Rajat Saha and Carlos J. Gomez Garcia · Chem. Soc. Rev. · 2024
To critically organise guest-promoted electrical conductivity in MOFs and PCPs, including guest taxonomies, host-guest transport mechanisms, thin-film fabrication methods and application contexts.
The review’s argument is preserved as a navigable set of section summaries.
Summarises guest@MOF uses in HER, OER, ORR, CO2RR, NRR, sensing, bio-sensing, charge storage, photoconductivity, photocatalysis and other emerging device contexts.
Relevance: Core · 9538 · 4. Applications
Organises guest species into metal-based, molecule-based and conducting-polymer guests, with mechanisms and representative conductivity changes summarised in Tables 1-3.
Relevance: Core · 9496 · 2. Classification of guests · Scheme 1
Defines host-guest MOFs and describes template, post-synthetic and grafting routes, followed by design principles for guest coordination, donor-acceptor interactions, extended pi interactions and polymer pathways.
Relevance: Core · 9494 · 1.2 Host-guest MOFs · Fig. 3
Frames conductive MOFs as attractive but limited by low charge transport, distinguishes intrinsic and extrinsic conduction, and states the review's focus on guest-dependent conductivity.
Relevance: Core · 9491 · Introduction
Reviews metal ions, metal nanoclusters and metal oxides as post-synthetic guests, typically linked to electrostatic interactions and hopping or, for oxides, metal-oxygen pathways.
Relevance: Core · 9496 · 2.1 Metal-based guests · Table 1
Reviews TCNQ, iodine and polyiodides, TTF derivatives, fullerenes, ferrocene and other molecular entities, with donor-acceptor and coordination-mediated charge-transfer pathways central to the interpretation.
Relevance: Core · 9502 · 2.2 Molecule-based guests · Table 2
Compares ic-MOFs and ec-MOFs across design, synthesis, structure and conductivity studies, then lists challenges in structure determination, guest distribution, mechanisms, charge carriers, thin films, patterning, applications and commercialisation.
Relevance: Core · 9546 · 5. Summary and outlook
Reviews conductive polymers confined in MOF channels, including PEDOT, PPy, PANI, PTh and PA, mainly as independent pi-conjugated conducting pathways affected by host confinement.
Relevance: Core · 9514 · 2.3 Organic polymer-based guests · Table 3
Classifies thin-film fabrication into liquid-phase, gas-phase and other methods, stressing substrate choice, interfacial contact, morphology, orientation, homogeneity and device integration.
Relevance: Core · 9523 · 3. Fabrication of MOF thin films
Defines band-like and redox-hopping mechanisms, then relates MOF charge transport to through-bond, through-layer, through-space, redox hopping and through-guest pathways.
Relevance: Core · 9493 · 1.1 Transport mechanisms · Fig. 2
Classification systems are attributed to this review and are not treated as a global material registry.
The review's central taxonomy separates guest species into metal-based dopants, molecular guests and organic conducting polymers.
Categories: metal-based guests · molecule-based guests · conducting polymers
9496 · 2. Classification of guests · Scheme 1
Intrinsic conduction proceeds through the metal-ligand backbone; extrinsic conduction depends on guest species and host-guest interactions inside the framework.
Categories: intrinsically conducting MOFs · extrinsically conducting MOFs
9491 · Introduction
The review groups fabrication methods by medium and then subdivides into exfoliation, bottom-up deposition, spin coating, in situ growth, electrochemical synthesis, interfacial methods, epitaxy, PVD, CVD, ALD, seed-assisted growth, spray, microwave, electrospray and hot pressing.
Categories: liquid phase processing · gas phase processing · other methods
9524 · 3. Fabrication of MOF thin films
The review separates continuous-band conduction from localised, phonon-assisted hopping between redox sites.
Categories: band-like transport · redox hopping transport
9493 · 1.1 Transport mechanisms · Fig. 2
The authors use pathway language to connect structural features to possible electron-transport routes in intrinsic and extrinsic frameworks.
Categories: through bond · through layer · through space · redox hopping · through guest
9492 · Introduction · Fig. 1
Review-defined families retain their representative materials and conduction descriptions.
MOFs containing ferrocene or ferrocenium species as redox-active guests or grafted node substituents.
Conduction: Redox conversion between ferrocene and ferrocenium is used to mediate charge transport or electrocatalytic activity.
Representative materials: Ferrocene@HKUST-1 · Fc-grafted NU-1000 · Fc-NH3+@Ni-HHTP
Nodes / linkers: Cu · Zr · Ni · BTC · pyrene tetrabenzoate · HHTP
9511 · 2.2.5 Ferrocene · Fig. 20
MOFs containing C60 or related fullerene acceptors in mesoporous channels.
Conduction: Fullerene guests act as electron acceptors and can reduce the band gap or mediate photo-induced charge separation.
Representative materials: C60@NU-901 · C60@ZnTPP · C60@Cu-BPDC · C60@ZnDAP
Nodes / linkers: Zr · Zn · Cu · TBAPy · porphyrin · BPDC
9510 · 2.2.4 Fullerenes · Fig. 18
MOFs containing I2, iodide or polyiodide chains that contribute donor-acceptor charge transfer and sometimes redox changes in host nodes or ligands.
Conduction: Iodine promotes conductivity through aromatic-wall interactions, n-sigma* host-guest charge transfer or polyiodide pathways.
Representative materials: I2@[Zn3(DL-lac)2(pybz)2] · I2@CuNi · I5-/I7-@[Cu6(pybz)8(OH)2] · I2@[Tb(Cu4I4)(ina)3(DMF)]
Nodes / linkers: Zn · Cu · Ni · Co · Tb · lactate-pyridylbenzoate · dithiolate · isonicotinate · BDC
9504 · 2.2.2 Iodine and polyiodides · Fig. 14
MOFs in which guest metal ions are intercalated or coordinated in pores to add hopping transport or carrier pathways.
Conduction: The review interprets these examples mainly through hopping or redox hopping assisted by mobile or coordinated metal ions.
Representative materials: Li-doped Mg-MOF-74 · Li-OtBu@UiO-66 · LiClO4@[Cu2(BPY)2(DSNDI)] · Cd2+@[Zn(OBA)(L).DMF]
Nodes / linkers: Mg · Zr · Cu · Zn · dobdc · BDC · NDI-derived ligands · OBA and pyrazine-derived ligands
9496-9497 · 2.1.1 Metal ions · Table 1
MOFs whose pores confine reduced metal nanoclusters or nanoparticles formed after metal-salt infiltration.
Conduction: Conductivity enhancement is usually assigned to hopping or tunnelling through confined metal nanoclusters.
Representative materials: AgNC@Rb-CD-MOF · AgNC@Pb-CD-MOF · AuNP@NU-1000 · Pd@MIL-101(Cr)
Nodes / linkers: Rb · Pb · Zr · Cr · cyclodextrin · pyrene tetrabenzoate · terephthalate
9498 · 2.1.2 Metal nanoclusters · Fig. 7
MOFs containing oxide guests such as SnO2 or CoFeOx within pores, nodes or layered host structures.
Conduction: The review distinguishes metal-oxide guests from metal ions or nanoclusters by invoking metal-oxygen transport pathways in selected cases.
Representative materials: SnO2@NU-1000 · CoFeOx embedded Co-imidazolate frameworks
Nodes / linkers: Zr · Co · pyrene tetrabenzoate · imidazolate
9501 · 2.1.3 Metal oxides · Table 1
MOFs loaded with conducting polymers formed by monomer uptake followed by in-pore polymerisation.
Conduction: Transport is primarily through extended pi-conjugated polymer chains, with confinement and host-polymer interactions affecting performance.
Representative materials: PEDOT@MIL-101(Cr) · UiO-66-PEDOT · PPy@ZIF-67 · PANI@UiO-66 · PANI@Co-MOF
Nodes / linkers: Cr · Zr · Co · Zn · terephthalate · imidazolate · porphyrin · naphthalene diimide
9515 · 2.3 Organic polymer-based guests · Fig. 26
MOFs where polythiophene or polyacetylene chains are generated or grafted within host channels.
Conduction: In-pore polymerisation produces conjugated chains; the PA@SURMOF example is interpreted through intrachain and interchain charge transport.
Representative materials: PTh@NU-1000 · PA@SURMOF · [Cu2(BDC)2]n with PA
Nodes / linkers: Zr · Cu · pyrene tetrabenzoate · BDC · p-thio acid
9523 · 2.3.5 Polyacetylene · Fig. 39
MOFs whose conductivity is increased by incorporating the redox-active acceptor TCNQ into pores or thin films.
Conduction: Coordination-mediated or donor-acceptor charge transfer creates alternative conduction channels through host-guest coupling.
Representative materials: TCNQ@HKUST-1 · TCNQ@Cu3(BTC)2 thin films · TCNQ@Co-MOF-74 · TCNQ@2D Cu-porphyrin MOF
Nodes / linkers: Cu · Co · BTC · porphyrin · MOF-74 dobdc
9503 · 2.2.1 TCNQ · Fig. 12
Host-guest structures using TTF-family electron donors and coordination-framework acceptor layers or guests.
Conduction: Conductivity can reach metallic or semiconducting behaviour when donor stacks couple with charged coordination layers.
Representative materials: (BEDT-TTF)3[MnCr(ox)3] · (BEDT-TSF)3[Cu(ox)3]3H2O · M2TTFTB with TCNE
Nodes / linkers: Mn · Cr · Cu · Zn · Cd · oxalate · TTFTB · BEDT-TTF · BEDT-TSF
9507 · 2.2.3 Tetrathiafulvalene and derivatives · Fig. 16
Review-level synthesis principles remain separate from primary-study recipes.
MOF thin films are deposited using electrophoretic, anodic or cathodic electrochemical methods.
Claimed effects: Offers mild conditions, rapid synthesis and externally controlled film thickness.
Controlling variables: applied voltage · electrode material · particle surface charge · metal oxidation or reduction · deposition time
Representative materials: NU-1000 EPD films · UiO-66 EPD films · HKUST-1 anodic films · MOF-5 cathodic films
Caveat: The review notes common electrochemical problems and the need for mechanistic study of growth and substrate attachment.
9526-9529 · 3.1.3 Electrochemical synthesis · Fig. 43
PVD, CVD and ALD routes form MOF films through vapour transport and deposition of metal or organic precursors.
Claimed effects: Can avoid solvent interference and improve thickness control for selected systems.
Controlling variables: vapour pressure · substrate temperature · precursor volatility · laser fluence for PVD · ALD cycle number
Representative materials: ZIF-8 films · MAF-6 films · MOF-5 films · Ca-TP films
Caveat: Thermal stability and precursor volatility limit generality; some vapour-grown films require post-treatment to crystallise.
9534-9536 · 3.2 Gas phase processing · Fig. 53
Guest moieties are anchored to open metal sites or functionalised ligands, making a more defined host-guest contact than simple pore filling.
Claimed effects: Can place redox-active or conducting guests at electronically meaningful positions and reduce guest mobility.
Controlling variables: open metal sites · ligand functional groups · coordination strength · guest sterics
Representative materials: Fc-grafted NU-1000 · Ru(bpydc)3 grafted M3(HITP)2 · PTh@NU-1000
Caveat: Anchoring can block pores or alter transport if guests are encapsulated by secondary species such as beta-cyclodextrin.
9511 · 2.2.5 Ferrocene
Metal and ligand precursors are pressed and heated on a substrate to favour direct coordination and strong coating attachment.
Claimed effects: Produces strongly attached MOF coatings on carbon cloth and related substrates for device-oriented use.
Controlling variables: temperature · pressure · precursor mixture · substrate chemistry · heating time
Representative materials: ZIF-8 · ZIF-67 · MOF-5 · Ni-ZIF-8
Caveat: Strategy is broadly practical but the review does not position it as a universal route for high-quality ec-MOF thin films.
9537 · 3.3.6 Hot pressing method · Fig. 59
Conducting polymer guests are produced by loading monomers into MOF pores followed by oxidative, radical, ionic, ring-opening or electrochemical polymerisation.
Claimed effects: Generates continuous through-guest conjugated pathways while retaining some host confinement effects.
Controlling variables: monomer loading · oxidant or initiator · pore size and channel continuity · polymerisation temperature · host stability
Representative materials: PEDOT@MIL-101(Cr) · PPy@ZIF-67 · PANI@UiO-66 · PA@SURMOF
Caveat: Polymer formation often decreases crystallinity and porosity and can make precise guest distribution difficult to prove.
9515 · 2.3 Organic polymer-based guests · Table 3
MOF films are formed at liquid-liquid, liquid-gas or Langmuir-Blodgett interfaces where separated reactants meet under controlled interfacial geometry.
Claimed effects: Can produce thin 2D sheets or monolayers with controlled orientation, especially for layered conductive MOFs.
Controlling variables: interface type · metal and linker concentration · diffusion rate · surface pressure · transfer cycles
Representative materials: Ni3(BHT) · Ni3(HITP)2 · NAFS-1 · NAFS-2
Caveat: Main limitation is uncontrolled growth of thin films at the interfacial layer.
9530-9532 · 3.1.4 Interfacial method · Fig. 48
Thin films are prepared from pre-synthesised MOFs or precursor solutions using exfoliation, bottom-up deposition, spin coating, in situ growth, electrochemical synthesis, interfacial methods or liquid-phase epitaxy.
Claimed effects: Provides accessible routes to films on conducting substrates, but film quality, uniformity and adhesion are method-dependent.
Controlling variables: substrate functionalisation · particle size · solvent · binder · deposition cycles · surface charge
Representative materials: HKUST-1 films · MOF-525 films · ZIF-8 films · SURMOFs
Caveat: No single method is suitable for all MOFs; solution exposure can interfere with guest loading and host stability.
9524 · 3.1 Liquid phase processing
Preformed MOFs are exposed to guest molecules or precursors by solution soaking, gas adsorption, ion exchange or related approaches.
Claimed effects: The dominant strategy for ec-MOFs because it can introduce metal ions, TCNQ, iodine, fullerenes and monomers after framework synthesis.
Controlling variables: guest size · pore window size · host-guest interaction · solvent compatibility · loading time
Representative materials: TCNQ@HKUST-1 · Li-doped Mg-MOF-74 · C60@NU-901 · PEDOT@MIL-101(Cr)
Caveat: The review stresses loss of crystallinity, inhomogeneous guest distribution and leaching as recurring problems.
9494-9495 · 1.2 Host-guest MOFs · Fig. 3
Guest species are present during MOF formation and can act as templates or become trapped within channels as the framework crystallises.
Claimed effects: Can yield single crystals of guest-encapsulated hosts and accommodate guests larger than pore windows, but may give structures different from the empty host.
Controlling variables: guest size relative to pore window · host-guest coordination strength · metal-ligand assembly conditions · framework topology
Representative materials: iodine and TTF guest MOFs · monomer-containing polymer@MOF precursors
Caveat: May alter framework formation and is less generally used for ec-MOFs than post-synthetic encapsulation.
9494 · 1.2 Host-guest MOFs · Fig. 3
For ec-MOF devices, the review recommends preparing a host-MOF film on the substrate first and then introducing the guest.
Claimed effects: Reduces leaching risk relative to in situ guest-containing film growth and better supports device integration.
Controlling variables: host film crystallinity · solvent choice · guest diffusion · pore-window blocking · framework stability
Representative materials: TCNQ@HKUST-1 films · C60-loaded MOF films · iodine-loaded Co-MOF films
Caveat: Guest encapsulation after film growth can still suffer solvent interference, non-homogeneous loading and host collapse.
9549 · 5. Summary and outlook
These are the review authors’ synthesis, not newly measured results.
ec-MOF charge-storage research is still early, especially for supercapacitors, where conductivity, capacitance, stability, durability and cost remain limiting.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: Some individual PANI and sulfur-host examples show promising values, but the review cautions against maturity claims.
9550 · 5. Summary and outlook
Guest incorporation often reduces crystallinity, limiting rational structural interpretation of ec-MOF conductivity.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: Some template-assisted cases can retain single-crystal structural information.
9491 · Introduction
ec-MOF design has a larger combinatorial space than ic-MOF design because the guest and host-guest interaction can be varied independently of the host backbone.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: The same flexibility introduces structural and loading uncertainty.
9546 · 5. Summary and outlook
For electrocatalytic ec-MOFs, useful materials require conductivity, accessible active sites, appropriate pores, reaction stability and durable electrode integration.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: The review notes that activity and stability remain questionable for many reported electrocatalytic ec-MOFs.
9549 · 5. Summary and outlook
The review argues that thin films should be characterised for thickness, composition, morphology, crystallinity, homogeneity, robustness and orientation before interpreting device data.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: The exact characterisation package depends on the fabrication method and device target.
9524 · 3. Fabrication of MOF thin films
The authors speculate that future ec-MOFs could support dual electronic/proton conduction, stimulus-tuned conductivity, spintronic/quantum applications, bias-controlled drug release and molecular motion.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: These are outlook directions, not established consensus applications.
9551 · 5. Summary and outlook
Conductivity can in principle be tuned by changing guest identity and loading amount, but few studies systematically control loading.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: Non-homogeneous distribution and pore-window blocking can decouple nominal loading from actual transport pathways.
9548 · 5. Summary and outlook
The review contrasts a maximum reported ic-MOF conductivity of 1580 S cm^-1 with a maximum reported ec-MOF conductivity of 250 S cm^-1.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: These are secondary review maxima and should not be used as primary leaderboard values without checking the original studies.
9547 · 5. Summary and outlook
Molecular guests enhance conductivity either by providing alternative pathways or by host-guest charge-transfer interactions.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: The specific pathway varies with guest, host and geometry.
9547 · 5. Summary and outlook
The motivation for guest-promoted conduction is that many MOFs are weakly conducting or insulating because metal d and ligand p orbitals overlap poorly.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: This is review framing, not a new measurement by the review authors.
9491 · Introduction
Metal ions and metal nanoclusters are generally interpreted as promoting hopping-type transport, whereas metal-oxide guests may follow metal-oxygen pathways.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: Mechanism assignments are review-level interpretations of reported cases.
9490 · Abstract
No single thin-film method is suitable for all MOFs, and film quality depends strongly on the deposition route.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: This is an especially important limitation for ec-MOF device comparisons.
9524 · 3. Fabrication of MOF thin films
Patterning conductive MOF thin films is a necessary but challenging step for integration into electronic devices, sensors and microelectronics.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: Required control includes film position, size, thickness and crystal orientation.
9549 · 5. Summary and outlook
Conductivity values from pressed pellets or thin films are less reliable than single-crystal measurements because grain boundaries and morphology affect transport.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: Thin films remain necessary for real devices even if they complicate mechanistic interpretation.
9547 · 5. Summary and outlook
Extrinsic photoconductive MOFs require donor-acceptor pairing between host and guest to promote photo-induced charge separation.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: The host can act as donor and guest as acceptor, or vice versa.
9545 · 4.4 Photo-conductivity · Fig. 64
Conducting-polymer guests usually provide a through-guest pathway based on extended conjugated polymer chains, with host-guest interactions still affecting transport.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: Polymer formation may compromise crystallinity and pore characterisation.
9548 · 5. Summary and outlook
Conducting MOF sensors are promising, but the review identifies a lack of mechanistic analysis for electrochemical sensing devices.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: This is a research-gap claim rather than a benchmark.
9550 · 5. Summary and outlook
Lack of precise crystallographic information is presented as the primary obstacle to rational design of highly conducting guest@MOFs.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: Rietveld, neutron diffraction and pair distribution function methods are suggested as partial workarounds.
9548 · 5. Summary and outlook
TCNQ@HKUST-1 is treated as the paradigm for metal-guest coordination producing a very large conductivity enhancement.
Evidence basis: single_reference
Caveat: Benchmark is secondary and should be checked against the original Allendorf report before use as primary data.
9503 · 2.2.1 TCNQ · Fig. 12
MOF thin films on conducting substrates are required for electronic and optoelectronic device integration.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: Film fabrication can alter the host structure and therefore guest loading behaviour.
9523 · 3. Fabrication of MOF thin films
Every row remains visibly secondary and links to a primary dossier only where the mapping is verified.
| Material | Property | Reported value | Context and quality | Primary evidence | Review source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SecondaryAgNC@Rb-CD-MOF | electrical conductivity | 3.1 x 10^-9 S cm^-1 | dark conductivity range upper value; hopping mechanism Table · Exact Reported | research_0037 | 9494 · 2.1.2 Metal nanoclusters · Table 1 |
| SecondaryAuNP@NU-1000 | electrical conductivity | 5.2 x 10^-7 S cm^-1 | AuNP-loaded NU-1000; parent <=10^-12 S cm^-1 Table · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 9494 · 2.1.2 Metal nanoclusters · Table 1 |
| Secondary(BEDT-TTF)3[MnCr(ox)3] | room-temperature electrical conductivity | 250 S cm^-1 | single crystals; donor-acceptor charge-transfer host-guest framework Text · Approximate | research_0024 | 9507 · 2.2.3 Tetrathiafulvalene and derivatives · Table 2 |
| SecondaryC60@NU-901 | electrical conductivity | 10^-3 S cm^-1 | pressed pellets; parent MOF 10^-14 S cm^-1 Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 9510 · 2.2.4 Fullerenes · Fig. 18 |
| SecondaryCd2+@[Zn(OBA)(L).DMF] | electrical conductivity | from 5.8 x 10^-6 to 1.8 x 10^-2 S cm^-1 | after Cd2+ incorporation; redox hopping interpretation Text · Exact Reported | research_0054 | 9497 · 2.1.1 Metal ions · Fig. 6 |
| SecondaryFerrocene@HKUST-1 | electrical conductivity | 2 x 10^-9 S cm^-1 | ferrocene-loaded HKUST-1 SURMOF thin films Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 9511 · 2.2.5 Ferrocene · Fig. 20 |
| SecondaryI2@Cu[Ni(pdt)2] | electrical conductivity | 10^-4 S cm^-1 | iodine vapour-loaded CuNi; activation energy 490 meV reported in review text Text · Exact Reported | research_0203 | 9504 · 2.2.2 Iodine and polyiodides |
| SecondaryI2@[Zn3(DL-lac)2(pybz)2].2.5DMF | electrical conductivity | 3.42 x 10^-3 S cm^-1 along channels | I2-loaded 1D channels; along-channel direction Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 9504 · 2.2.2 Iodine and polyiodides · Fig. 14 |
| SecondaryLiOiPr/LiBF4@Mg-MOF-74 | electrical conductivity | 3.1 x 10^-4 S cm^-1 | guest-loaded MOF; review table reports PSM and hopping mechanism Table · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 9494 · 2.1.1 Metal ions · Table 1 |
| SecondaryMoSx@UiO-66-NH2 | HER overpotential | 200 mV at 10 mA cm^-2 | electrocatalytic HER; cathodic current density 10 mA cm^-2 Text · Approximate | No verified corpus mapping | 9538 · 4.1.1 Hydrogen evolution reaction · Fig. 60 |
| SecondaryMV2+@[Zn2(TCPB)(BPDPNDI)] | electrical conductivity | 2.3 x 10^-5 S cm^-1 | MV2+ doped BMOF/ZnO film; four-contact Au electrodes Text · Exact Reported | research_0431 | 9512 · 2.2.6 Other molecules · Fig. 24 |
| SecondaryPA@SURMOF [Cu2(BDC)2]n | electrical conductivity | 9.8 x 10^-4 S cm^-1 | after 1-hexyne infiltration and electro-polymerisation; parent 6 x 10^-12 S cm^-1 Text · Exact Reported | research_0523 | 9523 · 2.3.5 Polyacetylene · Fig. 39 |
| SecondaryPANI@Co-MOF | electrical conductivity | 5.9 x 10^-2 S cm^-1 | PANI-loaded Co-MOF; Table 3 Table · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 9524 · 2.3.3 Incorporation of polyaniline · Table 3 |
| SecondaryPANI@d-MOF-808 | specific capacitance | 188 F g^-1 at 30 mV s^-1 | PANI@defective MOF-808; charge-storage example Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 9544 · 4.3.1 Supercapacitors · Fig. 63 |
| Secondary20% PANI@UiO-66 | electrical conductivity | 0.55 S cm^-1 | 20% PANI-loaded UiO-66; parent insulator Table · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 9524 · 2.3.3 Incorporation of polyaniline · Table 3 |
| SecondaryPEDOT@MIL-101(Cr) | electrical conductivity | 1.1 x 10^-3 S cm^-1 | PEDOT + I2 guest; PSM; conduction pathway mechanism Table · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 9524 · 2.3.1 Incorporation of PEDOT · Table 3 |
| SecondaryPPy@ZIF-67 | electrical conductivity | 1.5 S cm^-1 | PPy encapsulated in ZIF-67; PSM; Table 3 Table · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 9524 · 2.3.2 Incorporation of polypyrrole · Table 3 |
| SecondarySnO2@NU-1000 | electrical conductivity | 1.8 x 10^-7 S cm^-1 | SnO2-loaded NU-1000; table assigns band transport Table · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 9494 · 2.1.3 Metal oxides · Table 1 |
| SecondaryI2@[Tb(Cu4I4)(ina)3(DMF)] | electrical conductivity | 2.16 x 10^-4 S cm^-1 | after iodine uptake; parent 5.72 x 10^-11 S cm^-1 Table · Exact Reported | research_0097 | 9502 · 2.2.2 Iodine and polyiodides · Table 2 |
| SecondaryTCNQ@HKUST-1 | electrical conductivity | 7 x 10^-2 S cm^-1 | room temperature; parent HKUST-1 10^-8 S cm^-1 Table · Exact Reported | research_0088 | 9502 · 2.2.1 TCNQ · Table 2 |
Open questions are presented as review-author priorities, not conclusions from the primary database.
Electrocatalysis, sensing, charge storage, photoconductivity and related ec-MOF applications remain at early stages with unresolved stability and device-integration issues.
Proposed direction: Integrate synthetic chemistry, device engineering, thin-film characterisation and stability testing before claiming practical application readiness.
9550 · 5. Summary and outlook
Charge-carrier density, mobility and electron/hole identity are rarely measured in guest@MOF studies.
Proposed direction: Measure carrier type, density and mobility alongside conductivity to support mechanism assignments.
9548 · 5. Summary and outlook
Post-synthetic guest loading commonly gives inhomogeneous distribution, pore-window accumulation or leaching.
Proposed direction: Match host pore geometry with guest dimensions and use modelling plus similar-guest series to test distribution and interaction hypotheses.
9548 · 5. Summary and outlook
Host films may load guests differently from bulk MOFs, including solvent interference, pore-window blocking, non-homogeneity and host collapse.
Proposed direction: Characterise host films before and after guest loading and measure film conductivity after encapsulation rather than assuming bulk behaviour.
9549 · 5. Summary and outlook
The interactions that govern conductivity are often inferred rather than structurally resolved.
Proposed direction: Prioritise single-crystal guest@MOFs and structural determination of host-guest contacts before assigning mechanisms.
9548 · 5. Summary and outlook
Few studies systematically control guest loading to tune conductivity.
Proposed direction: Build loading series with verified guest amounts and spatial distributions, then correlate loading with transport.
9548 · 5. Summary and outlook
Only rare ec-MOF cases have detailed mechanistic studies of charge-transfer mechanisms and carrier mobility.
Proposed direction: Combine temperature-dependent transport, spectroscopy, structural analysis and theory to distinguish hopping, band-like and through-guest pathways.
9548 · 5. Summary and outlook
Patterning MOF thin films for sensors and microelectronics remains challenging because MOFs often grow as microparticles or single crystals.
Proposed direction: Develop fast, low-cost patterning with control over film thickness, position, size and crystal orientation.
9549 · 5. Summary and outlook
The review states that adequate guidelines are lacking for conductivity measurement, device fabrication, conditions, mechanism and pathway reporting.
Proposed direction: Adopt consistent reporting of device geometry, measurement conditions, film morphology, guest loading, charge carriers and transport fits.
9551 · 5. Summary and outlook
Many guest@MOFs lack precise crystallographic information, preventing rational design of highly conducting host-guest frameworks.
Proposed direction: Develop high-quality single crystals and apply Rietveld, neutron diffraction and pair distribution function analyses to homogeneous guest@MOF samples.
9548 · 5. Summary and outlook
There is no ideal method for defect-free, homogeneous, well-oriented conductive MOF films with controlled thickness and adhesion.
Proposed direction: Compare fabrication routes using consistent metrics for thickness, coverage, roughness, orientation, defects, crystallinity and stability.
9549 · 5. Summary and outlook
Mappings show which printed review references have a verified counterpart in the frozen primary corpus.
| Reference | Study | Role and context | Corpus mapping |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ref. 342016 | Title unavailable | transport_framingCited by the review for the poor metal-d/ligand-p overlap problem that limits MOF conductivity. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 512019 | Title unavailable | crystallinity_caveatUsed by the review to support the claim that guest incorporation can reduce crystallinity and hinder rational ec-MOF study. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 692011 | Title unavailable | transport_benchmark · metal_ion_guestOriginal study cited for Li-ion doped Mg-MOF-74 conductivity and hopping transport in Table 1. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 722019 | Title unavailable | transport_benchmark · metal_ion_guestOriginal study cited for Cd2+ adsorption that raises MOF conductivity to 1.8 x 10^-2 S cm^-1. | research_0054 |
| Ref. 732015 | Title unavailable | transport_benchmark · photoconductivity · metal_nanocluster_guestOriginal study cited for Ag nanocluster formation in Rb-CD-MOF and light-enhanced conductivity. | research_0037 |
| Ref. 742022 | Title unavailable | transport_benchmark · metal_nanocluster_guestOriginal study cited for Au nanoparticle incorporation in NU-1000 and conductivity enhancement. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 752018 | Title unavailable | transport_benchmark · metal_oxide_guestOriginal study cited for SnO2 incorporation into NU-1000 and band-transport assignment. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 892014 | Title unavailable | transport_benchmark · molecular_guest · thin_film_deviceOriginal Allendorf study cited for TCNQ-infiltrated HKUST-1 thin-film devices and strong conductivity enhancement. | research_0088 |
| Ref. 912018 | Title unavailable | transport_benchmark · fullerene_guestOriginal study cited for C60 encapsulation in NU-901 and a large donor-acceptor conductivity enhancement. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 922016 | Title unavailable | transport_benchmark · molecular_guest · thin_film_deviceOriginal study cited for pi-acidity controlled guest doping of BMOF thin films on ZnO-coated substrates. | research_0431 |
| Ref. 1172010 | Title unavailable | transport_benchmark · iodine_guestOriginal study cited for iodine loading in 1D channels and anisotropic conductivity. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1192010 | Title unavailable | transport_benchmark · iodine_guestOriginal study cited for iodine vapour incorporation into CuNi and redox-mediated conductivity enhancement. | research_0203 |
| Ref. 1202012 | Title unavailable | iodine_guest · template_synthesisOriginal study cited for an in situ templated polyiodide-containing MOF and conductivity comparison against iodide-only material. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1222015 | Title unavailable | photovoltaic · iodine_guest · thin_film_deviceOriginal study cited for iodine-loaded Co-MOF thin films used as light-harvesting sensitizers. | research_0344 |
| Ref. 1242017 | Title unavailable | transport_benchmark · iodine_guest · photoconductivityOriginal study cited for iodine uptake/release, conductivity modulation and photoconductivity in a Tb/Cu/I framework. | research_0097 |
| Ref. 1372000 | Title unavailable | transport_benchmark · ttf_guest · magnetoresistanceOriginal Coronado/Gomez-Garcia study cited for high-conductivity host-guest charge-transfer MOF and metallic behaviour. | research_0024 |
| Ref. 1522019 | Title unavailable | photoconductivity · fullerene_guest · thin_film_deviceOriginal study cited for fullerene-loaded photoconductive MOF thin films and donor-acceptor photoresponse. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1662012 | Title unavailable | transport_benchmark · ferrocene_guest · thin_film_deviceOriginal study cited for ferrocene loading in HKUST-1 SURMOF films and tunnelling junction context. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1682016 | Title unavailable | ferrocene_guest · charge_transport_controlOriginal study cited for ferrocene-grafted NU-1000 and beta-cyclodextrin control over charge transport. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1802016 | Title unavailable | transport_benchmark · polymer_guestOriginal study cited for PEDOT incorporation into MIL-101(Cr) and a high conductivity gain over the parent MOF. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1912019 | Title unavailable | transport_benchmark · polymer_guest · electromagnetic_absorptionOriginal study cited for PPy-loaded ZIF-67 conductivity and electromagnetic absorption response. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1922021 | Title unavailable | transport_benchmark · polymer_guest · loading_controlOriginal study cited for pyrrole/ZIF ratio control and PPy-reinforced ZIF-67 conductivity. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1952018 | Title unavailable | transport_benchmark · polymer_guestOriginal study cited for high PANI loading in UiO-66 and conductivity increase to 0.55 S cm^-1. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1972021 | Title unavailable | transport_benchmark · polymer_guest · thermoelectric_transportOriginal study cited for PANI-loaded Co-MOF conductivity and thermoelectric behaviour. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1992017 | Title unavailable | polymer_guest · graftingOriginal study cited for p-thio acid incorporation and polythiophene formation in NU-1000. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 2012020 | Title unavailable | transport_benchmark · polymer_guest · thin_film_deviceOriginal study cited for electro-polymerisation of 1-hexyne in SURMOF channels and conductivity enhancement. | research_0523 |
| Ref. 2032020 | Title unavailable | thin_film_review_contextCited by the review for the broader claim that MOF thin films are desirable for electronic and optoelectronic devices. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 2042017 | Title unavailable | thin_film_review_contextCited by the review for thin-film fabrication and electrochemical fabrication context. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 2072017 | Title unavailable | thin_film_characterisationCited by the review for the importance of thin-film parameters and characterisation. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 2082021 | Title unavailable | thin_film_review_contextCited by the review for prior thin-film fabrication reviews and route dependence. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 2112018 | Title unavailable | thin_film_strategy · exfoliationOriginal study cited for liquid-phase exfoliation of a 2D spin-crossover MOF into thin flakes. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 2202015 | Title unavailable | thin_film_strategy · in_situ_growthOriginal study cited for solvothermal growth of MOF-525 thin films on FTO and post-metalation context. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 2232014 | Title unavailable | thin_film_strategy · electrophoretic_deposition · patterningOriginal study cited for electrophoretic deposition and micropatterned MOF thin films. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 2412013 | Title unavailable | thin_film_strategy · interfacial_growthOriginal study cited for liquid-liquid interfacial synthesis of Ni3(BHT) thin films. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 2422015 | Title unavailable | transport_benchmark · intrinsic_comparatorOriginal study cited as the review's maximum ic-MOF conductivity comparator. | research_0006 |
| Ref. 2462017 | Title unavailable | thin_film_strategy · gas_liquid_interfaceOriginal study cited for gas-liquid interfacial formation and transfer of semiconductive Ni3(HITP)2 thin films. | research_0015 |
| Ref. 2582017 | Title unavailable | thin_film_strategy · pvdOriginal study cited for femtosecond pulsed-laser deposition of ZIF-8 films. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 2732016 | Title unavailable | thin_film_strategy · hot_pressingOriginal study cited for hot-pressing MOF coatings on carbon cloth and related substrates. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 2812016 | Title unavailable | electrocatalysis · HER · application_benchmarkOriginal study cited for HER catalysis by MoSx nanoparticles encapsulated in UiO-66-NH2. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 3262022 | Title unavailable | charge_storage · polymer_guest · application_benchmarkOriginal study cited for PANI@defective MOF-808 supercapacitor behaviour. | Unmapped |