Primary studyPeripheral evidenceSensor

Mitigating lipid biofouling in wearable sweat sensors: A study on conductive MOF-based electrodes with tuned hydrophilicity

Liang C., Liu J., Zhang H. et al. · Chemical Engineering Journal · 2025 · 164477

5materials
5samples
5synthesis routes
56measurements
90results
4claims and caveats

Evidence map

Open a family to keep every result attached to its sample, method and conditions.

Author interpretations and caveats

Paraphrased for this database from the authors’ stated interpretations — never quoted verbatim — and kept separate from reported measurements.

Application RelevanceSupport assessment: High

Cu-HHTP combines high UA sensitivity, low LOD, anti-interference behaviour, biocompatibility and 24 h raw-sweat operational stability for wearable sweat UA sensing.

Caveat: Performance is shown for UA sensing; no bulk electrical conductivity value is reported in the supplied documents.

8 · Section 3.3 · Fig. 4; Fig. S35 · Linked to 5 structured results

Structure Property LinkSupport assessment: High

Superhydrophilic Cu-HHTP has the lowest lipid adhesion and best electrochemical signal retention under sweat-lipid exposure.

Caveat: Anti-fouling advantage is demonstrated in artificial sweat-lipid flow and wearable-patch tests, not in a broad clinical cohort.

6 · Section 3.2 · Fig. 3 · Linked to 5 structured results

Structure Property LinkSupport assessment: High

Hydrophilicity/surface energy is positively correlated with anti-lipid ability and electrochemical signal stability across the five MOF electrodes.

Caveat: Surface energy values are calculated by OWRK from contact-angle measurements; causality is inferred from correlated electrode series.

8 · Conclusion · Linked to 6 structured results

Transport MechanismSupport assessment: High

Hydrophobic ZIF-8 accumulates lipid during monitoring, forming a non-conductive biofilm that attenuates current and underestimates UA concentration.

Caveat: Biofilm mechanism is supported by fluorescence tracing and performance loss but not by independent mass quantification of lipid coverage.

8 · Section 3.3 · Fig. 4e-g · Linked to 5 structured results

Material identities

Names and aliases are kept exactly within the paper’s own identity model.

MaterialCompositionStructure contextSource
Cu-HHTPBrowse family: Cu₃(HHTP)₂ / Cu–HHTPCu3(HHTP)2(H2O)6Cu nodes · HHTP (2,3,6,7,10,11-hexahydroxytriphenylene)2D · Pristine2D conductive MOF; PXRD peaks consistent with simulated Cu-HHTP pattern4 · Fig. 2 caption · Fig. 2b
Cu-HHTP/OTSBrowse family: Cu₃(HHTP)₂ / Cu–HHTPCu-HHTP modified with OTSCu nodes · HHTP plus octadecyltrichlorosilane surface modification2D · CompositeHydrophobic OTS-modified Cu-HHTP; PXRD peaks consistent with simulated pattern4 · Fig. 2 caption · Fig. 2b
Cu-THQBrowse family: Cu₃(C₆O₆)₂ (Cu–THQ / Cu–HHB)not reportedCu nodes · THQ (tetrahydroxyquinone)2D · Pristine2D conductive MOF; PXRD peaks consistent with simulated Cu-THQ pattern4 · Fig. 2 caption · Fig. 2b
Ni-HHTPBrowse family: Ni₃(HHTP)₂ / Ni–HHTPNi3(HHTP)2(H2O)12Ni nodes · HHTP (2,3,6,7,10,11-hexahydroxytriphenylene)2D · Pristine2D conductive MOF; PXRD peaks consistent with simulated Ni-HHTP pattern4 · Fig. 2 caption · Fig. 2b
ZIF-8Browse family: ZIF-8 / Zn(mIm)₂Zn(2-MIM)2Zn nodes · 2-methylimidazole3D · PristineZeolitic imidazolate framework ZIF-8; PXRD peaks consistent with simulated pattern4 · Fig. 2 caption · Fig. 2b

Sample register

Sample form, processing state and composition status define the context for measurements.

Show 5 sample records
SampleForm and roleProcessing and geometrySource
Cu-HHTP electroderesearch_0864__mat__cu_hhtpElectrode · Target Sample · Pristine Frameworkinkjet-printed, in-situ grown MOF electrodeAPTMS-premodified flexible substrate2-3 · Section 2.3
Cu-HHTP/OTS electroderesearch_0864__mat__cu_hhtp_otsElectrode · Composite Sample · CompositeCu-HHTP electrode modified with OTS vapour treatmentAPTMS-premodified flexible substrate2-3 · Section 2.3
Cu-THQ electroderesearch_0864__mat__cu_thqElectrode · Pristine Control · Pristine Frameworkinkjet-printed, in-situ grown MOF electrodeAPTMS-premodified flexible substrate2-3 · Section 2.3
Ni-HHTP electroderesearch_0864__mat__ni_hhtpElectrode · Pristine Control · Pristine Frameworkinkjet-printed, in-situ grown MOF electrodeAPTMS-premodified flexible substrate2-3 · Section 2.3
ZIF-8 electroderesearch_0864__mat__zif8Electrode · Pristine Control · Pristine Frameworkinkjet-printed, in-situ grown MOF electrodeAPTMS-premodified flexible substrate2-3 · Section 2.3