Primary studyCore evidenceThin Film Device

Electron delocalization and charge mobility as a function of reduction in a metal-organic framework

Aubrey M.L., Wiers B.M., Andrews S.C. et al. · Nature Materials · 2018 · 625-632

3materials
8samples
5synthesis routes
14measurements
41results
6claims and caveats

Evidence map

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Author interpretations and caveats

Paraphrased for this database from the authors’ stated interpretations — never quoted verbatim — and kept separate from reported measurements.

Application RelevanceSupport assessment: High

KxFe2(BDP)3 reaches MOF field-effect electron mobility comparable to common semiconductors and has peak measured FET mobility of about 0.84 cm2 V-1 s-1 at x = 0.98.

Caveat: FET mobilities are lower-bound estimates because the active gated fraction of each crystal is unknown.

main p.5, article p.629 · Conductivity and charge mobility · Fig. 5d · Linked to 3 structured results

Phase AssignmentSupport assessment: High

Potassium naphthalenide reduction of Fe2(BDP)3 gives topotactic KxFe2(BDP)3 while preserving permanent porosity at x = 0.9 and 1.1.

Caveat: BET surface area decreases substantially with K insertion.

main p.2, article p.626 · Synthesis and spectroscopic properties · Fig. 2a,b · Linked to 3 structured results

Structure Property LinkSupport assessment: Medium

The large difference between single-crystal and pressed-pellet conductivities, plus the alignment of microcrystal long axes with iron-pyrazolate chains, supports strongly anisotropic one-dimensional conduction.

Caveat: Direct four-contact conductivity on reduced single crystals was estimated rather than measured because no four-contact devices survived repeated reduction.

main p.6, article p.630 · Conductivity and charge mobility · Figs. S32-S33 · Linked to 3 structured results

Synthesis MechanismSupport assessment: Medium

Sub-stoichiometric reductive insertion of potassium is presented as a general synthetic strategy for creating tunable porous conductor-based devices from stable MOFs.

Caveat: Demonstrated experimentally for Fe2(BDP)3; generality to other MOFs is proposed rather than established here.

main p.1, article p.625 · Abstract · Linked to 3 structured results

Transport MechanismSupport assessment: High

For low K contents up to x = 0.8, added electrons are thermally delocalized along iron-pyrazolate chains on the Mossbauer timescale; partial localization appears for x >= 0.9.

Caveat: Mossbauer fitting does not exclude unexpected low-spin Fe(II) components in all cases.

main p.4, article p.628 · Synthesis and spectroscopic properties · Figs. 3a, S3-S5 · Linked to 3 structured results

Transport MechanismSupport assessment: Medium

DFT/HSE calculations support small-polaron formation and low-temperature polaron hopping, while measured mobilities support electron delocalization at room temperature for 0.78 <= x < 2.

Caveat: Polaron calculations use the Fe(pz)3 model system rather than the full K-doped Fe2(BDP)3 framework.

SI p.16 · Extended Discussion of Computational Methods and Results · Linked to 4 structured results

Material identities

Names and aliases are kept exactly within the paper’s own identity model.

MaterialCompositionStructure contextSource
Fe2(BDP)3Fe2(BDP)3; BDP2- = 1,4-benzenedipyrazolateOne-dimensional chains of mu2-pyrazolate-bridged iron(III) octahedra. · 1,4-benzenedipyrazolate (BDP2-)3D · PristineThree-dimensional MOF with triangular channels and iron-pyrazolate chains parallel to the (001) direction.main p.2, article p.626 · Synthesis and spectroscopic properties · Fig. 1a,b
Fe(pz)3 computational model chainFe(pz)3; pz = pyrazolate anionOne-dimensional chain of octahedral iron(III) sites. · Pyrazolate anion, C3H3N2-1D · Model SystemSmaller one-dimensional periodic model used to approximate Fe2(BDP)3 near the Fermi level.main p.4, article p.628 · Electronic structure · Fig. 4
Potassium-reduced KxFe2(BDP)3KxFe2(BDP)3, 0 < x <= 2.0Mixed-valence iron-pyrazolate chains after partial reduction of Fe(III) to Fe(II). · 1,4-benzenedipyrazolate (BDP2-)3D · PristineTopotactic potassium-inserted derivative of Fe2(BDP)3 with K+ ions in framework channels.main p.2, article p.626 · Synthesis and spectroscopic properties · Fig. 1c

Sample register

Sample form, processing state and composition status define the context for measurements.

Show 8 sample records
SampleForm and roleProcessing and geometrySource
Activated Fe2(BDP)3 bulk powderresearch_0029__mat__fe2_bdp3Powder · Pristine Control · Pristine FrameworkActivated parent framework used for bulk reduction, PXRD, porosity, spectroscopy, magnetism and electrochemistry.main Methods p.9 · General considerations
Fe2(BDP)3 composite working electrode for cyclic voltammetryresearch_0029__mat__fe2_bdp3Electrode · Composite Sample · CompositeSlurry of Fe2(BDP)3, Super P and PVDF drop-cast on carbon cloth and desolvated at 180 C for approximately 2 h.Carbon clothmain Methods p.9 · Electrochemical measurements · Fig. 3b
Fe2(BDP)3 single-microcrystal FET deviceresearch_0029__mat__fe2_bdp3Single Crystal · Pristine Control · Pristine FrameworkMicrocrystals drop-cast or suspended, placed between electrodes, and contacted with Pt/C pads by electron-beam-induced deposition.FET-ready silicon substrate with 200 nm SiO2 and interdigitated microelectrode arrays · Acicular microcrystals from <100 nm to >20 um lengthmain p.5, article p.629 · Conductivity and charge mobility · Fig. 1e; Fig. 5
Periodic Fe(pz)3 computational modelresearch_0029__mat__fe_pz3_modelModel · Model System · ModelPeriodic one-dimensional Fe(pz)3 and doped/charged Fe(pz)3 supercell calculations.SI p.13-20 · Extended Discussion of Computational Methods and Results · Figs. S9-S14; Tables S3-S5
Bulk KxFe2(BDP)3 powder seriesresearch_0029__mat__kx_fe2_bdp3Powder · Target Sample · DopedPotassium naphthalenide-reduced powder; potassium-to-iron ratios confirmed by ICP-OES and EDS.main p.2, article p.626 · Synthesis and spectroscopic properties · Fig. 2
KxFe2(BDP)3/PMMA FP-TRMC filmsresearch_0029__mat__kx_fe2_bdp3Thin Film · Target Sample · CompositeFe2(BDP)3/poly(methylmethacrylate) films, 50/50 wt%, cast onto quartz and measured under N2.Quartz substratemain Methods p.10 · FP-TRMC measurements
Pressed pellets of KxFe2(BDP)3research_0029__mat__kx_fe2_bdp3Pellet · Target Sample · DopedPressed pellets used for four-point and impedance measurements of reduced powders.SI p.27-39 · Pressed pellet conductivity and impedance · Figs. S21, S32, S33
Stepwise-reduced KxFe2(BDP)3 single-microcrystal FET devicesresearch_0029__mat__kx_fe2_bdp3Single Crystal · Target Sample · DopedDevices reduced stepwise in THF with potassium naphthalenide, protected with polystyrene during transfer, and measured after each reduction.FET-ready silicon substrate with 200 nm SiO2 and interdigitated microelectrode arrays · Individual microcrystals; dimensions vary by devicemain p.5, article p.629 · Conductivity and charge mobility · Fig. 5c,d