Synthesis · Heteroatom-doped 3D porous carbon architectures for highly stable aqueous zinc metal batteries and non-aqueous lithium metal batteries

4 structured synthesis routes

Completeness describes how fully the route could be reconstructed from the main article and supporting information.

Partial recipeSource: Main

Route 1: Other

5 · 2.5. Electrochemical measurement

SolventsN-methylpyrrolidinone

Additivespolyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF); Super P carbon black

Atmospherevacuum drying

Temperature120

Time24

Substrate orientationslurry pasted onto Al foil

Work-upCathode slurry was pasted onto aluminium foil and vacuum dried.

Show 4 structured reagent records

Role	Reagent	Amount / concentration	Source
Additive	polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)	Not specified	5 · 2.5. Electrochemical measurement
Additive	Super P carbon black	Not specified	5 · 2.5. Electrochemical measurement
Solvent	N-methylpyrrolidinone	Not specified	5 · 2.5. Electrochemical measurement
Other	Al foil	Not specified	5 · 2.5. Electrochemical measurement

Complete recipeSource: Main

Route 2: Other

4 · 2.3. Zn||LiMn2O4 full cells

Metal precursors2.12 g lithium hydroxide (LiOH); 4.9 g manganous acetate (C4H6MnO4)

Solvents20 mL deionized water for LiOH/citric acid; 40 mL deionized water for manganous acetate

Additives10.5 g citric acid (AC); ammonia to pH about 8

Atmospherenot specified

Temperature50; 90; 110; 430; 750

Timeovernight stirring at 90 deg C; 24 h drying at 110 deg C; 3 h at 430 deg C; 6 h at 750 deg C

Work-upDried at 110 deg C for 24 h before staged heat treatment.

Activationheated at 430 deg C for 3 h and 750 deg C for 6 h at 2 deg C min-1

Show 5 structured reagent records

Role	Reagent	Amount / concentration	Source
Metal Source	lithium hydroxide (LiOH)	2.12 g	4 · 2.3. Zn\|\|LiMn2O4 full cells
Metal Source	manganous acetate (C4H6MnO4)	4.9 g	4 · 2.3. Zn\|\|LiMn2O4 full cells
Additive	citric acid (AC)	10.5 g	4 · 2.3. Zn\|\|LiMn2O4 full cells
Base	ammonia	until pH approximately 8	4 · 2.3. Zn\|\|LiMn2O4 full cells
Solvent	deionized water	60 mL total	4 · 2.3. Zn\|\|LiMn2O4 full cells

Complete recipeSource: Main

Route 3: Other

4 · 2.2. N/O dual-doped carbon array grown on Cu foam · Scheme 1

Metal precursorsZIF-8@CF precursor containing Zn

Linker precursors2-methylimidazole-derived carbon/nitrogen source in ZIF-8@CF

Atmospherehigh vacuum below 10 Pa; Zn metal peeled off under Ar atmosphere

Temperature700

Time5

Substrate orientationZIF-8@CF on copper foam

Work-upZn metal was peeled off in Ar atmosphere and stored in a hermetic container.

Activationtube furnace calcination under high vacuum at 2 deg C min-1

Scalability contextAuthors describe the method as a green vacuum distillation route that removes/recycles Zn without acid etching.

Show 1 structured reagent record

Role	Reagent	Amount / concentration	Source
Other	ZIF-8@CF precursor	Not specified	4 · 2.2. N/O dual-doped carbon array grown on Cu foam · Scheme 1

Complete recipeSource: Main

Route 4: Solvothermal

3 · 2.1. ZIF-8 grown on Cu foam · Scheme 1

Metal precursors0.548 g zinc chloride (ZnCl2)

Linker precursors0.66 g 2-methylimidazole (Hmim)

Solvents100 mL mixed solution of 20 mL DMF and 80 mL deionized water

Additives0.2 g polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP)

Atmospherenot specified

Temperature120

Time12

Substrate orientationCleaned copper foam placed in 100 mL autoclave; orientation not specified

Work-upCopper foam was pretreated in ethanol, hydrochloric acid, and deionized water, then vacuum dried; final product vacuum dried.

Activationvacuum drying

Show 6 structured reagent records

Role	Reagent	Amount / concentration	Source
Metal Source	zinc chloride (ZnCl2)	0.548 g	3 · 2.1. ZIF-8 grown on Cu foam · Scheme 1
Linker	2-methylimidazole (Hmim)	0.66 g	3 · 2.1. ZIF-8 grown on Cu foam · Scheme 1
Additive	polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP)	0.2 g	3 · 2.1. ZIF-8 grown on Cu foam · Scheme 1
Solvent	N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF)	20 mL	3 · 2.1. ZIF-8 grown on Cu foam · Scheme 1
Solvent	deionized water	80 mL	3 · 2.1. ZIF-8 grown on Cu foam · Scheme 1
Other	copper foam	slice; amount not specified	3 · 2.1. ZIF-8 grown on Cu foam · Scheme 1