Brij Mohan, Muhammad Bilal Asif, and Armando J. L. Pombeiro · Small · 2025
Reviews electroactive and conductive MOF design, fabrication, charge-transport concepts, device integration, and urine-biomarker sensing examples for electrochemical analysis.
The review’s argument is preserved as a navigable set of section summaries.
Synthesises opportunities and gaps: sensitivity/selectivity improvement, ligand and pore design, scale-up, environmental robustness, hybridisation and clinical integration.
Relevance: Core · 13 · 8. Conclusion and Outlooks
Introduces conductivity in terms of charge-carrier concentration and mobility, contrasts hopping and ballistic transfer, and discusses FET and piezoelectric device contexts.
Relevance: Core · 6 · 5. MOF Conductivity and Electric Effects
Compares MOFs with other porous platforms, lists synthesis routes, and introduces structure, porosity, connectivity and composite modification as sensor-design levers.
Relevance: Core · 2 · 2. Design and Fabrication of MOFs for Electrochemical Sensing
Explains integration of MOFs into electrodes and devices, including substrate deposition, electrode connection, impedance/conductance readout and thin-film examples.
Relevance: Core · 4 · 3. Development of MOFs into Electrical Devices
Frames MOFs as tunable porous platforms for electrochemical biofluid sensing and positions urine analysis as a noninvasive diagnostic context.
Relevance: Core · 1 · 1. Introduction
Summarises redox-active MOF electrodes and the main electron-transport pathways relevant to electrochemical sensing.
Relevance: Core · 5 · 4. Mechanisms in Electrochemical MOF-Based Sensors · Figure 4
States that the review emphasises electrochemical MOFs in urine analysis and their electrical properties for advanced clinical sensors.
Relevance: Core · 2 · 1.1. Scope of the Study
Collects caveats on formulation-specific toxicity, chemical stability, humidity, interpenetration, structural collapse and reuse.
Relevance: Core · 12 · 7. Toxicity, Reusability, and Stability of MOFs
Reviews selected MOF-based electrochemical urine sensors for NMP22, digoxin, dopamine, norfloxacin, BPA, ketamine, hydrogen peroxide, imatinib, histamine and histidine.
Relevance: Supporting · 12 · 6. MOF-Based Electrochemical Urine Sensors · Table 2
Classification systems are attributed to this review and are not treated as a global material registry.
The review distinguishes local site-to-site hopping from more delocalised transport and ties their relative importance to material characteristics and environment.
Categories: hopping transfer in disordered MOFs · ballistic transfer with limited scattering · delocalised charge carriers in crystalline frameworks
6 · 5. MOF Conductivity and Electric Effects
The review uses this as its main conceptual taxonomy for explaining why different MOF architectures support different electrochemical-sensing behaviours.
Categories: through-bond · through-plane · through-space · redox hopping · through-guest pathways
5 · 4. Mechanisms in Electrochemical MOF-Based Sensors · Figure 4
The review links MOF electrical-property changes to common electrochemical and transistor-based measurement modes.
Categories: impedance spectroscopy · conductance measurements · cyclic voltammetry · differential pulse voltammetry · amperometry · field-effect transistor gating
11 · 6. MOF-Based Electrochemical Urine Sensors
The stability section organises stability around node-linker chemistry, humidity tolerance and framework interpenetration.
Categories: hard-acid/high-valent-metal nodes with O-donor ligands · N-donor ligands with low-valent metals · mixed azole-carboxylate ligands · size-matching ligands in channels · interpenetrated frameworks
12 · 7.2. Stability
This list is presented as route-level context rather than recipe extraction and is useful for Chapter 1 processing taxonomy.
Categories: solvothermal · microwave-assisted · mechanochemical · electrochemical · gas-phase · bottom-up assembly · top-down assembly · template-directed synthesis · layer-by-layer assembly · continuous flow · green synthesis
2 · 2. Design and Fabrication of MOFs for Electrochemical Sensing
Table 2 provides a compact material/analyte/LOD map for urine analysis examples, useful as secondary benchmark context.
Categories: AgNPs-ZIF-8 · MOF-199 · ZnCo-MOF · Ni-Co-MOF · AuNPs-PtNPs-MOFs · Cu-BTC MOF · MOF@graphine · transition metal oxide@MOF · Cu/Co-MOFs · HKUST-1/GONRs/GCE · Cu MOFs
12 · 6. MOF-Based Electrochemical Urine Sensors · Table 2
Review-defined families retain their representative materials and conduction descriptions.
Conjugated MOF layers designed with high electron delocalisation domains and packed active sites for electrocatalysis and sensing.
Conduction: Through-bond, extended conjugation and through-space pathways are presented as central to charge transport.
Representative materials: M3(HXTP)2 · M3(HXB)2 · DDA-Cu
Nodes / linkers: Cu · Ni · Co · Fe · Pd · Pt · HXTP · HXB · conjugated pi ligands
7 · 5. MOF Conductivity and Electric Effects · Figure 5
BHT-coordinated Ag or Au thin films used as examples of highly conductive MOF films.
Conduction: Presented as having excellent charge transport and high electrical conductivity for sensor development.
Representative materials: Ag3BHT2 · Au3BHT2
Nodes / linkers: Ag · Au · benzenehexathiol
4 · 3. Development of MOFs into Electrical Devices · Figure 2
Bimetallic Ni-Co MOF materials used for flexible composites and norfloxacin or glucose-related sensing examples.
Conduction: The review attributes enhanced catalysis, energy transfer and electrochemical oxidation response to Ni-Co MOF structures and composites.
Representative materials: Ni-Co-MOF · NiCo-MOF/GO
Nodes / linkers: Ni · Co · not specified in review summary
9 · 6. MOF-Based Electrochemical Urine Sensors
MOFs interfaced with graphene oxide, graphene nanoribbons, carbon nanotubes or reduced graphene oxide to enhance conductivity and electrode loading.
Conduction: Carbon phases are presented as conductivity and surface-area enhancers, improving charge transfer and electrocatalytic response.
Representative materials: HKUST-1/GONRs/GCE · Zr-NDI/MWCNT · Cu-MOF-199@MWCNTs · rGO-TEPA templated AuNPs-PtNPs-MOFs
Nodes / linkers: Cu · Zr · Au · Pt · HKUST-1/BTC · NDI · not specified for all examples
10 · 6. MOF-Based Electrochemical Urine Sensors
Cu-centred frameworks and composites used across the review for creatinine, BPA, dopamine, histamine/histidine and peroxide-related electrochemical sensing.
Conduction: Cu centres and composites are repeatedly linked to electrocatalytic activity, electrode modification and enhanced electron transfer.
Representative materials: Cu-MOF-199 · Cu-BTC MOF · CuHHTP · Cu MOFs with Cu NCs
Nodes / linkers: Cu · BTC · HHTP · TPA · carboxylates
10 · 6. MOF-Based Electrochemical Urine Sensors · Figure 8
MOFs designed around robust coordination, mixed donor groups or interpenetrated frameworks to improve stability in chemically demanding environments.
Conduction: Stability rather than intrinsic conductivity is emphasised; the family constrains real sensor durability and repeated-use claims.
Representative materials: high-valent metal carboxylate MOFs · N-donor low-valent metal MOFs · interpenetrated MOFs
Nodes / linkers: high-valent metals · low-valent transition metals · carboxylates · azole-containing carboxylic acids · N-donor ligands
12 · 7.2. Stability
ZIF-8 combined with Ag nanoparticles or other conductive components to support biomarker immunosensing.
Conduction: Conductive nanoparticle incorporation is used to improve electrochemical detection of NMP22.
Representative materials: AgNPs-ZIF-8
Nodes / linkers: Zn · Ag nanoparticles · imidazolate
8 · 6. MOF-Based Electrochemical Urine Sensors
Review-level synthesis principles remain separate from primary-study recipes.
Designs coplanar conjugated linkers and transition-metal coordination paths to support delocalisation, charge mobility and surface redox events.
Claimed effects: Extended pi-d conjugated planes and stacking improve charge transfer, electron mobility and electrocatalytic sensing response.
Controlling variables: transition-metal d orbitals · soft donor atoms · aromatic organic core · pi-pi stacking · metal coordination number
Representative materials: 2D-cMOFs · DDA-Cu
Caveat: The review explicitly notes that structure-property relationships remain insufficiently studied.
6 · 5. MOF Conductivity and Electric Effects · Figure 6
Uses linker and vertex connectivity to tune cage size, pore dimensions and biomolecule accommodation.
Claimed effects: Larger cages can be obtained by increasing vertex number and reducing vertex connectivity.
Controlling variables: number of vertices · vertex connectivity · linker size · connectivity class
Representative materials: MOF-818 · MOF-919
Caveat: Primarily a structural design principle; sensing transfer requires primary evidence.
3 · 2. Design and Fabrication of MOFs for Electrochemical Sensing · Figure 1
MOF precursor films or coatings are deposited and converted into electroactive carbon/metal oxide hybrid electrodes or current collectors.
Claimed effects: Electrochemically coated MOF precursor films reduced electron-transfer resistance and removed the need for additives.
Controlling variables: electrochemical coating · thermolysis route · metal foil support · precursor film composition
Representative materials: Co-BTC · Mn-BTC · Co3O4/C · Mn3O4/C
Caveat: Thermolysed products are not pristine MOFs; interpret as MOF-derived or MOF-processed electrodes.
4 · 3. Development of MOFs into Electrical Devices · Figure 3
Combines MOFs with carbon, graphene, metal nanoparticles or nanotubes to improve conductivity, catalytic activity and electrode function.
Claimed effects: Composite infusion is described as capable of enhancing conductivity and catalytic activity by orders of magnitude.
Controlling variables: nanomaterial identity · surface integration · electrodeposition conditions · carbon support morphology
Representative materials: Cu-MOF-199@MWCNTs · AuNPs-PtNPs-MOFs · HKUST-1/GONRs/GCE
Caveat: Composite effects need to be separated from intrinsic MOF conductivity in primary-paper analysis.
3 · 2. Design and Fabrication of MOFs for Electrochemical Sensing
The review presents multiple solvent-assisted and nonsolvent-assisted routes as a conceptual toolkit for generating MOFs with different screening and sensing functions.
Claimed effects: Different synthesis routes provide a variety of MOFs for chemical screening and new material discovery.
Controlling variables: solvent environment · energy input · assembly mode · flow conditions · template selection
Representative materials: general MOFs
Caveat: The review does not compare route-specific performance quantitatively; use as taxonomy, not recipes.
2 · 2. Design and Fabrication of MOFs for Electrochemical Sensing
Synthesised MOFs are deposited onto substrates and connected to electrodes so analyte-triggered electrical-property changes can be read out.
Claimed effects: Device integration can enhance sensing performance and reduce power or mass-transport limitations when conductivity and porosity are tuned.
Controlling variables: substrate · electrode contact · film integrity · pore size · metal ion · ligand
Representative materials: Ag3BHT2 · Au3BHT2
Caveat: The review describes conceptual device steps, not a universal fabrication protocol.
4 · 3. Development of MOFs into Electrical Devices
These are the review authors’ synthesis, not newly measured results.
Despite strong interest in 2D conductive MOFs for electrocatalysis and sensing, their structure-property relationships are described as not well studied.
Evidence basis: single_reference
Caveat: This caveat is directly useful for Chapter 1 research-gap framing.
6 · 4. Mechanisms in Electrochemical MOF-Based Sensors · Figure 5
BHT-linked Ag/Au 2D MOF thin films are highlighted as conductive-film examples, with Ag3BHT2 reported at 363 S/cm.
Evidence basis: single_reference
Caveat: Treat the value as a secondary review quotation of the cited original study.
4 · 3. Development of MOFs into Electrical Devices · Figure 2
The review repeatedly presents nanomaterial incorporation as a route to improve conductivity, catalytic activity, electrode loading and charge transfer in MOF sensors.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: Composite performance cannot be assumed to represent intrinsic framework transport.
3 · 2. Design and Fabrication of MOFs for Electrochemical Sensing
Porous frameworks and high electrical conductivity are identified as critical features because they affect analyte mass transport and power consumption in chemiresistors.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: The review does not provide a quantitative design equation for this trade-off.
4 · 3. Development of MOFs into Electrical Devices
Cage size in MOF-818/MOF-919-type polyhedra is interpreted as increasing with vertex number and decreasing vertex connectivity, providing a structural rule for pore/cage engineering.
Evidence basis: single_reference
Caveat: The link to electrochemical sensing is indirect in the review.
3 · 2. Design and Fabrication of MOFs for Electrochemical Sensing · Figure 1
The review describes device integration as a sequence of MOF synthesis, purity/structure verification, deposition onto a substrate and connection to electrodes.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: Generalised process description; individual device recipes differ.
4 · 3. Development of MOFs into Electrical Devices
FET-based MOF biosensors are promising for ultralow-concentration biofluid detection but face Debye-screening challenges in high-ionic-strength media.
Evidence basis: single_reference
Caveat: Relevant specifically to transistor transduction and biofluid matrices.
7 · 5. MOF Conductivity and Electric Effects
The review distinguishes hopping in disordered MOFs from ballistic or delocalised transfer in more ordered/crystalline systems, with relative contributions depending on material and environment.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: The review simplifies a complex transport landscape; primary measurements are needed for specific assignments.
6 · 5. MOF Conductivity and Electric Effects
Metal identity, coordination number, donor atoms, aromatic cores and pi-pi stacking are presented as design variables controlling orbital overlap, bandgap, conjugation and charge mobility.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: The review does not give a predictive quantitative model for all MOF families.
6 · 5. MOF Conductivity and Electric Effects · Figure 6
MOFs are framed as promising platforms for urine-biomarker electrochemical sensors because their porosity, surface area and tunability can improve selectivity, sensitivity and analyte access.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: This is a review-level framing; specific sensor performance needs primary-paper confirmation.
1 · 1. Introduction
The review argues that MOFs offer broader surface-area, functionality and structural-flexibility advantages over COFs and polymers for urinary-biomarker sensors.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: The comparison is stated qualitatively and should not be treated as a universal ranking.
2 · 2. Design and Fabrication of MOFs for Electrochemical Sensing
The review uses MoS2 on aluminium foil as a non-MOF comparison where metallic 1T phase improves conductivity and uric-acid detection sensitivity relative to semiconducting 2H phase.
Evidence basis: single_reference
Caveat: This is included as comparative sensor context, not as a conductive MOF result.
2 · 2. Design and Fabrication of MOFs for Electrochemical Sensing
The review states that documented COFs lack the redox-responsive features needed for sensing applications, whereas MOFs can provide redox-active and functional nodes.
Evidence basis: single_reference
Caveat: The statement is broad and may not cover newer or specialised COFs outside the review scope.
2 · 2. Design and Fabrication of MOFs for Electrochemical Sensing
Reusability is presented as an unresolved challenge because MOFs can structurally collapse or lose functionality under temperature, pressure and humidity cycling.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: This is a broad durability caveat rather than a urine-specific failure analysis.
13 · 7.3. Reusability
The review treats MOF stability as a limiting condition for analytical use and links it to hard/soft acid-base chemistry, linker pKa, humidity and framework interpenetration.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: The relevance to urine sensors depends on operating matrix, pH and reuse protocol.
12 · 7.2. Stability
Conductive MOFs can support through-bond, through-plane, through-space, redox-hopping and guest-mediated pathways, and pathway understanding is presented as necessary for designing sensor function.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: Different mechanisms may coexist; the review is conceptual rather than mechanistically resolving each example.
5 · 4. Mechanisms in Electrochemical MOF-Based Sensors · Figure 4
Every row remains visibly secondary and links to a primary dossier only where the mapping is verified.
| Material | Property | Reported value | Context and quality | Primary evidence | Review source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SecondaryAgNPs-ZIF-8 | LOD for NMP22 in urine-sensor context | 8.8 fg mL-1 | AgNP composite; Table 2 urine analysis example Table · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 12 · 6. MOF-Based Electrochemical Urine Sensors · Table 2 |
| SecondaryAuNPs-PtNPs-MOFs nanomaterial | LOD for NMP22 | 1.7 pg mL-1 | AuNPs-PtNPs and rGO-TEPA immunosensor; real urine context in review text Table · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 12 · 6. MOF-Based Electrochemical Urine Sensors · Table 2 |
| SecondaryCu-BTC MOF | LOD for bisphenol A | 0.72 nM | Cu-BTC films on GCE, DPV, spiked urine/wastewater/plastic-product context Table · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 12 · 6. MOF-Based Electrochemical Urine Sensors · Table 2 |
| SecondaryCu/Co-MOFs | LOD for dopamine | 0.07 microM | CuCo2O4@AuNPs composite; dual-mode colorimetric/electrochemical sensor context Table · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 12 · 6. MOF-Based Electrochemical Urine Sensors · Table 2 |
| SecondaryCu MOFs | LOD for histamine and histidine | 2.5 nM | Cu NC composites; SWV turn-on signal outputs Table · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 12 · 6. MOF-Based Electrochemical Urine Sensors · Table 2 |
| SecondaryTransition metal oxide@MOF | Sensitivity for H2O2 | 8150.6 microA mM-1 cm2 | Cu2O nanoparticle in conductive CuHHTP-type MOF; urine and serum context Table · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 12 · 6. MOF-Based Electrochemical Urine Sensors · Table 2 |
| SecondaryHKUST-1/GONRs/GCE | LOD for imatinib | 6 nmol L-1 | Graphene oxide nanoribbons-modified glassy carbon electrode; urine and serum context Table · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 12 · 6. MOF-Based Electrochemical Urine Sensors · Table 2 |
| SecondaryMOF-199 | LOD range for propranolol, atenolol and betaxolol | 1.5-4.5 microg L-1 | Chitosan composite; Table 2 urine analysis example Table · Range | No verified corpus mapping | 12 · 6. MOF-Based Electrochemical Urine Sensors · Table 2 |
| SecondaryMOF@graphine | LOD for ketamine | 4.0 x 10-11 mol L-1 | EGDMA and MAA composite; urine and saliva sample context Table · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 12 · 6. MOF-Based Electrochemical Urine Sensors · Table 2 |
| SecondaryNi-Co-MOF | LOD for norfloxacin | 0.02229 and 0.0944 microM | Nickel foam, DPV method, urine/blood-serum context Table · Range | No verified corpus mapping | 12 · 6. MOF-Based Electrochemical Urine Sensors · Table 2 |
| SecondaryZnCo-MOF | LOD for digoxin | 0.0046 ng mL-1 | MOF-coated glassy carbon electrode context; Table 2 urine analysis example Table · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 12 · 6. MOF-Based Electrochemical Urine Sensors · Table 2 |
Open questions are presented as review-author priorities, not conclusions from the primary database.
The authors call for investigating how different environmental conditions affect electroactive MOF sensing capabilities.
Proposed direction: Study pH, humidity, ionic strength, matrix composition and repeated-use cycling in realistic biofluid conditions.
13 · 8. Conclusion and Outlooks
The review calls for portable on-site urine analysis and integration of MOF sensors into diagnostic systems.
Proposed direction: Move beyond material demonstrations toward microfluidic, biosensor and real-time monitoring device integration.
13 · 8. Conclusion and Outlooks
The review describes retaining MOF structure and function over multiple use cycles as a challenge.
Proposed direction: Prioritise durability assays, post-synthetic modification and self-healing concepts alongside LOD reporting.
13 · 7.3. Reusability
The review identifies scale-up of electroactive MOF production as crucial for realising industrial potential.
Proposed direction: Compare scalable synthesis and deposition routes while retaining conductivity, stability and sensing performance.
13 · 8. Conclusion and Outlooks
The conclusion says there remains room to improve sensitivity and selectivity of electroactive MOFs for urine analytes.
Proposed direction: Develop multifunctional ligands, tune pore shape/size and adjust surface chemistry for analyte-specific interactions.
13 · 8. Conclusion and Outlooks
The review states that structure-property relationships in conductive 2D MOFs have not been well studied.
Proposed direction: Use primary studies to connect linker chemistry, metal nodes, dimensionality and charge-transfer pathways to measured electrochemical response.
6 · 4. Mechanisms in Electrochemical MOF-Based Sensors · Figure 5
The review argues that MOF nanoparticle toxicity must be examined for each formulation and its building components.
Proposed direction: Track node, linker, additive and degradation-product hazards separately from sensor performance claims.
12 · 7.1. Toxicity
Mappings show which printed review references have a verified counterpart in the frozen primary corpus.
| Reference | Study | Role and context | Corpus mapping |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ref. 12023 | Title unavailable | scope_contextCited in the introduction for general MOF promise across clinical, medicinal, ecological and industrial applications. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 42022 | Title unavailable | application_contextSupports the review claim that MOFs can be modified to target specific urinary analytes or improve sensor performance. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 322023 | Title unavailable | material_comparison · sensor_benchmark_contextUsed by the review both for COF limitations and as a Table 1 non-MOF comparator. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 332019 | Title unavailable | comparative_sensor · phase_conductivityNon-MOF comparator for phase-dependent conductivity and uric acid sensing. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 432020 | Title unavailable | synthesis_taxonomyOne of the references supporting the review's synthesis-route taxonomy. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 442021 | Title unavailable | synthesis_taxonomyOne of the references supporting the review's synthesis-route taxonomy. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 452023 | Title unavailable | synthesis_taxonomyOne of the references supporting the review's synthesis-route taxonomy. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 462019 | Title unavailable | structure_property · cage_designSupports the cage-size/connectivity design principle and Figure 1. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 572023 | Title unavailable | composite_strategy · sensor_exampleExample of Cu-MOF-199/MWCNT nanocomposite electrode development for creatinine monitoring. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 612018 | Title unavailable | transport_benchmark · thin_filmCited for BHT-linked Ag/Au MOF thin films and the 363 S/cm conductivity value. | research_0096 |
| Ref. 642017 | Title unavailable | electrode_processing · mof_derived_electrodeCited for electrochemically coated MOF precursor films and thermolysed hybrid electrodes. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 702023 | Title unavailable | transport_mechanismSupports transport-pathway discussion in electrochemical MOFs. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 722024 | Title unavailable | transport_mechanismSupports the review's general transport-pathway taxonomy. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 732023 | Title unavailable | transport_mechanismSupports the review's general transport-pathway taxonomy. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 772023 | Title unavailable | 2d_cmof · structure_property_gapCited for 2D-cMOF redox/electrocatalysis structures and the noted structure-property gap. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 792020 | Title unavailable | conductivity_review_contextSupports discussion of conductivity design variables in MOFs. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 802023 | Title unavailable | charge_transportSupports hopping/ballistic charge-transfer discussion. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 812023 | Title unavailable | charge_transportSupports the review's statement on delocalised charge carriers in crystalline frameworks. | research_0441 |
| Ref. 822023 | Title unavailable | bonding_transportSupports the discussion of through-bonding and extended conjugation in conductive MOFs. | research_0336 |
| Ref. 832022 | Title unavailable | bonding_transport · 2d_cmofCited for Figure 6 and through-bond/through-space/conjugation transport pathway illustration. | research_0009 |
| Ref. 892023 | Title unavailable | fet_biosensor · biofluid_detectionUsed for modular conductive MOF-gated FET biosensors overcoming Debye screening limitations. | research_0457 |
| Ref. 962023 | Title unavailable | urine_sensor_benchmark · nmp22Table 2 benchmark for NMP22 detection using AgNPs-ZIF-8. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 992023 | Title unavailable | urine_sensor_benchmark · digoxinTable 2 benchmark and text example for digoxin detection. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1032024 | Title unavailable | urine_sensor_benchmark · dopamine · charge_transferTable 2 benchmark and Figure 7 example for dopamine detection and EIS/CV/DPV comparison. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1052021 | Title unavailable | urine_sensor_benchmark · norfloxacinTable 2 benchmark for Ni-Co-MOF norfloxacin detection. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1062019 | Title unavailable | urine_sensor_benchmark · nmp22 · immunosensorTable 2 benchmark for NMP22 immunosensing using AuNPs-PtNPs-MOFs on rGO-TEPA. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1072020 | Title unavailable | urine_sensor_benchmark · bpa · electrodepositionTable 2 and Figure 8 benchmark for Cu-BTC/GCE bisphenol A detection. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1092019 | Title unavailable | urine_sensor_benchmark · ketamineTable 2 benchmark for ketamine detection using EGDMA/MAA composited MOF@graphine. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1102022 | Title unavailable | urine_sensor_benchmark · h2o2Table 2 sensitivity benchmark for H2O2 using transition metal oxide@MOF/CuHHTP-type conductive MOF. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1122020 | Title unavailable | urine_sensor_benchmark · imatinib · carbon_hybridTable 2 and Figure 9 benchmark for imatinib detection with HKUST-1/GONR-modified GCE. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1132019 | Title unavailable | urine_sensor_benchmark · histamine · histidineTable 2 and Figure 10 benchmark for histamine/histidine SWV sensing. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1182023 | Title unavailable | urine_sensor_benchmark · beta_blockersTable 2 benchmark for MOF-199/chitosan detection of propranolol, atenolol and betaxolol. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1242023 | Title unavailable | stabilitySupports the stability section's discussion of hard acid/high-valent metal strategies. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1252019 | Title unavailable | stabilitySupports the stability discussion on robust coordination and linker chemistry. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1262019 | Title unavailable | stability · humiditySupports the stability section's discussion of N-donor ligands and humid conditions. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1292024 | Title unavailable | stability · interpenetrationSupports the review's statement that interpenetrated frameworks can improve stability. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1302024 | Title unavailable | reusabilitySupports the review's reusability caveat about repeated-use stability and structural retention. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1312024 | Title unavailable | post_synthetic_modification · reusabilitySupports the review's discussion of post-synthetic modification as a durability route. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1322022 | Title unavailable | self_healing · reusabilitySupports the review's mention of self-healing MOFs as a route to repair damage during use. | Unmapped |