Primary studyCore evidenceTransport Physics

Naphthalene Diimide-Based Hydrogen-Bonded Organic Framework for High Electrical Conductivity and Ammonia Sensor Applications

Imaoka K., Kim H.S., Yamamoto Y. et al. · Advanced Functional Materials · 2024 · 2409299

3materials
9samples
6synthesis routes
17measurements
66results
8claims and caveats

Evidence map

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Author interpretations and caveats

Paraphrased for this database from the authors’ stated interpretations — never quoted verbatim — and kept separate from reported measurements.

Application RelevanceSupport assessment: High

Ammonia-doped NDI(CPOH)2-SC devices show reversible conductivity changes under ammonia exposure and vacuum de-doping, supporting ammonia vapour sensor use.

Caveat: The provided plot supports response cycling, but gas concentration and exact response/recovery times are not reported in the extracted text.

p.7 · 2.5. The Potential Application of NDI(CPOH)2 SC-Based HOF Systems as a Sensor · Figure 4; Figure S17 · Linked to 3 structured results

Application RelevanceSupport assessment: High

The vacuum-pretreated hydrazine-doped NDI(CPOH)2 HOF reaches 2.9 x 10^-2 S cm^-1, claimed as the highest reported electrical conductivity among HOF systems at the time of publication.

Caveat: Leaderboard claim depends on literature scope as of the 2024 article.

p.1 · Abstract · Linked to 1 structured result

CaveatSupport assessment: High

Hydrazine doping is effectively irreversible under the tested conditions, unlike ammonia doping which can be reversed under vacuum.

Caveat: The extracted text does not report a hydrazine de-doping attempt protocol beyond the statement of irreversibility.

p.7 · 2.5. The Potential Application of NDI(CPOH)2 SC-Based HOF Systems as a Sensor · Linked to 2 structured results

Structure Property LinkSupport assessment: High

The porous drop-cast NDI(CPOH)2 HOF provides empty space that can host dopant agents, enabling hydrazine and ammonia doping.

Caveat: Pore diameter and dopant sizes are visually read from rendered SI Figure S16b; exact gas concentration/flow for sensing is not reported.

p.3 · 2.2. Confirmation of Effective Hydrazine Doping into NDI(CPOH)2-Based HOF · Figure 1d · Linked to 7 structured results

Structure Property LinkSupport assessment: Medium

Dopant-size comparison supports bulk access for small dopants such as ammonia and hydrazine, while larger amines are less effective because their estimated sizes meet or exceed the ca. 5.5 A pore diameter.

Caveat: Dopant sizes are Chem 3D estimates and pore diameter is extracted from X-ray structure; quantitative current values for all amines are not tabulated.

p.17 · Figure S16 · Figure S16b-d · Linked to 6 structured results

Synthesis MechanismSupport assessment: Medium

Vacuum pretreatment at 10^-5 Pa for two days accelerates hydrazine doping and raises conductivity by about one order of magnitude relative to normal hydrazine doping.

Caveat: The proposed removal of oxygen/other molecules is plausible; NMR showed no notable DMF peak change after vacuum treatment.

p.5 · 2.3. Electronic Characterization of NDI(CPOH)2-Based HOF · Figure 2c,d; Figure S13 · Linked to 4 structured results

Transport MechanismSupport assessment: Medium

Computational modelling indicates that NDI core distance is more important than relative molecular orientation for electron transport and mobility in the framework.

Caveat: Model B is hydrazine-doped in construction, whereas the experimental mobility comparison is to pristine Device A; the authors note direct comparison is challenging.

p.6 · 2.4. Theoretical Description of Charge Mobility · Figure 3 · Linked to 4 structured results

Transport MechanismSupport assessment: High

Hydrazine doping generates NDI radical anions while preserving the overall HOF structure, increasing mobile electron density and electrical conductivity.

Caveat: The exact spatial distribution of radicals is inferred from spectroscopy and structural comparison rather than directly mapped.

p.4 · 2.2-2.3 · Figures S6, S9-S12 · Linked to 9 structured results

Material identities

Names and aliases are kept exactly within the paper’s own identity model.

MaterialCompositionStructure contextSource
NDI(CPOH)2 hydrogen-bonded organic frameworkNDI(CPOH)2 with partially trapped DMF; NDI:DMF ca. 1:0.4 by NMR and 1:0.5 by X-raynone · NDI(CPOH)2 molecules connected by hydrogen bonding and pi-pi stacking3D · Pristineporous HOF single-crystal packing from drop-casting; molecules self-assemble into entangled supramolecular dimers and columns with free space along the c-axisp.3 · 2.1. Preparation of Pristine NDI(CPOH)2-Based HOF · Figure 1c,d; Figure S2
NDI(CPOH)2 charge-transport model systemsmodelled NDI(CPOH)2 assembliesnone · NDI(CPOH)2 molecular cores in ideal, MD-distorted, or amorphous arrangements3D · Model Systemcomputational packing models A, B and C for electron/hole mobility calculationsp.6 · 2.4. Theoretical Description of Charge Mobility · Figure 3
NDI(CPOH)2 molecular building blockC24H22N2O6none · naphthalene diimide core functionalised by two cyclopentanol groups on imide-N positions0D · Pristinemolecular precursor for hydrogen-bonded organic frameworkp.2 · Introduction · Figure 1a

Sample register

Sample form, processing state and composition status define the context for measurements.

Show 9 sample records
SampleForm and roleProcessing and geometrySource
ammonia-doped NDI(CPOH)2-SC sensor deviceresearch_0716__mat__mat_ndi_cpoh2_hofSingle Crystal · Target Sample · Dopedpristine Device A exposed to flowing ammonia gas under 365 nm UV irradiation; de-doped under vacuumSiO2/Si device substrate connected to SMUp.9 · 4. Experimental Section, Examination of Sensor Applications · Figure 4; Figure S20
Device B hydrazine-doped NDI(CPOH)2-SC, normal treatmentresearch_0716__mat__mat_ndi_cpoh2_hofSingle Crystal · Target Sample · Dopeddrop-cast pristine SC exposed to hydrazine monohydrate vapour for 12-24 h at room temperature under ambient conditions; colour changed from yellow to blackSiO2/Si device substrate with C60/Au or Au electrodesp.8 · 4. Experimental Section, Crystal Growth and Doping Method · Figure 1e; Figure S3b
Device C vacuum-pretreated hydrazine-doped NDI(CPOH)2-SCresearch_0716__mat__mat_ndi_cpoh2_hofSingle Crystal · Target Sample · Dopedpristine SC held at 10^-5 Pa for 2 days before hydrazine vapour dopingSiO2/Si device substrate with C60/Au or Au electrodesp.5 · 2.3. Electronic Characterization of NDI(CPOH)2-Based HOF · Figure 2c,d
Model A ideal hydrazine-doped NDI(CPOH)2-SC latticeresearch_0716__mat__mat_ndi_cpoh2_modelModel · Model System · Modelexpanded X-ray crystal lattice with perfect periodic structure and consistent NDI core distancesp.5 · 2.4. Theoretical Description of Charge Mobility · Figure 3a,d
Model B MD-distorted hydrazine-doped NDI(CPOH)2-SCresearch_0716__mat__mat_ndi_cpoh2_modelModel · Model System · ModelModel A after 30 ns NPT MD at 300 K and 1.031 barp.6 · 2.4. Theoretical Description of Charge Mobility · Figure 3a,d
Model C amorphous NDI(CPOH)2 assemblyresearch_0716__mat__mat_ndi_cpoh2_modelModel · Model System · Model512 randomly positioned NDI moieties relaxed by NVT/NPT Brownian minimisation and 100 ns NPT MDp.6 · 2.4. Theoretical Description of Charge Mobility · Figure 3a,d
NDI(CPOH)2 yellow precipitateresearch_0716__mat__mat_ndi_cpoh2_moleculePowder · Pristine Control · Unknownyellow precipitate obtained after methanol addition and cold storagep.8 · 4. Experimental Section, Synthesis of NDI(CPOH)2
Device A pristine drop-cast NDI(CPOH)2-SCresearch_0716__mat__mat_ndi_cpoh2_hofSingle Crystal · Pristine Control · Guest Loadeddrop-cast from 9 mg mL-1 DMF; solvent evaporated 2 days at room temperature under ambient conditions; pores partially filled by DMFcleaned SiO2 substrate; SiO2/Si device substrate with evaporated electrodes for electrical measurements · device thickness verified by stylus profilometer but numeric thickness not reported in textp.8 · 4. Experimental Section, Crystal Growth and Doping Method · Figure S3b
pristine NDI(CPOH)2 single crystals from sublimationresearch_0716__mat__mat_ndi_cpoh2_hofSingle Crystal · Pristine Control · Pristine Frameworkneedle- and platelet-like crystals grown at ca. 300 deg C under nitrogen; compact nonporous packingbetween glass slides with spacers · diameter less than 10 um for crystals used in diffractionp.3 · 2.1. Preparation of Pristine NDI(CPOH)2-Based HOF · Figure S2a-c