Hao Liang and Hiroshi Kitagawa · Advanced Functional Materials · 2026
Reviews how mixed-valence states in coordination polymers and MOFs can be generated, classified and tuned to promote charge delocalisation, electronic conductivity and electrochromic optical switching across 1D, 2D and 3D frameworks.
The review’s argument is preserved as a navigable set of section summaries.
Uses MX chains to relate electron-lattice interactions, CDW/Mott-Hubbard states and metal-halide-metal distances to Robin-Day class and conductivity.
Relevance: Core · 3 · 3.1. 1D Mixed-Valence Coordination Systems
Surveys 2D mixed-valence sheets and MOFs where planar coordination, extended pi systems, radical ligands and metal-ligand covalency produce in-plane electronic delocalisation.
Relevance: Core · 5 · 3.2. 2D Mixed-Valence Coordination Systems
Reviews 3D MOF examples where oxidation, electrochemical doping, chemical doping, radical linkers or through-space stacking tune conductivity and delocalisation.
Relevance: Core · 7 · 3.3. 3D Mixed-Valence Coordination Systems
States the review's outlook: difficult mixed-valence characterisation, need for metal-linker co-mixed valency, mixed conduction, 3D MX/MMX extension, and immature electrochromic design rules.
Relevance: Core · 12 · 5. Conclusion and Prospect
Synthesises differences among 1D, 2D and 3D systems and points to Table 1 as a secondary comparison of conductive mixed-valence CPs/MOFs.
Relevance: Core · 9 · 3.4. Differences in Structural and Electronic Features · Table 1
Explains intrinsic versus post-induced mixed valency, experimental characterisation methods, and the need to combine carrier generation with continuous transport pathways.
Relevance: Core · 2 · 2.1. Origin of Mixed Valency
Frames mixed valency as a strategy for overcoming poor charge transport in coordination systems, introduces IVCT and the Robin-Day classes, and defines the review's dimensional focus.
Relevance: Core · 1 · 1. Introduction
Connects class II/III IVCT absorption to electrochromism and summarises mixed-valence CP/MOF optical switching examples in Table 2.
Relevance: Core · 10 · 4. Optical Applications of Mixed-Valence CPs
Classification systems are attributed to this review and are not treated as a global material registry.
The review organises electronic properties around dimensionality, arguing that frameworks extended in at least one dimension are necessary for long-range charge delocalisation.
Categories: 1D chains, ladders and nanotubes · 2D sheets and layered MOFs · 3D frameworks and porous MOFs
2 · 1. Introduction
The review distinguishes metal-centred systems from radical-linker systems and identifies simultaneous metal/linker mixed valency as a limited but promising frontier.
Categories: metal-ion mixed valency · redox-active organic linker mixed valency · combined metal and linker mixed valency
5 · 3.2. 2D Mixed-Valence Coordination Systems
Intrinsic examples are tied to coordination environment and lattice distortion; post-induced examples often involve oxidation/reduction plus counterion insertion in 2D/3D systems.
Categories: intrinsic mixed valency from designed coordination configuration · post-induced mixed valency from chemical or electrochemical stimulation
2 · 2.1. Origin of Mixed Valency
The review uses Robin-Day classes as the central language for connecting coordination environments, electron delocalisation, band gaps and transport behaviour.
Categories: Class I: localised and weak or negligible coupling · Class II: partially delocalised with moderate coupling · Class III: fully delocalised with strong coupling · Subclasses IIIA/IIIB: delocalisation within a cluster or entire solid
1 · 1. Introduction · Figure 1
The review connects high conductivity to whether mixed-valence carriers have continuous through-bond or through-space migration pathways in addition to carrier generation.
Categories: through-bond orbital overlap and extended conjugation · through-space pi-pi stacking · redox hopping · band-like delocalisation
3 · 2.3. Charge Transfer Mechanism
Review-defined families retain their representative materials and conduction descriptions.
2D or 3D coordination systems where mixed valency can arise from redox-active quinonoid ligands rather than metal centres.
Conduction: Electron delocalisation and conductivity depend on metal-ligand covalency, radical-linker valence ratios and carrier mobility.
Representative materials: (H2NMe2)2V2(Cl2dhbq)3 · (H2NMe2)2Ti2(Cl2dhbq)3 · (NBu4)2Fe2(dhbq)3
Nodes / linkers: V · Ti · Cr · Fe · dhbq · Cl2dhbq
5 · 3.2. 2D Mixed-Valence Coordination Systems
MOFs assembled with redox-active imide or viologen-type linkers that undergo neutral-radical and radical-dianion redox couples during electrochemical optical switching.
Conduction: Optical switching is associated with electrochemically generated linker mixed-valence/radical states, redox hopping and coupled ion transport.
Representative materials: Zn-PMDI · Zn-NDI · Zn-PDI · Ni-CHNDI · DUT-65/66
Nodes / linkers: Zn · Ni · Mg · Cd · PMDI · NDI · PDI · CHNDI · BenzTB · viologen
10 · 4. Optical Applications of Mixed-Valence CPs · Table 2
3D Fe frameworks containing 1D infinite Fe-N-N chains that serve as electron-transport media and can be oxidised or electrochemically doped.
Conduction: Air oxidation or K+ electrochemical doping creates Fe2+/Fe3+ mixtures and modulates conductivity over multiple orders of magnitude.
Representative materials: Fe2(BDT)3 · KxFe2(BDP)3
Nodes / linkers: Fe · tetrazolate BDT · benzenedipyrazolate BDP
7 · 3.3. 3D Mixed-Valence Coordination Systems · Figure 4
Isostructural 2D MOFs based on hexaiminotetraazanaphthotetraphene-type ligands and Ni or Cu nodes.
Conduction: High conductivity is attributed to extended pi conjugation, pi-pi interaction, small ligand gap and metal-ligand energy-level matching; Cu mixed valency is air-tunable.
Representative materials: Ni3(HITT)2 · Cu3(HITT)2
Nodes / linkers: Ni · Cu · HITT/HATT pi-conjugated ligands
5 · 3.2. 2D Mixed-Valence Coordination Systems · Figure 3
Isostructural 3D Ln1.5HOTP frameworks with honeycomb channels, continuous Ln-O chains and short pi-pi stacking.
Conduction: High c-axis conductivity is attributed to short through-space pi-pi stacking rather than ionic Ln-O bonds, with rare CDW behaviour in a 3D MOF.
Representative materials: La1.5HOTP · Nd1.5HOTP
Nodes / linkers: La · Nd · HOTP
8 · 3.3. 3D Mixed-Valence Coordination Systems · Figure 5
1D covalent CPs with alternating metal and halide orbitals, typically M = Pt, Pd or Ni and X = I, Br or Cl.
Conduction: Electronic states depend on metal species, Peierls distortion, M-X-M distance and whether the chain is in a CDW or Mott-Hubbard state.
Representative materials: KCP(Br) · [Pd(dabdOH)2Br]Br2 · [Pt(amp)2][Pt(amp)2Br2](H2PO4)4
Nodes / linkers: Pt · Pd · Ni · halide bridges · amine capping ligands · hydrogen-bonded counterion assemblies
3 · 3.1. 1D Mixed-Valence Coordination Systems
Extended MX systems made by connecting several MX chains in parallel through organic rung ligands.
Conduction: Interchain interactions tune CDW phase, energy bands and interchain electronic coupling.
Representative materials: two-legged MX ladders · four-legged MX nanotubes
Nodes / linkers: Pt · Pd · Ni · organic rung ligands · halide bridges
4 · 3.1. 1D Mixed-Valence Coordination Systems
Air-stable 3D triazolate MOFs whose metal centres are partially oxidised by chemical doping with anions such as BF4- or CF3SO3-.
Conduction: Doping introduces mixed-valence metal centres and IVCT bands; in Cr(tri)2, electron delocalisation is linked to double exchange and high magnetic ordering.
Representative materials: Fe(tri)2(BF4)x · Cr(tri)2(CF3SO3)0.33
Nodes / linkers: Fe · Cr · 1,2,3-triazolate
8 · 3.3. 3D Mixed-Valence Coordination Systems · Figure 4
Review-level synthesis principles remain separate from primary-study recipes.
Use planar metal coordination and large pi-conjugated ligands to create extended in-plane pathways for electron delocalisation.
Claimed effects: Supports high in-plane conductivity and enables mixed-valence tuning through carrier density and valence-state changes.
Controlling variables: dsp2 planar metal geometry · aromatic core size · metal-ligand energy-level matching · in-plane d-pi orbital overlap
Representative materials: Ni3(HITT)2 · Cu3(HITT)2 · Cu-X-HHS
Caveat: Planar d-pi conjugation is less straightforward to translate into 3D frameworks.
5 · 3.2. 2D Mixed-Valence Coordination Systems
Use chemical oxidants or dopant anions to partially oxidise metal centres while retaining framework crystallinity.
Claimed effects: Introduces mixed valency, IVCT bands, enhanced conductivity and in some cases double-exchange magnetic ordering.
Controlling variables: dopant anion · doping stoichiometry · metal redox couple · framework stability
Representative materials: Fe(tri)2(BF4)x · Cr(tri)2(CF3SO3)0.33
Caveat: The review emphasises conductivity and magnetic outcomes but does not resolve general design limits for all MOFs.
8 · 3.3. 3D Mixed-Valence Coordination Systems
Use chemical pressure, hydrogen bonding or counterion size to tune M-X-M distance and switch between CDW, Mott-Hubbard or weakly coupled states.
Claimed effects: Can induce class II to class III transitions, suppress electron-lattice distortion or push systems toward class I behaviour.
Controlling variables: counteranion size · hydrogen bonding · alkyl-chain length · temperature · M-X-M distance
Representative materials: [Pd(dabdOH)2Br]Br2 · [Pt(en)2][Pt(en)2Cl2](ReO4)4 · [Pt(amp)2][Pt(amp)2Br2](H2PO4)4
Caveat: The review treats these as structure-property examples rather than general synthetic recipes.
3 · 3.1. 1D Mixed-Valence Coordination Systems
Use local coordination geometry and ligand binding termini to set whether redox sites are distinguishable, similar or equivalent, thereby controlling Robin-Day class.
Claimed effects: Tunes localisation versus delocalisation and determines whether IVCT is weak, moderate or strong.
Controlling variables: coordination terminus · local ligand field · redox-site symmetry · Jahn-Teller or Peierls distortion
Representative materials: Prussian blue · MX chains
Caveat: Boundary regions are difficult to classify and can shift with environment or kinetics.
2 · 2.1. Origin of Mixed Valency
Introduce redox changes and compensating ions into robust frameworks to tune mixed valency and carrier concentration.
Claimed effects: Produces large conductivity modulation and connects electron transport to ion movement in electrochemical systems.
Controlling variables: applied potential · inserted counterion · doping stoichiometry · framework robustness · ion-channel geometry
Representative materials: KxFe2(BDP)3 · electrochromic Zn-XDI MOFs · [Zn2(BPPTzTz)2(tdc)2]n
Caveat: Carrier mobility can be more important than carrier number; ion-coupled electron transfer remains incompletely understood.
7 · 3.3. 3D Mixed-Valence Coordination Systems
Assemble redox-active linkers into porous MOF films so that electrochemical redox, ion motion and optical absorption can be jointly tuned.
Claimed effects: Enables reversible colour switching through neutral-radical and mixed-valence states, with performance tied to electron transfer and ion diffusion.
Controlling variables: redox-active linker · electrolyte · channel size and shape · ion diffusion · pi-system size
Representative materials: Zn-PMDI · Zn-NDI · Zn-PDI · Ni-CHNDI · DUT-65/66
Caveat: The review states that mixed-valence strategies for electrochromic CPs and MOFs remain in their infancy.
10 · 4. Optical Applications of Mixed-Valence CPs
These are the review authors’ synthesis, not newly measured results.
In 2D mixed-valence CPs/MOFs, extended d-pi conjugation, pi-pi interactions and metal-ligand energy-level matching are key determinants of carrier delocalisation and conductivity.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: Conductivity remains anisotropic and sensitive to the exact metal/linker combination.
5 · 3.2. 2D Mixed-Valence Coordination Systems
Long-range d-pi conjugation is common in 2D conductive mixed-valence systems but rare in 3D CPs because it tends to favour planar configurations.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: Cu-TAPT is presented as a recent exception rather than a settled general solution.
8 · 3.3. 3D Mixed-Valence Coordination Systems
Electron transport in mixed-valence coordination compounds can be interpreted using band transport or charge hopping, promoted by through-bond and through-space pathways.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: The appropriate model depends on the degree of delocalisation and electronic coupling.
3 · 2.3. Charge Transfer Mechanism
Mixed valency can increase carrier concentration, but high conductivity also requires an effective pathway for carrier migration.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: The review frames this qualitatively using the conductivity equation and pathway discussion.
3 · 2.3. Charge Transfer Mechanism
Mixed-valence classification is experimentally challenging, especially near class I-II and II-III boundaries where delocalisation depends on solvent, kinetics and local environment.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: The review recommends combining structural, spectroscopic, electrochemical and computational evidence.
2 · 2.2. Characterization of Mixed-Valence State
For mixed-valence electrochromic systems, the coloured state is interpreted as having greater electron delocalisation than the bleached state.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: This is a conceptual interpretation and not a replacement for material-specific spectroelectrochemical evidence.
10 · 4. Optical Applications of Mixed-Valence CPs
Long-range electronic delocalisation in mixed-valence coordination systems requires a framework extended in at least one dimension, unlike discrete multinuclear complexes.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: The claim is about long-range delocalisation, not the existence of IVCT in discrete molecular systems.
2 · 1. Introduction
Mixed-valence electrochromism in CPs/MOFs couples valence state, IVCT absorption, electron transfer and ion diffusion, so device performance cannot be understood from electronic transport alone.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: The design field is described as immature, especially for CP/MOF electrochromics.
10 · 4. Optical Applications of Mixed-Valence CPs
Porous MOFs with mixed valency could be useful platforms for studying electron-proton/ion coupling and mixed conducting properties.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: Presented as an outlook rather than a resolved experimental consensus.
12 · 5. Conclusion and Prospect
Introducing mixed valency into CPs can create dynamic pathways for charge delocalisation and improve electronic/optical functionality relative to conventional coordination systems.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: The review evidence is secondary; specific values must be checked against the primary papers.
12 · 5. Conclusion and Prospect
Several 3D MOF examples show that carrier mobility and delocalisation, not simply the number of redox carriers, can dominate conductivity.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: The review draws this interpretation from selected doping and radical-linker systems rather than a universal dataset.
8 · 3.3. 3D Mixed-Valence Coordination Systems
Changing M-X-M distance in MX chains can move the system across Robin-Day classes by modulating electron-lattice coupling and orbital overlap.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: This is a structure-property interpretation across selected MX examples.
3 · 3.1. 1D Mixed-Valence Coordination Systems
In MX chains, Pt/Pd systems usually form Peierls-distorted CDW states whereas Ni-based systems tend toward average-valence Mott-Hubbard states.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: Specific examples can be tuned by pressure, substitution and doping.
3 · 3.1. 1D Mixed-Valence Coordination Systems
Every row remains visibly secondary and links to a primary dossier only where the mapping is verified.
| Material | Property | Reported value | Context and quality | Primary evidence | Review source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SecondaryCr(tri)2(CF3SO3)0.33 | electron conductivity | approximately 0.01 | Table 1; conductivity is described as insensitive below TC down to 80 K Table · Approximate | No verified corpus mapping | 10 · 3.4. Differences in Structural and Electronic Features · Table 1 |
| SecondaryCr(tri)2(CF3SO3)0.33 | ferromagnetic ordering temperature | TC = 225 K | mixed-valence Cr2+/Cr3+ chemically doped MOF Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 8 · 3.3. 3D Mixed-Valence Coordination Systems · Figure 4i |
| SecondaryCu3(HITT)2 | electron conductivity | 10-6 to 0.05 | air-sensitive mixed-valence change; Table 1 range Table · Range | research_0027 | 10 · 3.4. Differences in Structural and Electronic Features · Table 1 |
| SecondaryDUT-65/66 | coloration efficiency | 78 | TBAPF6 electrolyte; Table 2 selected electrochromic CP/MOF summary Table · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 12 · 4. Optical Applications of Mixed-Valence CPs · Table 2 |
| SecondaryDUT-65/66 | electrochromic switching speeds | 12.5 s/4.2 s | TBAPF6 electrolyte; Table 2 selected electrochromic CP/MOF summary Table · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 12 · 4. Optical Applications of Mixed-Valence CPs · Table 2 |
| SecondaryFe2(BDT)3 | electron conductivity | 1.8 | Table 1; oxidation-induced Fe2+/Fe3+ mixed valency Table · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 10 · 3.4. Differences in Structural and Electronic Features · Table 1 |
| SecondaryFe(tri)2(BF4)x | electron conductivity | 0.3 | Table 1 conductive mixed-valence CP/MOF summary Table · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 10 · 3.4. Differences in Structural and Electronic Features · Table 1 |
| SecondaryKxFe2(BDP)3 | electron conductivity | approximately 700 (estimated) | highest conductivity at x = 0.98; Table 1 estimate Table · Approximate | research_0029 | 10 · 3.4. Differences in Structural and Electronic Features · Table 1 |
| SecondaryLn1.5HOTP | electron conductivity | approximately 1000 | room temperature, along c-axis, single-crystal four-probe method Text · Approximate | research_0121 | 8 · 3.3. 3D Mixed-Valence Coordination Systems · Figure 5d,e |
| Secondary(NBu4)2Fe2(dhbq)3 | electron conductivity | approximately 0.1 | Table 1; low carrier doping in ligand mixed-valence 3D Fe-MOF Table · Approximate | research_0186 | 10 · 3.4. Differences in Structural and Electronic Features · Table 1 |
| SecondaryNi-CHNDI | coloration efficiency | 260 | NaClO4 electrolyte; Table 2 selected electrochromic CP/MOF summary Table · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 12 · 4. Optical Applications of Mixed-Valence CPs · Table 2 |
| SecondaryNi-CHNDI | electrochromic switching speed | approximately 2 | NaClO4 electrolyte; Table 2 selected electrochromic CP/MOF summary Table · Approximate | No verified corpus mapping | 12 · 4. Optical Applications of Mixed-Valence CPs · Table 2 |
| SecondaryNi3(HITT)2 | electron conductivity | 4.5 | review text; 2D MOF, Figure 3b Text · Exact Reported | research_0027 | 5 · 3.2. 2D Mixed-Valence Coordination Systems · Figure 3b |
| Secondary[Pd(dabdOH)2Br]Br2 | electron conductivity | 38 | room temperature; Table 1 conductive mixed-valence CP/MOF summary Table · Exact Reported | research_0213 | 10 · 3.4. Differences in Structural and Electronic Features · Table 1 |
| Secondary(H2NMe2)2V2(Cl2dhbq)3 | electron conductivity | 0.45 | Table 1 conductive mixed-valence CP/MOF summary Table · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 10 · 3.4. Differences in Structural and Electronic Features · Table 1 |
| SecondaryZn-PDI | coloration efficiency | 941 | KPF6 electrolyte; Table 2 selected electrochromic CP/MOF summary Table · Exact Reported | research_0657 | 12 · 4. Optical Applications of Mixed-Valence CPs · Table 2 |
| SecondaryZn-PDI | electrochromic switching speeds | 1.6 s/2.6 s | KPF6 electrolyte; Table 2 selected electrochromic CP/MOF summary Table · Exact Reported | research_0657 | 12 · 4. Optical Applications of Mixed-Valence CPs · Table 2 |
Open questions are presented as review-author priorities, not conclusions from the primary database.
Most mixed-valence MOFs rely on d-pi conjugation, but 3D conductive MOFs based on dimensional extension of MX or MMX chains remain a proposed frontier.
Proposed direction: Construct 3D conductive MOFs from dimensionally extended MX/MMX chains and tune their mixed-valence states by temperature, pressure, humidity or chemical doping.
12 · 5. Conclusion and Prospect
Mixed-valence strategies for electrochromic CPs and MOFs are still immature, and the electronic-ionic-optical coupling is not fully understood.
Proposed direction: Tune degree of mixed valency and ion-coupled electron transfer to achieve fast, high-contrast optical switching.
12 · 5. Conclusion and Prospect
Only a limited number of studies report simultaneous mixed valency on both metals and linkers in one compound.
Proposed direction: Introduce additional mixed-valence radicals into already mixed-valence MX compounds to target stronger delocalisation and potentially metallic behaviour.
12 · 5. Conclusion and Prospect
The coupling behaviour and mixed-conducting properties of mixed-valence porous MOFs remain underdeveloped.
Proposed direction: Use mixed valency in porous MOFs to systematically probe electron-proton/ion coupling.
12 · 5. Conclusion and Prospect
Precise characterisation remains difficult, particularly in crossover regions between Robin-Day classes where electronic states fluctuate with external and local conditions.
Proposed direction: Combine experimental characterisation with quantum-chemical analysis for more complex CP systems.
12 · 5. Conclusion and Prospect
Mappings show which printed review references have a verified counterpart in the frozen primary corpus.
| Reference | Study | Role and context | Corpus mapping |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ref. 92012 | Title unavailable | transport_background · conductive_mof_review_contextUsed by the review to frame poor electron transport in coordination systems and through-bond/through-space charge-transfer pathways. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 161968 | Title unavailable | classification_framework · definitionsSource of the Robin-Day classification used throughout the review. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 212017 | Title unavailable | mixed_valence_review_contextReview cites these as recent interest in mixed-valence coordination assemblies for electron transfer and related properties. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 232000 | Title unavailable | discrete_complex_context · delocalisation_limitUsed to contrast discrete mixed-valence molecules with extended frameworks needed for long-range delocalisation. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 252009 | Title unavailable | characterisation_caveat · classification_boundarySupports the review's caveat that class boundaries depend on delocalisation and environmental effects. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 262011 | Title unavailable | computational_classification · characterisation_caveatCited for computational assistance in classifying mixed-valence states. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 282014 | Title unavailable | transport_mechanism · through_space_through_bondSupports the review's description of through-bond and through-space charge-transfer pathways. | research_0088 |
| Ref. 311983 | Title unavailable | mx_chain_backgroundCited for dependence of MX-chain electronic states on metal species. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 321961 | Title unavailable | cdw_state · mx_chain_backgroundCited for mixed-valence CDW state in Pt/Pd MX chains. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 331989 | Title unavailable | mott_hubbard_state · mx_chain_backgroundCited for average-valence Mott-Hubbard state in Ni MX chains. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 342013 | Title unavailable | mx_chain_classification · book_contextCited for Robin-Day assignment of MX-chain classes. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 352008 | Title unavailable | mx_chain_distance_tuning · phase_transitionUsed for evidence that decreasing M-X-M distance can realise the Mott-Hubbard state in Pt/Pd MX chains. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 362017 | Title unavailable | transport_benchmark · mx_chainPrimary source for the class III Pd MX-chain benchmark with 38 S cm-1 conductivity. | research_0213 |
| Ref. 372018 | Title unavailable | mx_chain_distance_tuning · class_i_exampleUsed for examples where increasing M-X-M distance moves MX chains toward class I behaviour. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 452013 | Title unavailable | 2d_conductive_mof_backgroundCited for construction of 2D CPs using divalent metal ions and planar coordination geometries. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 492024 | Title unavailable | transport_benchmark · 2d_mofPrimary source for M3(HITT)2 conductivity and Cu mixed-valence air-oxidation behaviour as reported by the review. | research_0027 |
| Ref. 502025 | Title unavailable | 2d_mof · structure_property_linkUsed for chalcogen-substituted Cu-HHS MOFs where mixed valency and conductivity vary with chalcogen atom. | research_0244 |
| Ref. 52a2015 | Title unavailable | transport_benchmark · radical_ligand_mixed_valencySource for radical-ligand mixed-valence 3D Fe-MOF comparison and Table 1 conductivity benchmark. | research_0186 |
| Ref. 532018 | Title unavailable | transport_benchmark · 2d_mof · radical_ligand_mixed_valencySource for V-MOF and Ti-MOF comparison, with V-MOF conductivity up to 0.45 S cm-1. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 572018 | Title unavailable | transport_benchmark · 3d_mof · oxidation_tuningPrimary source for oxidation-induced Fe2+/Fe3+ mixed valency and conductivity modulation in Fe2(BDT)3. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 582018 | Title unavailable | transport_benchmark · electrochemical_doping · 3d_mofSource for electrochemical K+ doping and high estimated conductivity in KxFe2(BDP)3. | research_0029 |
| Ref. 592023 | Title unavailable | 3d_d_pi_conjugation · structure_property_linkUsed for a 3D Cu-CP exception with d-pi chains, pi-pi stacking and room-temperature conductivity. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 612018 | Title unavailable | transport_benchmark · chemical_doping · 3d_mofPrimary source for chemically doped Fe(tri)2(BF4)x conductivity benchmark and Fe2+/Fe3+ delocalisation. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 622021 | Title unavailable | transport_benchmark · magnetic_coupling · chemical_dopingPrimary source for mixed-valence Cr(tri)2(CF3SO3)0.33 conductivity and high magnetic ordering temperature. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 632022 | Title unavailable | transport_benchmark · 3d_mof · through_space_transportSource for high c-axis conductivity and CDW transition in Ln1.5HOTP MOFs. | research_0121 |
| Ref. 642024 | Title unavailable | 3d_mx_extension · mixed_valence_orderingCited for first MX-type Pt-MOF with 3D ordered mixed-valence state and diffuse X-ray evidence of interchain correlations. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 65a2018 | Title unavailable | electrochromism · through_space_ivct · 3d_mofUsed for Zn-MOF mixed-valence TTZ/BPPTzTz electrochemical reduction and electrochromic colour change. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 672016 | Title unavailable | electrochromism_background · applications_contextCited for electrochromism as reversible optical switching with smart-window and display relevance. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 702016 | Title unavailable | electrochromism · mixed_valence_complexSource for Pt dimer/polynuclear complex electrochromism connected to tunable Pt mixed valence. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 72a2013 | Title unavailable | electrochromic_mof · redox_active_linkerCited as pioneering work in assembling redox-active linkers into electrochromic MOFs. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 72d2018 | Title unavailable | electrochromism_benchmark · mof_filmPrimary source for Ni-CHNDI switching speed and coloration efficiency reported in Table 2. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 72e2023 | Title unavailable | electrochromism_benchmark · mof_film · redox_hoppingPrimary source for Zn-XDI films, including Zn-PDI switching and coloration-efficiency values in Table 2. | research_0657 |
| Ref. 72f2024 | Title unavailable | electrochromism_benchmark · mof_filmPrimary source for DUT-65/66 electrochromic switching and coloration-efficiency values reported in Table 2. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 742010 | Title unavailable | mixed_conduction_context · outlookCited for electron-proton/ion coupling and mixed conduction context in the outlook. | Unmapped |