Applications of TP-based 2D COFs
24-25Frames TP-COF applications through exciton/charge conduction, host-guest doping, proton conduction, Li-ion storage and electrocatalysis.
Relevance: Supporting · 24 · 4.2. Applications of TP-based 2D COFs
Review · secondary evidenceReview
Conductive properties of triphenylene MOFs and COFs
Noemi Contreras-Pereda, Salvador Pane, Josep Puigmarti-Luis et al. · Coordination Chemistry Reviews · 2022
7review sections
8material families
16review claims
17secondary benchmarks
24cited studies
8research gaps
Review scope
Summarise synthetic approaches, morphology, crystalline orientation, in-plane/out-of-plane charge transport and functional device examples for triphenylene-based 2D MOFs and COFs.
- Coverage
- 2005–2021
- Category
- Review Transport Physics
- Material scope
- Triphenylene-based 2D metal-organic frameworks · Triphenylene-based 2D covalent organic frameworks · HHTP, HATP/HITP and THT/THT-derived ligand families · Thin films, powders, pellets, monolayers and single crystals
- Transport scope
- Electronic conductivity · In-plane and out-of-plane anisotropy · Proton and ionic conduction as contextual mechanisms · Thermoelectric and photoconductive behaviour
- Application scope
- Chemiresistive sensing · Batteries and supercapacitors · Electrocatalysis · Spintronics · Optoelectronics and photodetection · Tactile sensors and FET logic
- Explicit exclusions
- Full primary synthetic recipes · Exhaustive bibliography of all triphenylene derivatives · Detailed non-conductive gas storage data except as COF context
- Source
- 1 · Abstract
- Evidence role
- Context, taxonomy and secondary benchmarking
Section map
The review’s argument is preserved as a navigable set of section summaries.
Future perspectives
25-26Identifies limitations in structure diversity, single-crystal and monolayer measurements, oriented thin-film processing, water stability and magnetic-property control.
Relevance: Core · 25 · 5. Future perspectives
Applications of triphenylene-based 2D MOFs
15-18Connects conductive TP-MOF structures to sensors, energy storage, electrocatalysis, spintronics, optoelectronics, tactile sensing, FETs and thermoelectrics.
Relevance: Supporting · 15 · 3.2. Applications of triphenylene-based 2D MOFs
Molecular characteristics and supramolecular properties
2-4Defines triphenylene derivatives, contrasts discotic liquid crystals with robust 2D MOF/COF frameworks, and introduces in-plane versus out-of-plane transport.
Relevance: Core · 3 · 1. Molecular characteristics and supramolecular properties · Fig. 1
Synthetic methodologies
4-9Reviews bulk, template-assisted, layer-by-layer, vapour-assisted, interfacial, microfluidic and UHV approaches as routes to control crystallinity, morphology and film orientation.
Relevance: Core · 4 · 2. Synthetic methodologies
Triphenylene-based 2D COFs
18-24Groups TP-COFs by HHTP ester-boronate/polyarylether, HATP phenazine and other graphdyine-like structures, emphasising conjugation limits and pore-mediated function.
Relevance: Core · 18 · 4. Triphenylene-based 2D COFs
Triphenylene-based 2D MOFs
9-15Classifies TP-MOFs by donor heteroatom and metal node, highlighting how coordination geometry, stacking and morphology determine electronic conductivity.
Relevance: Core · 9 · 3. Triphenylene-based 2D MOFs
Taxonomies
Classification systems are attributed to this review and are not treated as a global material registry.
Covalent Linkage And Ligand ChemistryAuthor-proposed
TP-COF linkage family
COF classification distinguishes weakly conjugating ester/ether structures from phenazine and graphdyine-like systems with stronger in-plane conjugation.
Categories: HHTP ester-boronate and polyarylether COFs · HATP phenazine-fused COFs · Other conjugated TP polymers such as TP-GDY
18 · 4.1. Chemical families
MOF Versus COF ConnectivityAuthor-proposed
Framework bonding class
TP 2D MOFs form through metal-ion coordination to donor heteroatoms; TP 2D COFs form by covalently linking triphenylene substituents to organic ligands.
Categories: Coordination-bonded TP 2D MOFs · Covalently bonded TP 2D COFs
4 · 1. Molecular characteristics and supramolecular properties · Fig. 2
Ligand SubstitutionAuthor-proposed
TP-MOF donor heteroatom family
MOF discussion is organised by the donor heteroatom on the triphenylene core, which changes coordination geometry, p-d coupling and transport.
Categories: HHTP-based 2D MOFs · HATP/HITP-based 2D MOFs · THT-based 2D MOFs · Mixed or other donor structures
2 · 1. Molecular characteristics and supramolecular properties · Fig. 1
Interlayer ArrangementAuthor-proposed
Layer stacking geometry
Stacking geometry is presented as a central determinant of out-of-plane conductivity and pore/channel alignment.
Categories: Eclipsed · Nearly-eclipsed · Slipped-parallel · Staggered
3 · 1. Molecular characteristics and supramolecular properties
Growth And Deposition MethodAuthor-proposed
Processing route family
The synthesis section explicitly uses process classes to explain control over crystallite size, roughness, coverage, thickness and orientation.
Categories: Bulk solvothermal or sonochemical synthesis · Template-assisted and layer-by-layer growth · Vapour-assisted conversion · Interfacial synthesis · Microfluidic/pressed-substrate synthesis · On-surface UHV evaporation
4 · 2. Synthetic methodologies
Transport Pathway OrientationAuthor-proposed
Directional charge transport
The review repeatedly separates transport along conjugated/coordination layers from interlayer through-space transport determined by TP stacking.
Categories: In-plane charge delocalisation along 2D layers · Out-of-plane interlayer charge transfer through stacking
3 · 1. Molecular characteristics and supramolecular properties · Fig. 1
Material families
Review-defined families retain their representative materials and conduction descriptions.
HHTP ester-boronate TP-COFs
Layered 2D COFs With 1D Pores And Boron-Nitride-Like Layer Packing.Triphenylene COFs formed by condensation of HHTP with boronic acids into boronate ester linkages.
Conduction: Boronate ester bonds interrupt in-plane conjugation, so electronic applications often require donor-acceptor design or doping; pore size and gas uptake are stronger themes.
Representative materials: COF-5 · COF-6 · COF-8 · COF-10
Nodes / linkers: Not specified · HHTP · diboronic acids · triboronic acids
18 · 4.1.1. HHTP-based 2D COFs · Fig. 19
HHTP-based triphenylene 2D MOFs
Layered 2D Frameworks With 3D Supramolecular Stacking; Some Related 3D Catecholate Frameworks.Catecholate/catechol-like TP frameworks based on hexahydroxytriphenylene coordinated to metal nodes.
Conduction: Conductivity depends strongly on morphology and stacking; single-crystal measurements separate in-plane and out-of-plane contributions, while pellets span broad secondary values.
Representative materials: Ni9(HHTP)4 · Cu3(HHTP)2 · Co9(HHTP)4 · Fe3(HHTP)2
Nodes / linkers: Ni · Cu · Co · Fe · lanthanides · HHTP
10 · 3.1.1. HHTP-based 2D MOFs · Table 1
HATP/HITP-based triphenylene 2D MOFs
2D Honeycomb Sheets With Slipped Or Near-Eclipsed Stacking.Hexaiminotriphenylene-derived 2D MOFs with M3(HITP)2-type honeycomb networks.
Conduction: Often among the highest reported TP-MOF conductivities; reported values vary with synthetic protocol, crystallinity, grain boundaries and metal identity.
Representative materials: Ni3(HITP)2 · Cu3(HITP)2 · Co3(HITP)2 · Mn3(HITP)2
Nodes / linkers: Ni · Cu · Co · Mn · HATP/HITP
12 · 3.1.2. HATP-based 2D MOFs · Table 2
Mixed-ligand and alternative-donor TP-MOFs
2D Honeycomb Or Slipped-Layer Structures.TP-MOFs combining two ligand types or using non-O/N/S donor variants such as selenol triphenylene.
Conduction: Alternative donors and mixed ligands modulate band gaps, p-d coupling, porosity and magnetism but remain less developed.
Representative materials: Cu3(HHTP)(THQ) · Co3(TPHS)2 · HATP/THT mixed frameworks
Nodes / linkers: Cu · Co · HHTP plus THQ · THT plus HATP · TPHS
13 · 3.1.4. Other structures · Fig. 13
HATP phenazine-fused TP-COFs
Layered 2D COFs With One-Dimensional Pores And Extended Conjugation.Nitrogen-doped graphitic TP-COFs formed by condensation of HATP with ortho-planar tetraketones or related monomers.
Conduction: Phenazine systems can support proton conduction, photocurrent or higher electronic conductivity when conjugation and packing are favourable.
Representative materials: aza-COF-1 · CS-COF · C2P-5
Nodes / linkers: Not specified · HATP · ortho-planar ketones · tetraamines
20 · 4.1.2. HATP-based 2D COFs · Fig. 21
HHTP polyarylether TP-COFs
Layered 2D COFs With Chemically Tailorable Pores.Chemically stable TP-COFs formed by nucleophilic aromatic substitution between fluorinated aromatics and HHTP.
Conduction: The review emphasises stability and pore functionalisation more than intrinsic electronic transport.
Representative materials: JUC-505 · JUC-506 · JUC-505-COOH · JUC-505-NH2
Nodes / linkers: Not specified · HHTP · tetrafluoroterephthalonitrile · tetrafluoroanthraquinone
20 · 4.1.1. HHTP-based 2D COFs · Fig. 20
THT-based triphenylene 2D MOFs
Layered 2D MOFs With Variable Staggered, Eclipsed Or Near-Eclipsed Stacking.Dithiolene-like TP frameworks using triphenylenehexathiol ligands with metal nodes.
Conduction: Transport depends on mixed valence, metal radius, d-p bonding strength and stacking; Co/Fe systems show semiconducting-to-metallic or band-like behaviour in selected reports.
Representative materials: Pt3(THT)2 · Co3(THT)2 · Ni3(THT)2 · Fe3(THT)2
Nodes / linkers: Pt · Co · Ni · Fe · THT
12 · 3.1.3. THT-based 2D MOFs · Table 3
Triphenylene graphdyine-like covalent polymers
2D Extended Pi-Conjugated Covalent Polymer Thin Films Or Nanosheets.TP-based graphdyine analogues containing sp and sp2 carbon atoms from Glaser-Hay-type coupling.
Conduction: Large electronic conjugation makes this family relevant to electronic and Li-ion battery contexts.
Representative materials: TP-GDY · TP-GDY/CNT films
Nodes / linkers: Not specified · triphenylene-core alkynyl monomers
24 · 4.1.3. Other structures
Synthesis strategies
Review-level synthesis principles remain separate from primary-study recipes.
Interfacial thin-film synthesis
Reactants are confined at liquid-liquid or liquid-gas interfaces, producing films by slow diffusion or gas-phase delivery.
Claimed effects: Can generate sub-millimetre to millimetre films and monolayers, including Langmuir-Blodgett Ni3(THT)2 and oriented Cu3(HHTP)2.
Controlling variables: phase boundary · reactant diffusion · reaction time · gas-phase monomer delivery · stamping cycles
Representative materials: Ni3(THT)2 · Cu3(HHTP)2 · TP-GDY · Ni3(HITP)2
Caveat: Nanometre-thick homogeneous films remain difficult, and some films show lower conductivities than pellets.
7 · 2.3. Interfacial syntheses of thin films · Fig. 7
Layer-by-layer growth
Alternating exposure of a functionalised substrate to metal and TP-ligand solutions or sprays builds films cycle by cycle.
Claimed effects: Controls film thickness and can yield epitaxial, highly oriented Cu3(HHTP)2 thin films.
Controlling variables: number of cycles · substrate functionalisation · metal loading · solution or spray delivery
Representative materials: Cu3(HHTP)2
Caveat: High time consumption is identified as the main drawback.
7 · 2.2.1. Layer-by-Layer (LbL) · Fig. 6
Pressed-substrate and microfluidic confinement
Capillary or microfluidic confinement between substrates controls crystallisation and film orientation.
Claimed effects: Can produce plate-like crystals or centimetre-large oriented Ni3(HITP)2 films and enable anisotropy measurements.
Controlling variables: substrate spacing · capillary forces · monomer placement · convection suppression · orientation
Representative materials: Ni9(HHTP)4 · Ni3(HITP)2 · Co9(HHTP)4 · Cu3(HHTP)2
Caveat: A confinement method rather than a general scalable manufacturing solution; orientation and substrate constraints must be tuned.
8 · 2.4.3. Simulated microgravity environment · Fig. 8
Solvothermal bulk synthesis
Common route in which monomers are dispersed or dissolved in solvent and heated in sealed or open glassware.
Claimed effects: MOFs often crystallise rapidly with multiple nucleation events; COFs require longer crystallisation and frequently form insoluble powders.
Controlling variables: reaction temperature · oxygen requirement · addition order · additives · reaction time
Representative materials: Cu3(HHTP)2 · COF-5
Caveat: Crystallisation can be heterogeneous and hard to control; powders are often poor for device interfaces.
4 · 2.1.1. Solvothermal reactions · Fig. 3
Sonochemical synthesis
Ultrasound-assisted reaction in solution used mainly for TP-based COFs.
Claimed effects: Can reduce reaction times to hours or minutes and tune crystallinity, particle dimensions and porosity.
Controlling variables: solvent · sonication time · sonication power
Representative materials: COF-5
Caveat: Rarely applied to MOFs because solvothermal routes already yield small crystals.
5 · 2.1.2. Sonochemical reactions · Fig. 4
Template-assisted substrate growth
Reaction is performed with an immersed substrate or template to promote supported MOF/COF growth.
Claimed effects: Can produce supported films and coatings on textiles, carbonaceous supports, flexible substrates and metallic meshes.
Controlling variables: substrate identity · surface chemistry · template interactions · co-solvents
Representative materials: Ni3(HHTP)2 · COF-5 · Pyr-COF
Caveat: Bulk COF nanoparticles can deposit irregularly; interface roughness and charge entrapment remain concerns.
5 · 2.2. Template-assisted syntheses · Fig. 5
On-surface UHV evaporation
Sequential evaporation of triphenylene monomers and metal centres or COF monomers onto catalytic metallic surfaces.
Claimed effects: Provides atom-thick MOF/COF monolayers useful for fundamental studies of lattice formation and electronic states.
Controlling variables: deposition order · stoichiometry · annealing · substrate catalytic activity
Representative materials: Ni3(HITP)2 monolayer · Fe3(HITP)2 monolayer · COF-10 monolayer
Caveat: The review states these molecular films are still far from practical applications and often limited to nanodomains.
9 · 2.5. On-surface UHV evaporation · Fig. 9
Vapour-assisted conversion
Monomers react on wet substrates under solvent vapour pressure to generate thin films.
Claimed effects: Can grow highly oriented centimetre-long TP-MOF films and room-temperature TP-COF films with controlled thickness.
Controlling variables: substrate · solvent vapour pressure · acidic modulators · film thickness
Representative materials: Ni9(HHTP)4 · Co9(HHTP)4 · Cu3(HHTP)2 · COF-5 · BDT-COF
Caveat: Substrate-specific optimisation and modulators may be required for homogeneous coverage.
7 · 2.2.2. Vapor-assisted conversion · Fig. 6
Review claims
These are the review authors’ synthesis, not newly measured results.
Author InterpretationHigh supportApplication Relevance
TP-MOF chemiresistive sensing is interpreted as chemically tunable: ligand and metal choices change gas binding, redox response and analyte selectivity.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: Ambient conditions, humidity and acid/base exposure can reduce conductivity and complicate operation.
15 · 3.2.1. Chemiresistive sensor · Fig. 14
Consensus SummaryHigh supportMaterial Comparison
Compared with TP-MOFs, TP-COFs require conjugation-preserving covalent linkages or doping to become electronically conductive; boronate ester structures are especially limited for in-plane charge delocalisation.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: Phenazine-fused and graphitic COFs are exceptions with stronger conjugation and application relevance.
3 · 1. Molecular characteristics and supramolecular properties
Consensus SummaryHigh supportTransport Mechanism
For many TP-COFs, especially ester/ether-linked structures, charge transport is expected mainly out-of-plane through TP stacking or after donor-acceptor/doping strategies rather than through the broken-conjugation 2D layer.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: Phenazine-fused and C2P-5-like structures provide stronger in-plane conjugation and improved conductivity.
20 · 4.1.1. HHTP-based 2D COFs · Table 4
Author InterpretationHigh supportSynthesis Strategy
The review interprets synthesis and processing primarily through their ability to control crystallinity, crystallite size, roughness and orientation, which in turn control conductivity and device performance.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: Some methods improve orientation at the cost of time, substrate specificity or limited lateral size.
4 · 2. Synthetic methodologies
Author InterpretationHigh supportStructure Property Link
Cu3(HHTP)2 is presented as a case where eclipsed stacking and large planar conjugation make both intralayer and interlayer charge transport important.
Evidence basis: single_reference
Caveat: Polycrystalline Cu3(HHTP)2 values still vary over orders of magnitude with morphology and synthetic method.
10 · 3.1.1. HHTP-based 2D MOFs · Fig. 10
Author InterpretationHigh supportMaterial Comparison
For M3(HITP)2 MOFs, metal choice and interlayer distance tune conductivity and electronic character, with Ni, Cu and Co analogues showing markedly different reported pellet conductivities.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: The review cautions that directly correlating crystal structure and conductivity remains difficult because pellet crystallinity varies.
12 · 3.1.2. HATP-based 2D MOFs · Table 2
Consensus SummaryHigh supportTransport Mechanism
TP-MOFs often show high in-plane conductivity because metal-ligand coordination creates delocalised d-p pathways across the 2D sheet.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: The magnitude depends on metal identity, stacking, crystalline orientation and sample form.
3 · 1. Molecular characteristics and supramolecular properties
Consensus SummaryHigh supportApplication Relevance
High conductivity, high surface area and one-dimensional pores make TP-MOFs attractive for supercapacitors and ion batteries, but pelletisation can reduce accessible surface area and ion internalisation.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: Nanostructuring and supported electrodes are presented as routes around pellet limitations.
15 · 3.2.2. Batteries/Supercapacitors
Author InterpretationHigh supportCaveat
Crystalline powders can be unsuitable for devices because they create rough interfaces, charge entrapment and poor ohmic contacts.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: Pellet pressing can smooth interfaces but may damage crystallinity or occlude pores.
5 · 2.2. Template-assisted syntheses
ContestedMedium supportControversy
Ni3(HITP)2 is used as a controversy case: early thin films were interpreted as p-type semiconductors, whereas later single crystals showed metallic behaviour; the review attributes discrepancies to defects, grain boundaries and stacking displacements.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: Mechanistic support comes partly from theoretical interpretation discussed in the review.
12 · 3.1.2. HATP-based 2D MOFs · Fig. 11
Author InterpretationHigh supportMeasurement Interpretation
Single-crystal and shape-controlled measurements are treated as essential for separating intrinsic in-plane and out-of-plane conductivities from polycrystalline artefacts.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: The review notes that only a small number of structures had anisotropy assessed in single crystals.
10 · 3.1.1. HHTP-based 2D MOFs · Fig. 10
SpeculativeMedium supportApplication Relevance
Cu-based TP-MOFs are highlighted as spintronic candidates because Kagome-like metal arrangements and odd d-electron configurations can support spin interactions, but the field is still underexplored.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: Evidence is concentrated in a few Cu-based materials and low-temperature demonstrations.
26 · 5. Future perspectives
Author InterpretationHigh supportStructure Property Link
The review argues that oriented supported thin films can reduce grain-boundary and energetic defects while aligning pores, orbital overlaps and conduction channels for device performance.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: Few oriented films are reported and many remain limited to HHTP systems or sub-millimetre sizes.
26 · 5. Future perspectives
Author InterpretationHigh supportStructure Property Link
The review links weak conductivity in Pt3(THT)2 to staggered packing and weak intralayer d-p bonding from the large Pt ion, while smaller Co/Ni/Fe systems can improve transport.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: Some THT systems involve mixed valence and thickness-dependent temperature behaviour.
12 · 3.1.3. THT-based 2D MOFs · Fig. 12
Author InterpretationHigh supportStructure Property Link
TP-based 2D MOFs and COFs are framed as more structurally robust and predictable than discotic liquid crystals because they use covalent or coordination bonds rather than weak mesophase interactions.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: The review still treats stability and processability as active limitations for devices.
2 · 1. Molecular characteristics and supramolecular properties · Fig. 1
Consensus SummaryHigh supportTransport Mechanism
The review's central transport framework separates TP framework conductivity into in-plane charge transport along 2D layers and out-of-plane interlayer charge transfer through stacked TP moieties.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: Reported experimental values are morphology- and measurement-dependent.
3 · 1. Molecular characteristics and supramolecular properties
Secondary benchmarks
Every row remains visibly secondary and links to a primary dossier only where the mapping is verified.
| Material | Property | Reported value | Context and quality | Primary evidence | Review source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Secondaryaza-fused TP COF | proton conductivity | 1.23 x 10-3 S cm-1 | 12 M H3PO4 impregnation; 97% hydration; 323 K Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 24 · 4.1.2. HATP-based 2D COFs |
| SecondaryC2P-5 | electrical conductivity | 1.75 S cm-1 | Thin films; intrinsic large hole mobility; increased under light and graphene hybridisation Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 24 · 4.2.1. Photovoltaics and photocurrent |
| SecondaryCo3(HITP)2 | electrical conductivity | 67.8 S cm-1 | Pellet, 4-probe, random orientation Table · Exact Reported | research_0788 | 12 · 3.1.2. HATP-based 2D MOFs · Table 2 |
| SecondaryCo3(THT)2 | electrical conductivity | 3.2 x 10-2 S cm-1 | Film, van der Pauw, random orientation Table · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 13 · 3.1.3. THT-based 2D MOFs · Table 3 |
| SecondaryCo3(TPHS)2 | electrical conductivity | order of 10-6 S cm-1 | Pressed pellet; poor crystallinity in stacking direction Text · Approximate | No verified corpus mapping | 14 · 3.1.4. Other structures · Fig. 13 |
| SecondaryCu3(HHTP)2 | electrical conductivity | 1.5 S cm-1 | Single crystal, 4-probe, vacuum, ab-axis Table · Exact Reported | research_0005 | 11 · 3.1.1. HHTP-based 2D MOFs · Table 1 |
| SecondaryCu3(HHTP)2 | electrical conductivity | 0.5 S cm-1 | Single crystal, 2-probe, vacuum, c-axis Table · Exact Reported | research_0005 | 11 · 3.1.1. HHTP-based 2D MOFs · Table 1 |
| SecondaryCu3(HHTP)(THQ) | electrical conductivity | 2.53 x 10-5 S cm-1 | Mixed-ligand MOF, slipped-parallel layers Text · Exact Reported | research_0793 | 14 · 3.1.4. Other structures · Fig. 13 |
| SecondaryFe3(THT)2 | electrical conductivity | 3.4 x 10-2 S cm-1 | Film, van der Pauw, vacuum, random orientation Table · Exact Reported | research_0001 | 13 · 3.1.3. THT-based 2D MOFs · Table 3 |
| SecondaryMn3(HITP)2 | electrical conductivity | 44.92 S cm-1 | Pellet, 4-probe, random orientation Table · Exact Reported | research_0788 | 12 · 3.1.2. HATP-based 2D MOFs · Table 2 |
| SecondaryNi3(HITP)2 | electrical conductivity | 40 S cm-1 | Thin film, van der Pauw, vacuum, random orientation Table · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 12 · 3.1.2. HATP-based 2D MOFs · Table 2 |
| SecondaryNi3(HITP)2 | electrical conductivity | 150 S cm-1 | Single crystal, 4-probe, vacuum, c-axis as reported in Table 2 Table · Exact Reported | research_0005 | 12 · 3.1.2. HATP-based 2D MOFs · Table 2 |
| SecondaryNi3(HITP)2 | areal capacitance | up to 18 uF cm-2 | Pressed pellet electrode for supercapacitor Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 15 · 3.2.2. Batteries/Supercapacitors |
| SecondaryNi3(HITP)2 | electrical conductivity | 58.8 S cm-1 | Thermoelectric pressed pellets Text · Exact Reported | research_0072 | 18 · 3.2.8. Thermoelectric |
| SecondaryNi9(HHTP)4 | electrical conductivity | 0.4 S cm-1 | Single crystal, 4-probe, vacuum, ab-axis Table · Exact Reported | research_0053 | 11 · 3.1.1. HHTP-based 2D MOFs · Table 1 |
| SecondaryNi9(HHTP)4 | electrical conductivity | 1 x 10-4 S cm-1 | Single crystal, 2-probe, vacuum, c-axis Table · Exact Reported | research_0053 | 11 · 3.1.1. HHTP-based 2D MOFs · Table 1 |
| Secondaryphenazine-fused TP COF | ORR/OER electrocatalytic overpotential | 349 mV at 10 mA cm-2 | Electrocatalysis benchmark as reported by review Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 25 · 4.2.3. Electrocatalysis |
Research gaps
Open questions are presented as review-author priorities, not conclusions from the primary database.
COF electronic transport
HighTP-COFs are more stable in water but their conductive properties lag TP-MOFs because doping and limited intrinsic charge conduction remain constraints.
Proposed direction: Develop intrinsically conductive TP-COF chemistries and controlled doping/host-guest approaches.
26 · 5. Future perspectives
Structure diversity
MediumThe number of reported TP-based MOF and COF structures remains limited despite strong potential.
Proposed direction: Develop new TP substitutions, extended ligands and mixed-ligand frameworks for systematic structure-property exploration.
25 · 5. Future perspectives
Magnetism and spintronics
MediumMagnetic properties of TP-based organic frameworks remain widely unexplored, with only few Cu-based examples studied.
Proposed direction: Study ligand/metal control of magnetic properties and their interaction with conductivity for spin-valve and frustrated-spin applications.
26 · 5. Future perspectives
Thin-film morphology
HighCurrent synthetic methods often yield sub-millimetre films or random orientation; few oriented TP-MOF/COF thin films exist.
Proposed direction: Develop methods for highly oriented thin-film morphologies compatible with target device substrates.
26 · 5. Future perspectives
Transport measurement quality
HighMost reported conductivities come from polycrystalline systems, which obscure intrinsic transport through grain boundaries and defects.
Proposed direction: Prioritise single-crystal and shape-controlled measurements that resolve in-plane and out-of-plane components.
25 · 5. Future perspectives
Monolayer transport
MediumConductivities of single layers are still timely and underdeveloped, especially for TP-based 2D MOFs.
Proposed direction: Obtain long-range single layers by exfoliation, interfacial synthesis or UHV evaporation and measure quantum confinement/interlayer effects.
25 · 5. Future perspectives
Device integration
MediumSynthesis protocols must work across transparent, insulating, flexible and wearable substrates to match different applications.
Proposed direction: Design substrate-compatible growth methods and flexible or free-standing films for optoelectronic, biological and wearable devices.
26 · 5. Future perspectives
Water stability and bioelectronics
HighPoor water stability of TP-MOFs and possible redox activity impede biomedical/bioelectronic use.
Proposed direction: Improve TP-MOF water stability or leverage more water-stable TP-COFs while addressing their lower electronic conductivity.
26 · 5. Future perspectives
Cited-study map
Mappings show which printed review references have a verified counterpart in the frozen primary corpus.
Show 24 cited-study records
| Reference | Study | Role and context | Corpus mapping |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ref. 232005 | Porous, crystalline, covalent organic frameworks10.1126/science.1120411 | historical_framing · cof_family_baselineCited as the first/representative solvothermal COF-5 report and foundation for HHTP boronate COFs. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 242019 | Single crystals of electrically conductive two-dimensional metal-organic frameworks: structural and electrical transport properties10.1021/acscentsci.9b01006 | transport_benchmark · anisotropyUsed for single-crystal conductivity and morphology-dependent anisotropy benchmarks in TP-MOFs. | research_0005 |
| Ref. 252020 | Continuous electrical conductivity variation in M3(hexaiminotriphenylene)2 (M = Co, Ni, Cu) MOF alloys10.1021/jacs.0c04458 | metal_tuning · transport_benchmarkCited for conductivity variation and interlayer-distance changes across M3(HITP)2 analogues and alloys. | research_0041 |
| Ref. 322013 | Conjugated organic framework with three-dimensionally ordered stable structure and delocalized p clouds10.1038/ncomms3736 | cof_transport · photocurrentUsed for phenazine-fused CS-COF as a conjugated TP-COF and photocurrent example. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 352014 | High electrical conductivity in Ni3(2,3,6,7,10,11-hexaiminotriphenylene)2, a semiconducting metal-organic graphene analogue10.1021/ja502765n | transport_benchmark · historical_framingCited as an early high-conductivity Ni3(HITP)2 report and baseline for later metallic/semiconducting discussion. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 522019 | Oriented thin films of electroactive triphenylene catecholate-based two-dimensional metal-organic frameworks10.1021/acsnano.9b01137 | thin_film · orientationUsed for vapour-assisted and oriented thin-film conductivity entries for HHTP-based MOFs. | research_0137 |
| Ref. 532015 | Room temperature synthesis of covalent-organic framework films through vapor-assisted conversion10.1021/ja510895m | thin_film · cof_processingCited for scalable vapour-assisted conversion of TP-COF thin films with controlled thickness. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 552015 | Two-dimensional metal-organic surfaces for efficient hydrogen evolution from water10.1021/ja5116937 | tht_mof · electrocatalysisCited for Co3(THT)2 thin films and HER electrocatalysis in the THT-MOF family. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 602021 | Large single crystals of two-dimensional p-conjugated metal-organic frameworks via biphasic solution-solid growth10.1021/acscentsci.0c01488 | single_crystal · anisotropyUsed for single-crystal Ni9(HHTP)4 anisotropy and growth between pressed substrates. | research_0053 |
| Ref. 632021 | Synthesis of 2D porous crystalline materials in simulated microgravity10.1002/adma.202101777 | microfluidic_growth · orientationCited for microfluidic simulated-microgravity growth of oriented Ni3(HITP)2 films and anisotropy measurements. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 722012 | New porous crystals of extended metal-catecholates10.1021/cm301194a | historical_framing · hhtp_mofCited as the first TP-based HHTP 2D MOF report using Ni, Co and Cu ions. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 762019 | Cellulose nanofiber @ conductive metal-organic frameworks for high-performance flexible supercapacitors10.1021/acsnano.9b04670 | device_benchmark · flexible_supercapacitorCited for conductive MOF growth on cellulose nanofiber papers and flexible supercapacitor performance. | research_0174 |
| Ref. 772018 | Modular O2 electroreduction activity in triphenylene-based metal-organic frameworks10.1039/c8sc02049c | electrocatalysis · structure_propertyCited for ORR activity differences across TP-MOF structures and the role of hexagonal crystallinity. | research_0139 |
| Ref. 782020 | Quantum spin liquid state in a two-dimensional semiconductive metal-organic framework10.1021/jacs.0c05472 | spintronics · magnetic_propertiesCited for antiferromagnetic interactions and quantum spin liquid behaviour in Cu3(HHTP)2 thin films. | research_0801 |
| Ref. 842021 | The different roles of cobalt and manganese in metal-organic frameworks for supercapacitors10.1002/admt.202000941 | transport_benchmark · metal_tuningCited for high conductivity in Co3(HITP)2 and new Mn3(HITP)2 formulation after post-synthetic treatment. | research_0788 |
| Ref. 862017 | Conductive MOF electrodes for stable supercapacitors with high areal capacitance10.1038/nmat4766 | supercapacitor · device_benchmarkCited for first TP-MOF supercapacitor electrode and capacitance/cycling stability context. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 872017 | A microporous and naturally nanostructured thermoelectric metal-organic framework with ultralow thermal conductivity10.1016/j.joule.2017.07.018 | thermoelectric · transport_benchmarkCited for thermoelectric Ni3(HITP)2 pellets with high electrical conductivity and ultralow thermal conductivity. | research_0072 |
| Ref. 912017 | Metallic conductivity in a two-dimensional cobalt dithiolene metal-organic framework10.1021/jacs.7b05742 | tht_mof · transport_benchmarkCited for metallic/semiconducting behaviour and conductivity of Co3(THT)2. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 922018 | High-mobility band-like charge transport in a semiconducting two-dimensional metal-organic framework10.1038/s41563-018-0189-z | tht_mof · photodetector · transport_benchmarkCited for Fe3(THT)2 thin-film conductivity, band-like transport and broadband photodetector context. | research_0001 |
| Ref. 982020 | A dual-ligand porous coordination polymer chemiresistor with modulated conductivity and porosity10.1002/anie.201909096 | mixed_ligand · chemiresistorCited for a mixed HHTP/THQ Cu framework with modulated conductivity and porosity. | research_0793 |
| Ref. 992020 | Synthetic route to a triphenylenehexaselenol-based metal organic framework with semi-conductive and glassy magnetic properties10.1016/j.isci.2019.100812 | alternative_ligand · magnetic_propertiesCited for selenol-based TP-MOF conductivity and glassy magnetic behaviour. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1492019 | Proton conduction in 2D aza-fused covalent organic frameworks10.1021/acs.chemmater.8b03897 | cof_transport · proton_conductionCited for phenazine/aza-fused COF proton conduction under humid and acidified conditions. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1522020 | Solution-Processable, Crystalline p-Conjugated Two-Dimensional Polymers with High Charge Carrier Mobility10.1016/j.chempr.2020.05.026 | cof_transport · photoconductivityCited for high-conductivity C2P-5 films and light-enhanced photodetector behaviour. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1602019 | Theory-driven design and targeting synthesis of a highly-conjugated basal-plane 2D covalent organic framework for metal-free electrocatalytic OER10.1021/acsenergylett.9b01691 | cof_electrocatalysis · device_benchmarkCited for nitrogen-doped phenazine-fused COF electrocatalysis and low overpotential benchmark. | Unmapped |