Electrode
50 ug/L Cd2+ and Pb2+ in 0.1 M ABS, pH 5.0.
| Property | Reported value | Normalised value | Uncertainty | Origin and quality | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DPASV peak current for Cd2+ at 50 ug/L | 12.67 uA | — | — | Text Exact Reported | 6 · 3.3 · Fig. 3A-B |
| DPASV peak current for Pb2+ at 50 ug/L | 8.25 uA | — | — | Text Exact Reported | 6 · 3.3 · Fig. 3A-B |
COF/GCE · Electrode
50 ug/L Cd2+ and Pb2+ in 0.1 M ABS, pH 5.0.
| Property | Reported value | Normalised value | Uncertainty | Origin and quality | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DPASV peak current for Cd2+ at 50 ug/L | 9.55 uA | — | — | Text Exact Reported | 6 · 3.3 · Fig. 3A-B |
| DPASV peak current for Pb2+ at 50 ug/L | 7.64 uA | — | — | Text Exact Reported | 6 · 3.3 · Fig. 3A-B |
bare GCE · Electrode
50 ug/L Cd2+ and Pb2+ in 0.1 M acetate buffer (ABS), pH 5.0.
| Property | Reported value | Normalised value | Uncertainty | Origin and quality | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DPASV peak current for Cd2+ at 50 ug/L | 1.1 uA | — | — | Text Exact Reported | 6 · 3.3 · Fig. 3A-B |
| DPASV peak current for Pb2+ at 50 ug/L | 1.53 uA | — | — | Text Exact Reported | 6 · 3.3 · Fig. 3A-B |
Bi-HHTP/COF/GCE · Electrode
Individual quantitative analysis in mixtures by varying one target while holding the other constant.
| Property | Reported value | Normalised value | Uncertainty | Origin and quality | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Individual Cd2+ detection limit | 0.15 ug/L | — | — | Text Exact Reported | 7 · 3.3 · Fig. S4D |
| Individual Pb2+ detection limit | 0.46 ug/L | — | — | Text Exact Reported | 7 · 3.3 · Fig. S4B |
Bi-HHTP/COF/GCE · Electrode
Cd2+ and Pb2+ in tap water, lake water, milk and honey; acetate solution pH 5; n=3.
| Property | Reported value | Normalised value | Uncertainty | Origin and quality | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall real-sample recovery range | 95.0-104.8% | — | — | Text Range | 8 · 3.4 · Table 2 |
| honey Cd2+ found at 0 ug/L spike | ND | — | — | Table Qualitative | 8 · 3.4 · Table 2 |
| honey Cd2+ found concentration after 30 ug/L spike | 30.29 ug/L | — | — | Table Exact Reported | 8 · 3.4 · Table 2 |
| honey Cd2+ recovery after 30 ug/L spike | 100.9% | — | — | Table Exact Reported | 8 · 3.4 · Table 2 |
| honey Cd2+ RSD after 30 ug/L spike | 4.8% | — | n = 3 | Table Exact Reported | 8 · 3.4 · Table 2 |
| honey Cd2+ found concentration after 60 ug/L spike | 59.34 ug/L | — | — | Table Exact Reported | 8 · 3.4 · Table 2 |
| honey Cd2+ recovery after 60 ug/L spike | 98.9% | — | — | Table Exact Reported | 8 · 3.4 · Table 2 |
| honey Cd2+ RSD after 60 ug/L spike | 1.2% | — | n = 3 | Table Exact Reported | 8 · 3.4 · Table 2 |
| honey Cd2+ found concentration after 90 ug/L spike | 91.31 ug/L | — | — | Table Exact Reported | 8 · 3.4 · Table 2 |
| honey Cd2+ recovery after 90 ug/L spike | 101.4% | — | — | Table Exact Reported | 8 · 3.4 · Table 2 |
| honey Cd2+ RSD after 90 ug/L spike | 3.2% | — | n = 3 | Table Exact Reported | 8 · 3.4 · Table 2 |
| honey Pb2+ found at 0 ug/L spike | ND | — | — | Table Qualitative | 8 · 3.4 · Table 2 |
| honey Pb2+ found concentration after 30 ug/L spike | 30.06 ug/L | — | — | Table Exact Reported | 8 · 3.4 · Table 2 |
| honey Pb2+ recovery after 30 ug/L spike | 100.2% | — | — | Table Exact Reported | 8 · 3.4 · Table 2 |
| honey Pb2+ RSD after 30 ug/L spike | 4.9% | — | n = 3 | Table Exact Reported | 8 · 3.4 · Table 2 |
| honey Pb2+ found concentration after 60 ug/L spike | 57.75 ug/L | — | — | Table Exact Reported | 8 · 3.4 · Table 2 |
| honey Pb2+ recovery after 60 ug/L spike | 96.2% | — | — | Table Exact Reported | 8 · 3.4 · Table 2 |
| honey Pb2+ RSD after 60 ug/L spike | 3.7% | — | n = 3 | Table Exact Reported | 8 · 3.4 · Table 2 |
| honey Pb2+ found concentration after 90 ug/L spike | 94.36 ug/L | — | — | Table Exact Reported | 8 · 3.4 · Table 2 |
| honey Pb2+ recovery after 90 ug/L spike | 104.8% | — | — | Table Exact Reported | 8 · 3.4 · Table 2 |
| honey Pb2+ RSD after 90 ug/L spike | 5.4% | — | n = 3 | Table Exact Reported | 8 · 3.4 · Table 2 |
| lake water Cd2+ found at 0 ug/L spike | ND | — | — | Table Qualitative | 8 · 3.4 · Table 2 |
| lake water Cd2+ found concentration after 30 ug/L spike | 30.52 ug/L | — | — | Table Exact Reported | 8 · 3.4 · Table 2 |
| lake water Cd2+ recovery after 30 ug/L spike | 101.7% | — | — | Table Exact Reported | 8 · 3.4 · Table 2 |
| lake water Cd2+ RSD after 30 ug/L spike | 3.9% | — | n = 3 | Table Exact Reported | 8 · 3.4 · Table 2 |
| lake water Cd2+ found concentration after 60 ug/L spike | 61.24 ug/L | — | — | Table Exact Reported | 8 · 3.4 · Table 2 |
| lake water Cd2+ recovery after 60 ug/L spike | 102.0% | — | — | Table Exact Reported | 8 · 3.4 · Table 2 |
| lake water Cd2+ RSD after 60 ug/L spike | 2.9% | — | n = 3 | Table Exact Reported | 8 · 3.4 · Table 2 |
| lake water Cd2+ found concentration after 90 ug/L spike | 85.53 ug/L | — | — | Table Exact Reported | 8 · 3.4 · Table 2 |
| lake water Cd2+ recovery after 90 ug/L spike | 95.0% | — | — | Table Exact Reported | 8 · 3.4 · Table 2 |
| lake water Cd2+ RSD after 90 ug/L spike | 2.0% | — | n = 3 | Table Exact Reported | 8 · 3.4 · Table 2 |
| lake water Pb2+ found at 0 ug/L spike | ND | — | — | Table Qualitative | 8 · 3.4 · Table 2 |
| lake water Pb2+ found concentration after 30 ug/L spike | 30.04 ug/L | — | — | Table Exact Reported | 8 · 3.4 · Table 2 |
| lake water Pb2+ recovery after 30 ug/L spike | 100.1% | — | — | Table Exact Reported | 8 · 3.4 · Table 2 |
| lake water Pb2+ RSD after 30 ug/L spike | 4.0% | — | n = 3 | Table Exact Reported | 8 · 3.4 · Table 2 |
| lake water Pb2+ found concentration after 60 ug/L spike | 58.48 ug/L | — | — | Table Exact Reported | 8 · 3.4 · Table 2 |
| lake water Pb2+ recovery after 60 ug/L spike | 97.4% | — | — | Table Exact Reported | 8 · 3.4 · Table 2 |
| lake water Pb2+ RSD after 60 ug/L spike | 3.3% | — | n = 3 | Table Exact Reported | 8 · 3.4 · Table 2 |
| lake water Pb2+ found concentration after 90 ug/L spike | 90.71 ug/L | — | — | Table Exact Reported | 8 · 3.4 · Table 2 |
| lake water Pb2+ recovery after 90 ug/L spike | 100.7% | — | — | Table Exact Reported | 8 · 3.4 · Table 2 |
| lake water Pb2+ RSD after 90 ug/L spike | 3.3% | — | n = 3 | Table Exact Reported | 8 · 3.4 · Table 2 |
| milk Cd2+ found at 0 ug/L spike | ND | — | — | Table Qualitative | 8 · 3.4 · Table 2 |
| milk Cd2+ found concentration after 30 ug/L spike | 29.83 ug/L | — | — | Table Exact Reported | 8 · 3.4 · Table 2 |
| milk Cd2+ recovery after 30 ug/L spike | 99.4% | — | — | Table Exact Reported | 8 · 3.4 · Table 2 |
| milk Cd2+ RSD after 30 ug/L spike | 3.4% | — | n = 3 | Table Exact Reported | 8 · 3.4 · Table 2 |
| milk Cd2+ found concentration after 60 ug/L spike | 60.7 ug/L | — | — | Table Exact Reported | 8 · 3.4 · Table 2 |
| milk Cd2+ recovery after 60 ug/L spike | 101.1% | — | — | Table Exact Reported | 8 · 3.4 · Table 2 |
| milk Cd2+ RSD after 60 ug/L spike | 2.5% | — | n = 3 | Table Exact Reported | 8 · 3.4 · Table 2 |
| milk Cd2+ found concentration after 90 ug/L spike | 87.74 ug/L | — | — | Table Exact Reported | 8 · 3.4 · Table 2 |
| milk Cd2+ recovery after 90 ug/L spike | 97.4% | — | — | Table Exact Reported | 8 · 3.4 · Table 2 |
| milk Cd2+ RSD after 90 ug/L spike | 2.0% | — | n = 3 | Table Exact Reported | 8 · 3.4 · Table 2 |
| milk Pb2+ found at 0 ug/L spike | ND | — | — | Table Qualitative | 8 · 3.4 · Table 2 |
| milk Pb2+ found concentration after 30 ug/L spike | 29.22 ug/L | — | — | Table Exact Reported | 8 · 3.4 · Table 2 |
| milk Pb2+ recovery after 30 ug/L spike | 97.4% | — | — | Table Exact Reported | 8 · 3.4 · Table 2 |
| milk Pb2+ RSD after 30 ug/L spike | 3.5% | — | n = 3 | Table Exact Reported | 8 · 3.4 · Table 2 |
| milk Pb2+ found concentration after 60 ug/L spike | 60.1 ug/L | — | — | Table Exact Reported | 8 · 3.4 · Table 2 |
| milk Pb2+ recovery after 60 ug/L spike | 100.1% | — | — | Table Exact Reported | 8 · 3.4 · Table 2 |
| milk Pb2+ RSD after 60 ug/L spike | 4.2% | — | n = 3 | Table Exact Reported | 8 · 3.4 · Table 2 |
| milk Pb2+ found concentration after 90 ug/L spike | 91.6 ug/L | — | — | Table Exact Reported | 8 · 3.4 · Table 2 |
| milk Pb2+ recovery after 90 ug/L spike | 101.7% | — | — | Table Exact Reported | 8 · 3.4 · Table 2 |
| milk Pb2+ RSD after 90 ug/L spike | 2.0% | — | n = 3 | Table Exact Reported | 8 · 3.4 · Table 2 |
| tap water Cd2+ found at 0 ug/L spike | ND | — | — | Table Qualitative | 8 · 3.4 · Table 2 |
| tap water Cd2+ found concentration after 30 ug/L spike | 29.24 ug/L | — | — | Table Exact Reported | 8 · 3.4 · Table 2 |
| tap water Cd2+ recovery after 30 ug/L spike | 97.4% | — | — | Table Exact Reported | 8 · 3.4 · Table 2 |
| tap water Cd2+ RSD after 30 ug/L spike | 4.9% | — | n = 3 | Table Exact Reported | 8 · 3.4 · Table 2 |
| tap water Cd2+ found concentration after 60 ug/L spike | 59.44 ug/L | — | — | Table Exact Reported | 8 · 3.4 · Table 2 |
| tap water Cd2+ recovery after 60 ug/L spike | 99.0% | — | — | Table Exact Reported | 8 · 3.4 · Table 2 |
| tap water Cd2+ RSD after 60 ug/L spike | 0.8% | — | n = 3 | Table Exact Reported | 8 · 3.4 · Table 2 |
| tap water Cd2+ found concentration after 90 ug/L spike | 88.14 ug/L | — | — | Table Exact Reported | 8 · 3.4 · Table 2 |
| tap water Cd2+ recovery after 90 ug/L spike | 97.5% | — | — | Table Exact Reported | 8 · 3.4 · Table 2 |
| tap water Cd2+ RSD after 90 ug/L spike | 3.9% | — | n = 3 | Table Exact Reported | 8 · 3.4 · Table 2 |
| tap water Pb2+ found at 0 ug/L spike | ND | — | — | Table Qualitative | 8 · 3.4 · Table 2 |
| tap water Pb2+ found concentration after 30 ug/L spike | 28.62 ug/L | — | — | Table Exact Reported | 8 · 3.4 · Table 2 |
| tap water Pb2+ recovery after 30 ug/L spike | 95.4% | — | — | Table Exact Reported | 8 · 3.4 · Table 2 |
| tap water Pb2+ RSD after 30 ug/L spike | 3.5% | — | n = 3 | Table Exact Reported | 8 · 3.4 · Table 2 |
| tap water Pb2+ found concentration after 60 ug/L spike | 58.21 ug/L | — | — | Table Exact Reported | 8 · 3.4 · Table 2 |
| tap water Pb2+ recovery after 60 ug/L spike | 97.0% | — | — | Table Exact Reported | 8 · 3.4 · Table 2 |
| tap water Pb2+ RSD after 60 ug/L spike | 4.8% | — | n = 3 | Table Exact Reported | 8 · 3.4 · Table 2 |
| tap water Pb2+ found concentration after 90 ug/L spike | 87.53 ug/L | — | — | Table Exact Reported | 8 · 3.4 · Table 2 |
| tap water Pb2+ recovery after 90 ug/L spike | 97.2% | — | — | Table Exact Reported | 8 · 3.4 · Table 2 |
| tap water Pb2+ RSD after 90 ug/L spike | 5.9% | — | n = 3 | Table Exact Reported | 8 · 3.4 · Table 2 |
Bi-HHTP/COF/GCE · Electrode
50 ug/L Cd2+ and Pb2+ with 100x interferents; repeated and multi-electrode tests; 15-day stability.
| Property | Reported value | Normalised value | Uncertainty | Origin and quality | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Signal fluctuation after 100x inorganic interferents | within 10% | — | — | Text Approximate | 7 · 3.3 · Fig. S5A-B |
| Repeatability RSD for Cd2+ | 2.2% | — | — | Text Exact Reported | 7 · 3.3 · Fig. S5C |
| Repeatability RSD for Pb2+ | 3.1% | — | — | Text Exact Reported | 7 · 3.3 · Fig. S5C |
| Seven-electrode reproducibility RSD | less than 10% | — | — | Text Approximate | 8 · 3.3 · Fig. S5D |
| Initial Cd2+ peak current in SI stability/interference plots | ~22-23 uA | — | — | Visual Estimate Approximate | 4 · 2.1 Characterization · Fig. S5B-E |
| Initial Pb2+ peak current in SI stability/interference plots | ~10-11 uA | — | — | Visual Estimate Approximate | 4 · 2.1 Characterization · Fig. S5B-E |
| Signal retention after 15 days | at least 90% | — | — | Text Approximate | 8 · 3.3 · Fig. S5E |
Bi-HHTP/COF/GCE · Electrode
Optimised Bi-HHTP:COF ratio, electrolyte pH, accumulation potential/time and suspension amount for Cd2+/Pb2+ sensing.
| Property | Reported value | Normalised value | Uncertainty | Origin and quality | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Optimal accumulation potential | -1.1 V | — | — | Text Exact Reported | 6 · 3.3 · Fig. S3C |
| Optimal accumulation time | 5 min | — | — | Text Exact Reported | 6 · 3.3 · Fig. S3D |
| Optimal electrolyte pH | 5.0 | — | — | Text Exact Reported | 6 · 3.3 · Fig. S3B |
| Optimal Bi-HHTP:COF mass ratio | 1:1 | — | — | Text Exact Reported | 6 · 3.3 · Fig. S3A/F |
| Optimal Bi-HHTP/COF suspension amount | 3 uL | — | — | Text Exact Reported | 7 · 3.3 · Fig. S3E |
| Cd2+ peak current at optimal 1:1 Bi-HHTP:COF ratioMarked as a best value within this paper | ~20 uA | — | — | Visual Estimate Approximate | 2 · 2.1 Characterization · Fig. S3A |
| Pb2+ peak current at optimal 1:1 Bi-HHTP:COF ratioMarked as a best value within this paper | ~11 uA | — | — | Visual Estimate Approximate | 2 · 2.1 Characterization · Fig. S3A |
Bi-HHTP/COF/GCE · Electrode
Simultaneous detection of Cd2+ and Pb2+ at Bi-HHTP/COF/GCE under optimised conditions.
| Property | Reported value | Normalised value | Uncertainty | Origin and quality | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Simultaneous Cd2+ calibration equation, 100-400 ug/L | Ipa (uA) = 0.137 C_Cd2+ (ug/L) + 27.901; R2 = 0.987 | — | — | Text Exact Reported | 7 · 3.3 · Fig. 4B |
| Simultaneous Cd2+ calibration equation, 2.5-100 ug/L | Ipa (uA) = 0.417 C_Cd2+ (ug/L) - 1.328; R2 = 0.996 | — | — | Text Exact Reported | 7 · 3.3 · Fig. 4B |
| Simultaneous Cd2+ detection limitMarked as a best value within this paper | 0.18 ug/L | — | — | Text Exact Reported | 7 · 3.3 · Fig. 4B; Table 1 |
| Simultaneous Cd2+ upper linear range | 100-400 ug/L | — | — | Text Range | 7 · 3.3 · Fig. 4B; Table 1 |
| Simultaneous Cd2+ lower linear range | 2.5-100 ug/L | — | — | Text Range | 7 · 3.3 · Fig. 4B; Table 1 |
| Simultaneous Pb2+ calibration equation, 100-400 ug/L | Ipa (uA) = 0.125 C_Pb2+ (ug/L) + 9.340; R2 = 0.996 | — | — | Text Exact Reported | 7 · 3.3 · Fig. 4C |
| Simultaneous Pb2+ calibration equation, 2.5-100 ug/L | Ipa (uA) = 0.204 C_Pb2+ (ug/L) - 0.429; R2 = 0.997 | — | — | Text Exact Reported | 7 · 3.3 · Fig. 4C |
| Simultaneous Pb2+ detection limitMarked as a best value within this paper | 0.67 ug/L | — | — | Text Exact Reported | 7 · 3.3 · Fig. 4C; Table 1 |
| Simultaneous Pb2+ upper linear range | 100-400 ug/L | — | — | Text Range | 7 · 3.3 · Fig. 4C; Table 1 |
| Simultaneous Pb2+ lower linear range | 2.5-100 ug/L | — | — | Text Range | 7 · 3.3 · Fig. 4C; Table 1 |