Conclusion and Outlook
27States the review's main outlook: conductivities and PCEs remain low, and general thin-film fabrication methods are still lacking.
Relevance: Core · 27 · 5 Conclusion and Outlook
Review · secondary evidenceReview
Conductive MOFs with Photophysical Properties: Applications and Thin-Film Fabrication
Zeyu Zhuang, Dingxin Liu · Nano-Micro Letters · 2020
6review sections
5material families
18review claims
18secondary benchmarks
31cited studies
8research gaps
Review scope
To review photoconductive and photoluminescent properties of conductive MOFs, their device-oriented applications, and thin-film fabrication routes relevant to electronic and optoelectronic integration.
- Coverage
- 2012–2020
- Category
- Review Thin Film Device
- Material scope
- Photoconductive MOFs · Photoluminescent MOFs · Guest@MOF hybrids · Lanthanide MOFs · MOF thin films
- Transport scope
- Photoinduced electronic conductivity · Charge separation and recombination · Band-gap mediated excitation · Thin-film charge transport constraints
- Application scope
- Solar cells · Photoelectrochemical water splitting · Luminescent sensing · Light emitting devices · Luminescent thermometry · Optical information protection
- Explicit exclusions
- Exhaustive synthesis mechanisms of electrically conductive MOFs · Full primary-study experimental recipes · Complete bibliography transcription
- Source
- 1-2 · Abstract; Introduction
- Evidence role
- Context, taxonomy and secondary benchmarking
Section map
The review’s argument is preserved as a navigable set of section summaries.
Introduction
1-2Frames conductive MOFs as tunable porous materials whose irradiation responses expand applications in light harvesting, sensing, and optoelectronic devices.
Relevance: Supporting · 2 · Introduction
Applications
14-22Surveys luminescent sensors, white-light emission, thermometry and optical information protection as application contexts for photoactive MOFs.
Relevance: Supporting · 14 · 3.2 Applications · Table 3
Photoconductivity
2-7Organises photoconductive MOFs by organic-moiety and inorganic-building-unit mechanisms, then connects them to solar cells and water splitting.
Relevance: Core · 2 · 2 Photoconductivity
Photoluminescence
7-13Classifies photoluminescent MOFs into linker-based, metal-centred and guest-induced types, with ligand, lanthanide and guest confinement mechanisms.
Relevance: Supporting · 7 · 3.1 Types of Photoluminescent MOFs
Deposition of MOF Thin Films
22-27Compares electrochemical, electrophoretic, layer-by-layer, solvothermal, interfacial, ultrasonic spray and other routes for integrating MOFs as films.
Relevance: Core · 22 · 4 Deposition of MOF Thin Films
Taxonomies
Classification systems are attributed to this review and are not treated as a global material registry.
Charge Or Energy Transfer Pathway Involving LigandsAuthor-proposed
Linker-based luminescence mechanisms
The review distinguishes intraligand or ligand-to-ligand processes from charge transfer between ligands and metal centres.
Categories: ligand-centered luminescence · ligand-to-metal charge transfer · metal-to-ligand charge transfer
7-10 · 3.1.1 Linker-Based Luminescence · Fig. 8
Source Of Luminescent EmissionAuthor-proposed
Types of photoluminescent MOFs
The review's main luminescence classification distinguishes ligand-centred charge/energy transfer, lanthanide or rare-earth centred emission, and encapsulated guest emission stabilised by MOF pores.
Categories: linker-based luminescence · metal-centered luminescence · guest-induced luminescence
7 · 3.1 Types of Photoluminescent MOFs
How Analytes Alter MOF EmissionAuthor-proposed
Luminescent sensing mechanisms
For sensor design, the review lists five mechanism classes for quenching or enhancement rather than a single sensing model.
Categories: structural transition · ion or ligand exchange · analyte-fluorophore interaction · analyte absorption and MOF excitation overlap · MOF absorption and analyte emission overlap
17 · 3.2.1 Photoluminescent Sensors · Fig. 19
Donor-Acceptor Role Of Organic ComponentsAuthor-proposed
Organic routes to photoconductivity
Organic photoconductive MOFs are organised around electron-acceptor ligands, donor ligands paired with acceptor guests, and guest pairs confined in MOF pores.
Categories: electron-accepting ligands · electron-donating ligands · organic guest molecules
2-4 · 2.1.1 Photoconductivity Based on Organic Moieties
Electronic Origin Of Photoinduced Charge Generation And TransportAuthor-proposed
Origin of MOF photoconductivity
The review separates photoconductive behaviour into MOFs where organic ligands or guest donor-acceptor systems dominate, and cases where inorganic secondary building units provide the photoconductive pathway.
Categories: organic moieties · inorganic moieties
2-5 · 2.1 Photoconductive MOFs
Processing Route For Device-Integrable MOF FilmsAuthor-proposed
MOF thin-film deposition routes
The review groups film-fabrication strategies by deposition mechanism and links them to film morphology, coverage, orientation and device performance.
Categories: electrochemical deposition · electrophoretic deposition · layer-by-layer assembly · solvothermal deposition · liquid-liquid interfacial method · ultrasonic spray deposition · spin coating and Langmuir-Blodgett methods
22-27 · 4 Deposition of MOF Thin Films · Figs. 28-32
Material families
Review-defined families retain their representative materials and conduction descriptions.
Guest-induced luminescent MOFs
Porous Host-Guest CompositesMOFs whose pores confine luminescent guests such as dyes, quantum dots, carbon dots or perovskites to enhance stability or suppress aggregation-caused quenching.
Conduction: Relevant for photophysical response rather than intrinsic electronic conduction; guest isolation and host rigidity improve luminescence stability.
Representative materials: Bio-MOF-1@RhB · PEG-ZnS QDs@ZIF-67 · C-QDs@UiO-66-(COOH)2 · MAPbBr3@UiO-66
Nodes / linkers: various MOF hosts · Bio-MOF-1 host · ZIF-67 host · UiO-66 derivatives
12 · 3.1.3 Guest-Induced Photoluminescence · Fig. 12
Lanthanide-centred luminescent MOFs
Coordination-Framework FamiliesMOFs whose emission is dominated by lanthanide-centred f-f transitions, often sensitised by antenna ligands.
Conduction: Not primarily a conduction family; relevant as a photoactive MOF family where organic antennas harvest light and transfer energy to lanthanide centres.
Representative materials: MR-MOF-Eu · WR-MOF-Eu · {[Eu(L)(H2O)2].5H2O}n · {[Tb(L)(H2O)2].5H2O}n
Nodes / linkers: Eu3+ · Tb3+ · Sm3+ · carboxylic acid imidazolium chloride ligands · aromatic carboxylates
10-11 · 3.1.2 Metal-Centered Luminescence · Table 2
NDI electron-acceptor photoconductive MOFs
MOF Framework; Anisotropic Crystal Orientations DiscussedMOFs incorporating naphthalene diimide acceptor ligands that support metal-to-ligand charge transfer under irradiation.
Conduction: Charge transfer from the metal centre to pi-acceptor NDI-py promoted hole transport along Co-TpA and electron transport along NDI-py.
Representative materials: MOF-CoNDI-py-2
Nodes / linkers: Co(II) · N,N'-bis(4-pyridyl)-1,4,5,8-naphthalene diimide · terephthalic acid
2-3 · 2.1.1 Photoconductivity Based on Organic Moieties · Fig. 1
Porphyrin-fullerene SURMOF photoconductors
Thin-Film SURMOFSurface-mounted MOFs with porphyrinic donors and fullerene acceptor guests designed for photoinduced charge separation.
Conduction: Porphyrin Soret-band activation generates electron-hole pairs while C60 improves separation and transfer and restrains recombination.
Representative materials: C60@Zn(TPP) · C60-COOH@Zn(DAP)
Nodes / linkers: Zn · porphyrin linkers · fullerene guests
3-4 · 2.1.1 Photoconductivity Based on Organic Moieties · Fig. 2
Ti-O inorganic-building-unit photoconductive MOFs
0D Inorganic Units In LT; 1D Inorganic Network In HTTi-carboxylate MOFs where photoconductivity is attributed primarily to inorganic Ti-O building units and their dimensionality.
Conduction: Phase transformation increased inorganic-unit dimensionality, narrowed the band gap and enabled stronger photoconductive response.
Representative materials: MIL-177-LT · MIL-177-HT
Nodes / linkers: Ti-O clusters · Ti-O network · mdip tetracarboxylate
5 · 2.1.2 Photoconductivity Based on Inorganic Moieties · Fig. 4
Synthesis strategies
Review-level synthesis principles remain separate from primary-study recipes.
Donor-acceptor architecture for photoconductivity
Build MOFs or guest@MOF systems in which electron donors and acceptors promote photoinduced charge separation and reduce recombination.
Claimed effects: Enhanced electron-hole separation, charge transfer and photoconductivity under irradiation.
Controlling variables: donor and acceptor identity · band gap · guest loading · linker electronic structure
Representative materials: MOF-CoNDI-py-2 · C60@Zn(TPP) · DH6T/PCBM@MOF-177
Caveat: The review notes unusual photoresistive behaviour in some cases and does not establish a universal design rule.
2 · 2.1 Photoconductive MOFs
Electrochemical deposition
Cathodic and anodic electrodeposition are used to grow MOF films with mechanical and electrical contact to conductive substrates.
Claimed effects: Rapid thin-film fabrication; anodic deposition offers better manipulation of thickness, crystal size and morphology.
Controlling variables: voltage · current density · ligand concentration · conducting salt · temperature · metal-ion source
Representative materials: Eu-HBPTC · Tb-SA · LnCP films
Caveat: Photophysical MOF films made by anodic deposition are described as still limited.
22-23 · 4.1 Electrochemical Deposition · Figs. 28-29
Electrophoretic deposition
Charged MOF particles in suspension migrate under an electric field and deposit as films, including patterned films on exposed conductive regions.
Claimed effects: Forms continuous dense films rapidly on low-cost substrates and supports patterned deposition.
Controlling variables: particle surface charge · applied voltage · electrode pattern · deposition time · substrate
Representative materials: NU-1000 films · Ln-BTC films · C-QDs@UiO-66-(COOH)2 films
Caveat: Best suited where MOF particles carry usable surface charge; film performance depends on substrate and particle chemistry.
23-24 · 4.2 Electrophoretic Deposition
Guest@MOF photosensitizer photoanodes
Use QDs, POMs, dyes or related guests as light absorbers while the MOF host improves adsorption and suppresses recombination.
Claimed effects: Improves photon capture, electron injection and electron-hole separation in photoanodes.
Controlling variables: guest photosensitizer · host porosity · substrate · charge injection interface
Representative materials: CdTe/NTU-9 · POM@MOF(Fe)/ZnO · graphene-Eu-MOF/TiO2/FTO
Caveat: The review stresses that conversion efficiencies reported for photoconductive-MOF photoanodes are still relatively low.
5-6 · 2.2.1 Solar Cells · Fig. 5
Increase inorganic building-unit dimensionality
Use phase or structural transformation to increase the dimensionality of inorganic building units and create more effective photoconductive pathways.
Claimed effects: Lowered band gap and increased photoconductivity when MIL-177 transformed from 0D to 1D Ti-O units.
Controlling variables: inorganic secondary building unit dimensionality · phase transformation · band gap · thermal treatment
Representative materials: MIL-177-LT · MIL-177-HT
Caveat: The review states that further research on conduction mechanism and inorganic-unit function remains underway.
5 · 2.1.2 Photoconductivity Based on Inorganic Moieties · Fig. 4
Liquid-liquid interfacial and ultrasonic spray deposition
Interfacial growth forms free-standing films at immiscible liquid interfaces, while ultrasonic spray mixes misted precursors on heated substrates.
Claimed effects: Promising facile, time-saving and scalable routes for optical-device MOF films.
Controlling variables: immiscible solvent selection · metal-ion and ligand solubility · substrate temperature · gas flux · nebuliser conditions
Representative materials: 2D conductive MOF films · Tb2(BDC)3 films
Caveat: Interfacial methods require careful solvent selection; spray-deposition performance is sensitive to substrate temperature.
26 · 4.5-4.6 · Fig. 32
Layer-by-layer assembly
Alternating exposure of a substrate to metal-ion and ligand solutions grows MOF films in repeated cycles, often on SAM- or metal-oxide-modified surfaces.
Claimed effects: Well-controlled thickness and interface control, useful for photoanodes and hetero-multilayer luminescent films.
Controlling variables: number of growth cycles · substrate modification · metal-ion solution · ligand solution · post-treatment
Representative materials: TiO2@PCN-225 · Eu-SURMOF/Tb-SURMOF
Caveat: Repeated operations and long reaction times are drawbacks; insulating SAMs can impede charge transport.
24-25 · 4.3 Layer-by-Layer Assembly · Fig. 30
Solvothermal deposition
Heated precursor solutions grow MOF particles directly and often orientationally on semiconducting metal-oxide-coated electrodes.
Claimed effects: Facile, efficient and low-cost direct film growth attractive for electronic and optoelectronic devices.
Controlling variables: temperature · substrate coating · precursor solution · film orientation · growth time
Representative materials: PPF-11/ZnO-FTO · Tb(III)@MOF-5/ZnO
Caveat: Substrate chemistry can be necessary; the review notes MOF-5 did not deposit successfully on bare FTO.
25-26 · 4.4 Solvothermal Deposition · Fig. 31
Review claims
These are the review authors’ synthesis, not newly measured results.
Consensus SummaryHigh supportStructure Property Link
Aromatic, pi-conjugated ligands are reviewed as favourable for ligand-centred luminescence because excited pi-electrons can drive pi-pi* transitions or charge transfer.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: Ligand conformation and framework environment also affect intensity and emission band shifts.
7 · 3.1.1 Linker-Based Luminescence · Table 1
Consensus SummaryHigh supportTransport Mechanism
For photoconductive MOFs, lowering the band gap is presented as a general route to enable photoexcited electron transfer from valence to conduction bands.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: The claim is conceptual and does not guarantee high dark conductivity or high device efficiency.
2 · 2.1 Photoconductive MOFs
Consensus SummaryHigh supportStructure Property Link
Donor-acceptor architectures are reviewed as a strategy to enhance electron-hole separation and inhibit recombination in photoconductive MOFs.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: Examples depend strongly on ligand and guest selection.
2 · 2.1 Photoconductive MOFs
Consensus SummaryHigh supportStructure Property Link
The review notes that film thickness and orientation can affect electrical conductivity in conductive MOF films.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: These are cited as film-property examples rather than fully general quantitative laws.
22 · 4 Deposition of MOF Thin Films
Consensus SummaryHigh supportSynthesis Strategy
Thin-film preparation is presented as essential for integrating photoconductive and photoluminescent MOFs into practical electronic and optoelectronic devices.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: Film quality metrics differ by application and are not reducible to one processing parameter.
22 · 4 Deposition of MOF Thin Films
Consensus SummaryHigh supportStructure Property Link
Guest encapsulation in MOF pores is reviewed as a way to isolate luminescent molecules, reduce aggregation-caused quenching and improve guest stability.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: Guest emission bands can change after encapsulation, as noted for protein guests.
12 · 3.1.3 Guest-Induced Photoluminescence · Fig. 12
Author InterpretationHigh supportCaveat
Photoconductivity based on inorganic building units is identified as demonstrated but mechanistically underdeveloped.
Evidence basis: single_reference
Caveat: Based mainly on the MIL-177 case in this review.
5 · 2.1.2 Photoconductivity Based on Inorganic Moieties · Fig. 4
Consensus SummaryHigh supportStructure Property Link
For metal-centred luminescence, organic ligands act as antennas that absorb light and transfer energy to lanthanide centres.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: Choice of ligand is described as crucial because lanthanide absorption coefficients are low.
10 · 3.1.2 Metal-Centered Luminescence · Fig. 9
Author InterpretationMedium supportStructure Property Link
Lewis acidic/basic active sites are highlighted as design motifs for ion sensing, particularly Lewis-basic sites that chelate Lewis-acidic metal ions.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: The examples are sensor-specific and do not imply all Lewis-basic MOFs are selective.
18 · 3.2.1 Photoluminescent Sensors
Consensus SummaryHigh supportStructure Property Link
MOF porosity, stability and tunability are presented as ways to overcome low absorption, aggregation-caused quenching and poor stability in conventional luminescent materials.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: The review summarises potential rather than a universal performance guarantee.
7 · 3 Photoluminescence
Consensus SummaryMedium supportApplication Relevance
For PEC water splitting, MOF photoanodes are reviewed as attractive because visible/near-IR absorption, MOF-semiconductor interfaces and porosity can aid charge injection and active-site density.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: The review also notes conversion efficiencies remain low.
7 · 2.2.2 Water Splitting
Author InterpretationMedium supportCaveat
The MOF-CoNDI-py-2 example shows that illumination can sometimes decrease current, so a light response should not automatically be interpreted as simple photoconductivity.
Evidence basis: single_reference
Caveat: Mechanism is ascribed to metal centres acting as charge-trap sites in a specific material.
2 · 2.1.1 Photoconductivity Based on Organic Moieties · Fig. 1
Author InterpretationHigh supportDefinition Scope
The review positions itself against prior conductive-MOF reviews by focusing specifically on photophysical responses under irradiation, especially photoconductivity and photoluminescence.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: This is the review authors' framing of the literature gap.
2 · Introduction
Consensus SummaryHigh supportMeasurement Interpretation
Luminescent sensing in MOFs should be interpreted through multiple mechanisms rather than emission change alone, including structural transitions, exchange, analyte-fluorophore interactions and spectral overlap.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: The review's five-mechanism list is a secondary interpretive framework.
17 · 3.2.1 Photoluminescent Sensors · Fig. 19
Author InterpretationHigh supportCaveat
The review states that MOFs directly serving as photoactive sensitizers in solar-cell photoanodes remain rare; most examples are guest@MOF systems.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: The statement is scoped to investigations available to the review authors by 2020.
5 · 2.2.1 Solar Cells
Author InterpretationMedium supportCaveat
The review identifies thermal energy generated under irradiation as a device challenge for light-emitting MOFs and describes phase-change guest incorporation as one proposed mitigation.
Evidence basis: single_reference
Caveat: The phase-change material example is presented as promising rather than established broadly.
20-21 · 3.2.2 Light Emitting
Author InterpretationHigh supportSynthesis Strategy
Different MOF thin-film fabrication methods trade control, scalability, substrate compatibility and morphology, so method choice influences device performance.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: The review provides conceptual comparisons rather than a standardised cross-method benchmark.
26 · 4.7 Other Methods
Consensus SummaryHigh supportApplication Relevance
White-light MOFs can be tuned by combining multiple emissive components such as lanthanides, guests and organic ligands and adjusting their ratios or excitation wavelength.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: The review uses CIE proximity to pure white as quality context, not full lighting-device evaluation.
18-20 · 3.2.2 Light Emitting · Table 4
Secondary benchmarks
Every row remains visibly secondary and links to a primary dossier only where the mapping is verified.
| Material | Property | Reported value | Context and quality | Primary evidence | Review source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SecondaryBio-MOF-1@RhB | Fe3+ limit of detection | 1.1 ppm | Luminescent sensing of Fe3+ in water Table · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 13 · 3.2.1 Photoluminescent Sensors · Table 3 |
| SecondaryC60@Zn(TPP) | Illuminated conductivity | 1.3 x 10^-7 S cm^-1 | 455 nm irradiation; roughly ohmic current-voltage behaviour Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 3 · 2.1.1 Photoconductivity Based on Organic Moieties · Fig. 2b |
| SecondaryC60@Zn(TPP) | Photocurrent under 455 nm irradiation | current increased from 0.11 nA in the dark to 9 nA under 455 nm light at 2 V | 2 V bias; 455 nm irradiation; compared with 0.11 nA dark current Text · Rounded Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 3 · 2.1.1 Photoconductivity Based on Organic Moieties · Fig. 2a |
| SecondaryC-QDs@UiO-66-(COOH)2 film | Relative temperature sensitivity | up to 1.3% K^-1 at 297 K | Temperature sensing over 97-297 K Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 21-22 · 3.2.3 Luminescent Thermometer · Fig. 26 |
| SecondaryCdTe/NTU-9 composite photoanode | Photoelectric conversion efficiency | PCE up to 3.20%, compared with 1.67% for CdTe alone | Dye-sensitized solar cell photoanode Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 5 · 2.2.1 Solar Cells |
| SecondaryCsPbBr3@Eu-BTC | Relative sensitivity | 3.9%/deg C at 20 deg C | Self-calibrating luminescent thermometer; 20-100 deg C range Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 21 · 3.2.3 Luminescent Thermometer · Fig. 25 |
| Secondarygraphene-MOF/TiO2/FTO photoanode | Photoelectric conversion efficiency | 2.2% | Photoactive Eu-MOF with graphene facilitating charge transfer Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 6 · 2.2.1 Solar Cells |
| SecondaryHSB-W1 with R-phycoerythrin | White-light CIE coordinate | (0.33, 0.34) | 405 nm excitation Table · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 20 · 3.2.2 Light Emitting · Table 4 |
| SecondaryMIL-177-HT | Band gap | 3.67 eV | After phase transformation to high-temperature MIL-177-HT Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 5 · 2.1.2 Photoconductivity Based on Inorganic Moieties · Fig. 4 |
| SecondaryMIL-177-HT | Carrier mobility | at least 4 x 10^-4 cm2 s^-1 V^-1 | After thermal phase transformation from MIL-177-LT to MIL-177-HT Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 5 · 2.1.2 Photoconductivity Based on Inorganic Moieties · Fig. 4 |
| SecondaryEu0.00667Tb0.99333-MOF | White-light CIE coordinate | (0.3333, 0.3394) | 350 nm excitation Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 19 · 3.2.2 Light Emitting · Fig. 22 |
| SecondaryPd-porphyrin Zn-SURMOFs 2 | Solar-cell efficiency | 0.45% | Thin films grown by layer-by-layer method Text · Exact Reported | research_0200 | 6 · 2.2.1 Solar Cells |
| SecondaryPEG-ZnS QDs@ZIF-67 | Cu2+ limit of detection | 0.96 nM | Luminescent sensing of Cu2+ Table · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 13 · 3.2.1 Photoluminescent Sensors · Table 3 |
| SecondaryPOM@MOF(Fe)-modified ZnO photoanode | Photoelectric conversion efficiency | increase from 0.057 to 0.073% | Compared with bare ZnO photoanode Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 5-6 · 2.2.1 Solar Cells · Fig. 5 |
| SecondaryPPF-11/ZnO-FTO photoanode | Power conversion efficiency | up to 0.86% | Solvothermally grown [100]-oriented PPF-11 film on ZnO-FTO Text · Exact Reported | research_0630 | 25 · 4.4 Solvothermal Deposition · Fig. 31 |
| SecondaryTiO2@Co-MOF photoanode | Photocurrent density | up to 2.93 mA cm^-2 at 1.23 V vs RHE | p-n heterojunction photoanode for solar water splitting Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 25 · 4.3 Layer-by-Layer Assembly · Fig. 30 |
| SecondaryZnL(DPE)(H2O).H2O | Largest photocurrent density | approximately 8 x 10^-5 mA cm^-2 | Photocurrent response compared with free H2L ligand Text · Approximate | No verified corpus mapping | 4 · 2.1.1 Photoconductivity Based on Organic Moieties · Fig. 3 |
| SecondaryZnO@Au@ZIF-67 | Photoconversion efficiency | up to 0.80% | Visible-light-responsive PEC water-splitting photoanode Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 7 · 2.2.2 Water Splitting |
Research gaps
Open questions are presented as review-author priorities, not conclusions from the primary database.
Anodic deposition for photophysical MOFs
MediumAnodic deposition is well used for some MOF films, but photophysical MOF films for luminescent sensors or photoconductive electrodes remain limited.
Proposed direction: Extend anodic deposition studies to photoconductive electrodes and luminescent-sensor films.
23 · 4.1 Electrochemical Deposition
Direct photoactive MOFs
MediumInvestigations of photoconductive MOFs directly serving as photoactive sensitizers in photoanodes are rare and limited.
Proposed direction: Move beyond guest@MOF systems by designing intrinsically photoactive MOF sensitizers.
5 · 2.2.1 Solar Cells
Thin-film fabrication generality
HighMost reported MOF thin-film fabrication methods are applicable only to specific MOFs.
Proposed direction: Search for more facile, flexible and general methods for MOF thin-film fabrication.
27 · 5 Conclusion and Outlook
Inorganic-building-unit photoconductivity
MediumThe contribution of inorganic MOF building units to photoconductivity is promising but mechanistically unresolved.
Proposed direction: Investigate conduction mechanisms and the possible functions of inorganic building units in photoconductive MOFs.
5 · 2.1.2 Photoconductivity Based on Inorganic Moieties
Interfacial film processing
LowLiquid-liquid interfacial film growth is promising but constrained by the need to select immiscible solvents that dissolve metal ions and ligands appropriately.
Proposed direction: Develop broader solvent and precursor design rules for free-standing interfacial MOF films.
26 · 4.5 Liquid-Liquid Interfacial Method
Layer-by-layer processing
MediumLayer-by-layer assembly can control thickness but commonly relies on insulating SAMs that may impede charge transport.
Proposed direction: Improve layer-by-layer assembly by using conductive or metal-oxide templating approaches that preserve orientation without blocking transport.
25 · 4.3 Layer-by-Layer Assembly
Solar-cell and photoanode efficiency
HighPhotoelectric conversion efficiencies of photoanodes made from photoconductive MOFs are described as still relatively low.
Proposed direction: Develop higher-efficiency MOF photoanodes and improve charge generation, separation and transport.
6 · 2.2.1 Solar Cells
Photoconductive performance
HighMost photoconductive MOFs still show relatively low electrical conductivity despite strong light absorption.
Proposed direction: Continue synthesising MOFs with higher electrical conductivity and higher photoelectric conversion efficiency.
27 · 5 Conclusion and Outlook
Cited-study map
Mappings show which printed review references have a verified counterpart in the frozen primary corpus.
Show 31 cited-study records
| Reference | Study | Role and context | Corpus mapping |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ref. 122017 | Electrical semiconduction modulated by light in a cobalt and naphthalene diimide metal-organic framework10.1038/s41467-017-02215-7 | photoconductivity · donor_acceptor · mechanism_caveatUsed by the review as an electron-accepting NDI ligand example with anisotropic photoconductivity and dual photoresponsive-photoresistive behaviour. | research_0772 |
| Ref. 142019 | Photoconductivity in metal-organic framework (MOF) thin films10.1002/anie.201904475 | thin_film_photoconductivity · benchmarkUsed for SURMOF photoconductivity comparison and current/conductivity benchmarks under 455 nm light. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 152016 | Configurations, band structures and photocurrent responses of 4-(4-oxopyridin-1(4 h)-yl)phthalic acid and its metal-organic frameworks10.1016/j.jssc.2016.02.041 | photocurrent_benchmark · band_structureUsed to illustrate band-gap reduction by a planar pi-electron DPE ligand and a photocurrent-density comparison with free ligand. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 172018 | A phase transformable ultrastable titanium-carboxylate framework for photoconduction10.1038/s41467-018-04034-w | inorganic_photoconductivity · benchmarkUsed for the review's key inorganic-building-unit photoconductivity example and mobility/band-gap values. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 202017 | Efficient photocatalytic and photovoltaic applications with nanocomposites between CdTe QDs and an NTU-9 MOF10.1039/c7ra04125j | solar_cell · guest_mof · benchmarkUsed as a QD@MOF photoanode example with PCE improvement over CdTe alone. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 212017 | Dendritic Fe-based polyoxometalates @ metal-organic framework (MOFs) combined with ZnO as a novel photoanode in solar cells10.1007/s10854-017-8073-1 | solar_cell · photoanode · benchmarkUsed for POM@MOF(Fe)-modified ZnO photoanode mechanism and PCE benchmark. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 222017 | A convenient electrolytic assembly of graphene-mof composite thin film and its photoanodic application10.1016/j.apsusc.2016.11.150 | photoanode · graphene_mof · benchmarkUsed for graphene-doped Eu-MOF photoanode example and 2.2% PCE benchmark. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 232015 | Photoinduced charge-carrier generation in epitaxial mof thin films: high efficiency as a result of an indirect electronic band gap?10.1002/anie.201501862 | mof_thin_film · solar_cell · benchmarkUsed for layer-by-layer Pd-porphyrin Zn-SURMOF solar-cell efficiency and indirect band-gap discussion. | research_0200 |
| Ref. 282018 | Metal-organic framework coated titanium dioxide nanorod array p-n heterojunction photoanode for solar water-splitting10.1007/s12274-019-2272-4 | water_splitting · layer_by_layer · benchmarkUsed in the review for MOF-coated TiO2 nanorod photoanode fabrication and photocurrent benchmark. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 292017 | Visible-light responsive mof encapsulation of noble-metal-sensitized semiconductors for high-performance photoelectrochemical water splitting10.1039/c7ta06443h | water_splitting · benchmarkUsed as visible-light-responsive ZIF-67 photoanode example for PEC water splitting. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 332020 | A dye@MOF composite as luminescent sensory material for selective and sensitive recognition of Fe(iii) ions in water10.1016/j.ica.2019.119205 | guest_luminescence · sensor_benchmarkUsed for dye@MOF confinement, thermal stability and Fe3+ sensing benchmark. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 392020 | A superior luminescent metal-organic framework sensor for sensing trace Al3+ and picric acid via disparate charge transfer behaviors10.1016/j.jlumin.2019.116908 | luminescent_sensor · charge_transferUsed for Al3+ sensing and charge-transfer interpretation in luminescent MOFs. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 412019 | Series of water-stable lanthanide metal-organic frameworks based on carboxylic acid imidazolium chloride: tunable luminescent emission and sensing10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b01954 | lanthanide_luminescence · white_lightUsed for ligand antenna design, lanthanide emission bands and Eu/Tb colour tuning. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 432020 | Facile in situ preparation of MAPbBr3@UiO-66 composites for information encryption and decryption10.1016/j.jssc.2019.121062 | perovskite_guest · information_protectionUsed for perovskite guest stability and reversible optical information protection. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 452019 | Green synthesis of fluorescent PEG-ZnS QDs encapsulated into co-MOFs as an effective sensor for ultrasensitive detection of copper ions in tap water10.1016/j.msec.2019.110058 | quantum_dot_guest · sensor_benchmarkUsed for QD@ZIF-67 guest-induced luminescent sensing and Cu2+ LOD from Table 3. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 462018 | C-QDs@UiO-66-(COOH)2 composite film via electrophoretic deposition for temperature sensing10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b02595 | electrophoretic_deposition · temperature_sensor · benchmarkUsed for guest carbon-dot luminescence, electrophoretic film fabrication and temperature-sensing benchmark. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 582019 | Fabrication of a water-stable luminescent mof with an open lewis basic triazolyl group for the high-performance sensing of acetone and Fe3+ ions10.1007/s10853-019-03638-x | sensor_design · lewis_basic_siteUsed for Lewis-basic triazolyl groups and Fe3+ detection sensitivity context. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 602019 | Mixed-lnmofs with tunable color and white light emission together with multi-functional fluorescence detection10.1016/j.jssc.2019.120972 | white_light · benchmarkUsed for Eu/Tb ratio tuning and white-light CIE benchmark. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 622020 | Blue metal-organic framework encapsulated denatured r-phycoerythrin proteins for a white-light-emitting thin film10.1039/c9tc05342e | white_light · guest_mof · thin_filmUsed for protein guest encapsulation and white-light CIE benchmark in Table 4. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 632019 | Sonochemical synthesis of carbon dots/lanthanoid mofs hybrids for white light-emitting diodes with high color rendering10.1021/acsami.9b13814 | white_light · carbon_dotsUsed for carbon-dot/LnMOF white-light tuning and security-ink context. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 652019 | Dual-emissive CsPbBr3@Eu-BTC composite for self-calibrating temperature sensing application10.1021/acs.cgd.9b01374 | thermometry · benchmarkUsed for self-calibrating luminescent thermometer performance. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 672016 | High-quality metal-organic framework ultrathin films for electronically active interfaces10.1021/jacs.5b09784 | thin_films · device_integrationCited by the review for high-quality film fabrication parameters that determine device performance. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 682018 | Highly conductive 2D metal-organic framework thin film fabricated by liquid-liquid interfacial reaction using one-pot-synthesized benzenehexathiol10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b03938 | thin_films · conductivity · interfacial_growthCited for film thickness effects on conductivity and for liquid-liquid interfacial film fabrication. | research_0096 |
| Ref. 692019 | Anisotropic redox conductivity within a metal-organic framework material10.1021/jacs.9b07658 | orientation · conductivityCited for the statement that film orientation can affect electrical conductivity. | research_0219 |
| Ref. 702014 | An electrodeposited lanthanide mof thin film as a luminescent sensor for carbonate detection in aqueous solution10.1039/c4tc01551g | electrochemical_deposition · luminescent_sensorUsed for cathodic deposition of a Eu-HBPTC luminescent thin film on FTO. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 722019 | Anodic electrodeposition of several metal organic framework thin films on indium tin oxide glass10.1021/acs.cgd.9b00054 | anodic_deposition · thin_filmsUsed for anodic deposition as a promising route for integrating MOFs with electronic devices and controlling film characteristics. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 762014 | Directed growth of electroactive metal-organic framework thin films using electrophoretic deposition10.1002/adma.201401940 | electrophoretic_deposition · patterned_filmsUsed for predefined/patterned electrophoretic deposition of MOF films. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 772017 | Facile and rapid growth of nanostructured ln-BTC metal-organic framework films by electrophoretic deposition for explosives sensing in gas and Cr (3 +) detection in solution10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b03170 | electrophoretic_deposition · sensor_filmUsed for rapid dense LnMOF films on low-cost substrates and sensor performance context. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 842019 | Efficient mof-sensitized solar cells featuring solvothermally grown [100]-oriented pillared porphyrin framework-11 films on zno/fto surfaces10.1021/acsami.8b17807 | solvothermal_deposition · solar_cell · benchmarkUsed for solvothermal oriented PPF-11 films on ZnO/FTO and PCE benchmark. | research_0630 |
| Ref. 912019 | Ultrasonic spray deposition as a new route to luminescent MOF film synthesis10.1016/j.jlumin.2019.04.051 | ultrasonic_spray · thin_filmsUsed for ultrasonic spray deposition route and substrate-temperature effect on luminescent MOF films. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 952018 | From powder to cloth: facile fabrication of dense MOF-76(Tb) coating onto natural silk fiber for feasible detection of copper ions10.1016/j.cej.2018.05.144 | method_comparison · thin_film_morphologyUsed to show that the same MOF fabricated by different methods can have different morphology, coverage and performance. | Unmapped |