Jiangyan Song, Lichang Ji, Jinfeng Chen et al. · Coordination Chemistry Reviews · 2026
To summarise conductive MOF development with emphasis on proton, electron and ion transport mechanisms, conductivity-regulation strategies, modelling and theoretical computation, synthesis methods, and electrochemical applications.
The review’s argument is preserved as a navigable set of section summaries.
Connects transport mechanisms to supercapacitors, fuel cells, sensors, electrocatalysis and capacitive deionisation, emphasising conductivity, active-site accessibility and ion/electron transport balance.
Relevance: Core · 7 · Electrochemical applications of conductive MOFs · Fig. 8; Fig. 9
Summarises unresolved needs: cheaper/stabler ligands, mechanism-specific design, ion selectivity, side-reaction suppression, in situ/computational methods, anisotropic/cross-scale transport and durable operation.
Relevance: Core · 8-9 · Conclusion and perspective
Develops the main intellectual structure of the review: proton conduction, electron conduction, ion conduction and their coupling, including pore chemistry, ligand/metal orbital effects, hopping/band transport and transport trade-offs.
Relevance: Core · 2 · Conductive mechanism
Compares four-probe/two-probe methods, eddy-current measurement and AC impedance as conductivity measurement approaches, stressing method choice according to material nature and conductivity range.
Relevance: Core · 2 · Determination of conductivity
Classifies electronic transport by intrinsic/extrinsic conduction, ligand-mediated versus metal-node-mediated pathways, spatial/guest/bonding transmission, and hopping versus band transport.
Relevance: Core · 3 · Electron conduction · Fig. 3b-c
Frames C-MOFs as MOFs whose electrochemical value depends on improving low intrinsic conductivity through conjugated ligands, metal-ligand charge-transfer systems, guest conductors and coupled proton/electron/ion pathways.
Relevance: Core · 1 · Introduction
Treats ion migration through pores and channels as governed by carrier density, pore structure, surface chemistry and desolvation, then links ion-electron and proton-electron coupling to electrochemical rate capability.
Relevance: Core · 4 · Ion-conduction; Coupling of proton conduction, electron conduction and ions conduction · Fig. 4e
Positions ML, DFT and related calculations as tools for structure-conductivity-performance prediction, while warning that idealised crystal models may fail when defects dominate real electrochemical behaviour.
Relevance: Supporting · 4 · Machine learning and theoretical computation
Defines proton conduction as proton motion under applied voltage and organises pathways into hydrogen-bond assisted, water-mediated, Grotthuss and vehicular carrier mechanisms.
Relevance: Core · 2 · Proton conduction · Fig. 3a; Fig. 4a,c,d
Organises strategies into direct covalent design, non-covalent charge-transfer enhancement, conductive guests, hydrothermal/solvothermal synthesis, interfacial growth, CVD, liquid-phase epitaxy and post-synthetic modification.
Relevance: Core · 5 · Synthesis strategy of conductive MOFs · Fig. 5; Fig. 6; Fig. 7
Classification systems are attributed to this review and are not treated as a global material registry.
The review's synthesis section separates covalent framework design from non-covalent and guest-mediated ways to add charge-transfer pathways.
Categories: covalent metal-ligand design · non-covalent charge-transfer enhancement · external-stimulus/gas-induced conduction · pi-stacking and 2D conjugation · conductive guest/polymer composites
5 · Synthesis strategy of conductive MOFs · Fig. 5
Electronic conduction is classified by whether electrons move via through-space overlap/stacking, guest-mediated transport in an extrinsic MOF, or through bonds with metal-ligand orbital overlap.
Categories: spatial transport · guest transport · bonding transport
3 · Electron conduction · Fig. 3b
The review frames hopping as thermally activated charge jumps between discrete sites and band transport as delocalised transport through continuous bands, while noting the boundary is often difficult to assign in real C-MOFs.
Categories: hopping transport · band transport
3 · Electron conduction · Fig. 3c
The review distinguishes framework-mediated electron transmission from guest-dependent conduction, which is important when deciding whether a benchmark represents a C-MOF framework or a guest/MOF composite.
Categories: intrinsically conductive MOFs · extrinsically conducting MOFs
3 · Electron conduction
The review treats non-proton ionic conduction as a broader family relevant to batteries, fuel cells and desalination, with transport realised by diffusion and migration through pores/channels.
Categories: H+ · oxygen ions · OH- · Li+ · Na+ · Mg2+
4 · Ion-conduction
The review separates conductivity determination into contact-probe methods for solids and sheets, eddy-current non-destructive testing for conductive non-ferromagnetic materials, and AC impedance for frequency-dependent/electrochemical systems.
Categories: quadruple/four-probe and two-contact probe methods · eddy-current method · alternating-current impedance
2 · Determination of conductivity
The review treats proton, ion and electron conduction as the top-level mechanism classes for C-MOFs, while also discussing coupled and mixed behaviour in electrochemical devices.
Categories: proton conductivity · ionic conductivity · electronic conductivity
2 · Determination of conductivity
Proton conduction is organised around hydrogen-bond networks, water or proton-guest species, and mobile carriers; Grotthuss transfer involves proton hopping without long-range carrier motion, while vehicular transport diffuses protonated carriers.
Categories: Grotthuss hopping transport · Vehicular carrier transport · hydrogen-bond-assisted transfer · guest/carrier transfer
3 · Proton conduction · Fig. 3a
The review maps preparation methods to morphology, orientation, film formation and conductivity control rather than presenting them as exhaustive recipes.
Categories: hydrothermal/solvothermal · interface-assisted synthesis · chemical vapour deposition · liquid-phase epitaxy · post-synthesis modification
6 · Synthesis strategy of conductive MOFs · Fig. 6; Fig. 7
Review-defined families retain their representative materials and conduction descriptions.
Conductive MOFs and MOF/LDH/carbon-fibre heterostructures designed for sodium or chloride ion storage and desalination.
Conduction: Large channels, high conductivity, interconnected pores and carbon fibre/LDH/MOF interfaces are linked to ion diffusion and electron transfer.
Representative materials: Ni3(hexaaminobenzene)2 · M-CAT/LDH/CF
Nodes / linkers: Ni · Co · Cu · hexaaminobenzene · triethylene phenyl-fused metal catechol salts
8 · Capacitive deionization · Fig. 9
MOFs whose transport and electrochemical behaviour are modified by missing linkers, mixed metals or bimetallic nodes.
Conduction: Defects can disrupt ideal crystallinity but may also create adsorption/activation sites or additional charge-transfer pathways; bimetallic nodes can raise carrier concentration.
Representative materials: aNi-HAB · NiCo-MOF · Fe-doped NiCo-MOF
Nodes / linkers: Ni · Co · Fe · HAB · BDC · redox-active ligands
3; 5 · Hydrogen bond-assisted transfer; Theoretical calculations
MOFs whose conductivity is improved by conductive polymers, redox guests, dopants or carbonaceous conductors introduced into pores, channels or surfaces.
Conduction: The review describes continuous guest/polymer networks as added through-space or through-bond pathways that turn weakly conductive MOFs into semiconducting or conductive composites.
Representative materials: Zr-MOF/PPy · ZIF-PPy · PEDOT@MOF · MOF-polythiophene
Nodes / linkers: Zr · Co · Ni · conducting polymers · PPy · PANI · PEDOT · polythiophene
5; 7 · Synthesis strategy; Post-synthesis method · Fig. 5; Fig. 7h
MOFs loaded with ionic liquids and salts to increase mobile ion concentration and build ion-transport channels.
Conduction: Transport is framed as high-concentration ion conduction through pores/cages, often used for solid-state electrolytes and high-temperature proton conductors.
Representative materials: MIL-101-SO3Na · ILs@MOF
Nodes / linkers: Cr or MIL-101-type nodes · polymetallic MOFs · sulfonated ligands · ionic liquids · sodium salts
4; 7 · Ion-conduction; Fuel cell · Fig. 4e; Fig. 8d
Frameworks using sulfur-rich ligands such as pyrazinedithiolate or benzenehexathiol to reduce energy mismatch and support through-bond electronic transport.
Conduction: Electron transport is attributed to metal-ligand coordination overlap, planar conjugation and pi-pi stacking.
Representative materials: Cu[Cu(pdt)2] · Ag3BHT2 · Au3BHT2
Nodes / linkers: Cu · Ag · Au · PDT · BHT
4; 6 · Bond or layer transmission; Interface-assisted synthesis · Fig. 4b; Fig. 7d
Oriented, ultrathin or patterned conductive MOFs produced by interface-assisted methods, CVD or liquid-phase epitaxy for device integration.
Conduction: Film morphology, orientation, thickness, stacking and crystallinity are presented as key transport and device variables.
Representative materials: HITP-Ni-NS · Cu3(HHTP)2 nanowire arrays · Cu3(HHTP)2 nanofilms · Re-SURMOF
Nodes / linkers: Ni · Cu · Re · HITP · HHTP · Re-linkers
6 · Interface-assisted synthesis; Chemical vapor deposition; Liquid phase epitaxy · Fig. 7
Layered 2D frameworks based on HHTP, HITP, HHTC and related extended aromatic linkers where in-plane conjugation and interlayer stacking support electronic conduction.
Conduction: The review links these materials to pi-conjugation, pi-pi stacking, spatial electron transport and strong electronic/ionic conductivity in electrochemical devices.
Representative materials: Ni-HHTP · Cu3(HHTP)2 · HITP-Ni-NS · 2D-vc-MOF(Cu)
Nodes / linkers: Ni · Cu · HHTP · HITP · HHTC
3-4 · Electron conduction; Spatial transmission · Fig. 3b; Fig. 7; Fig. 8
MOFs where water, acidic groups or proton carriers create ordered hydrogen-bond networks and support Grotthuss or vehicular proton conduction.
Conduction: Conductivity is related to mobile proton density, hydrogen-bond continuity, water content, humidity and pore hydrophilicity.
Representative materials: (NH4)2(adp)[Zn2(ox)3]-nH2O · UiO-66(Zr)-(CO2H)2 · FJU-82-Co · FJU-82-Zn · MOF-808 with sulfamic acid
Nodes / linkers: Zn · Zr · Co · carboxylates · acidic functional groups · sulfamate/sulfamic acid
2-3 · Proton conduction; Hydrogen bond-assisted transfer · Fig. 4a,c,d
Review-level synthesis principles remain separate from primary-study recipes.
Use vapour-phase precursors, physical vapour deposition, atomic layer deposition or CVD to form conductive MOF films without conventional liquid-phase solvents.
Claimed effects: Produces consistent films with crystallinity, homogeneity, conformality and controllable thickness for thin-film applications.
Controlling variables: gaseous precursor transport · substrate surface · reaction temperature · film thickness · orientation
Representative materials: Cu3(C6O6)2 thin film · Cu3(HHTP)2 nanowire arrays
Caveat: The review notes common MOF-CVD is generally used for C-MOFs in gaseous precursors and highlights newer dual-temperature routes for solid ligands.
6 · Chemical vapor deposition · Fig. 7c
Select metal ions/clusters and conjugated or functional ligands to create framework-native conductive pathways through orbital overlap and metal-ligand bonds.
Claimed effects: Can improve intrinsic conductivity while retaining MOF porosity and structural tunability.
Controlling variables: metal ion identity · ligand functional group · metal-ligand orbital overlap · reaction conditions · solvent
Representative materials: Cu[Cu(pdt)2] · Ni-HITP · Cu3(HHTP)2
Caveat: The review notes conductive ligands are often expensive and intrinsic C-MOF stability can be poor.
5 · Synthesis strategy of conductive MOFs · Fig. 5
Introduce conductive polymers, redox guests, cations or carbonaceous additives into MOF pores or surfaces to create extrinsic conductive pathways.
Claimed effects: Can turn poorly conductive MOFs into conductive composites and improve electrochemical charge transfer.
Controlling variables: guest identity · guest-host interaction · pore accessibility · polymer loading · post-synthetic modification route
Representative materials: Zr-MOF/PPy · ZIF-PPy · PEDOT@MOF
Caveat: Benchmarks from this strategy are extrinsic composite values and should not be treated as intrinsic framework conductivity.
5 · Synthesis strategy of conductive MOFs · Fig. 5
React metal ions and ligands in suitable solvents under controlled temperature and pressure, often enabling 3D C-MOFs with pi-stacked structures and 2D C-MOFs with pi-d conjugation.
Claimed effects: Controls morphology, crystal growth and electrochemical accessibility while avoiding excessive thermal degradation of hybrid structures.
Controlling variables: temperature · pressure · reaction time · solution pH · ligand concentration · solvent type
Representative materials: CuCo-MOF/CC · Fe-NiCo-MOF/NF · Cu-HHTT/CF
Caveat: The review states this route is susceptible to polycrystalline or single-crystal bulk samples.
6 · Hydrothermal/solvent thermal · Fig. 7a
Use liquid-liquid, gas-liquid, gas-solid, solid-liquid, self-assembly or Langmuir-Blodgett interfaces as templates that constrain growth direction and film morphology.
Claimed effects: Enables ordered conjugated ligands and metal ions, electron delocalisation, thin films, nanosheets and controlled film thickness.
Controlling variables: interface type · ligand solubility · solvent surface tension · surface pressure · substrate transfer
Representative materials: HITP-Ni-NS · Ag3BHT2 · Au3BHT2
Caveat: Some membranes made by interface methods have insufficient mechanical strength and relatively complex processing.
6 · Interface-assisted synthesis · Fig. 6b-d; Fig. 7b,d
Sequentially expose functionalised substrates to metal precursors and organic ligands to grow oriented MOF thin films layer by layer.
Claimed effects: Enables smooth, oriented, homogeneous MOF films with controlled thickness for sensors and electrocatalytic devices.
Controlling variables: substrate functionalisation · precursor sequence · growth cycle count · film thickness · orientation
Representative materials: Re-SURMOF · Cu3(HHTP)2 thin films
Caveat: Pure LPE can have slow growth kinetics, chemical/solvent burden and higher cost.
6 · Liquid phase epitaxy · Fig. 7e-f
Use aromatic ligands, extended conjugation and controlled layer stacking to enhance through-space electronic coupling.
Claimed effects: Improves spatial electron transport and may increase long-distance charge transfer efficiency.
Controlling variables: interlayer distance · stacking mode · aromatic ligand planarity · pi-conjugation extent
Representative materials: Ag3BHT2 · HITP-Ni-NS · Cu3(HHTP)2
Caveat: Layer stacking can improve conductivity but may limit active-site accessibility in electrocatalytic applications.
4 · Bond or layer transmission
Functionalise, dope or combine preformed MOFs with conductive substances while preserving the original framework morphology.
Claimed effects: Offers precise control, mild conditions and diversified modification to improve conductivity, capacitance and stability.
Controlling variables: modifier identity · open metal sites · nanoconfinement · guest-framework reaction · local pore structure
Representative materials: C-NMOF-x · ZIF-PPy
Caveat: Secondary evidence; chapter should distinguish retained-framework post-synthetic modifications from primary intrinsic C-MOF design.
7 · Post-synthesis method · Fig. 7g-h
These are the review authors’ synthesis, not newly measured results.
For supercapacitors, fuel cells, sensors, electrocatalysis and CDI, the review links performance gains to balancing electronic conductivity, ion/proton transport, accessible active sites and stable pores.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: These are secondary connections; device benchmarks should be rechecked in primary studies before quantitative comparison.
7-8 · Electrochemical applications of conductive MOFs · Fig. 8; Fig. 9
The review interprets electrochemical C-MOF behaviour as an interconnected network of proton, electron and ion transport rather than as isolated single-carrier conduction.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: The degree of coupling is application- and material-specific.
1 · Introduction
Crystal defects and boundaries can disrupt continuous thermal/electrical conductivity, but defect engineering can also create functional sites that enhance conductivity or sensing in selected systems.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: The review's broad statement requires material-specific validation because defects are not uniformly beneficial.
3 · Hydrogen bond-assisted transfer
DFT-based conductivity interpretation is useful for band structure, DOS and orbital contributions, but the review warns that ideal-crystal assumptions can diverge from defect-rich experimental materials.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: Relevant to avoiding overinterpretation of calculated transport pathways in Chapter 1.
5 · Theoretical calculations on the properties of C-MOFs
Electronic conduction is described through ligand-mediated and metal-node-mediated pathways, with spatial, guest and bonding transmission acting through either hopping or band-like regimes.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: The review explicitly notes that distinguishing hopping from band transport can be unclear.
3 · Electron conduction · Fig. 3b-c
The review uses the standard Grotthuss/vehicular distinction: Grotthuss transport is proton hopping along hydrogen-bond networks, whereas vehicular transport is diffusion of protonated carriers such as water, ammonia or other small molecules.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: Real materials may involve both mechanisms simultaneously.
3 · Proton conduction · Fig. 3a
The review highlights a design tension: larger pores can accelerate ion diffusion but may slow electron diffusion, so high porosity can impede long-range electrical conductivity.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: This is a broad structure-property principle and should not be used to rank individual materials without primary evidence.
4 · Coupling of proton conduction, electron conduction and ions conduction
Ion conduction in C-MOFs is governed by pore/channel architecture, surface chemistry, carrier concentration and desolvation, with ordered pores potentially shortening ion-transfer paths and collisions.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: The review does not resolve ion selectivity across all devices.
4 · Ion-conduction · Fig. 4e
Conductivity measurement should be selected according to material form and conductivity range: two-contact methods for low-conductivity MOFs, four-contact methods for high-conductivity materials, and impedance for electrochemical/frequency-dependent studies.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: The review does not deeply discuss pellet anisotropy, contact geometry, or cross-lab standardisation.
2 · Quadruple stylus method; Alternating current impedance
Metal-ion choice and organic-linker functionality tune band structure, charge density and carrier concentration, with the review highlighting iron-based MOFs as comparatively conductive in one multi-MOF study.
Evidence basis: single_reference
Caveat: The cited comparison is a specific set of frameworks, not a universal ranking of metals.
2 · Conductive mechanism
The review presents ML integrated with DFT as a promising route to screen C-MOFs and build mechanism-structure-conductivity-performance models.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: The chapter should frame this as an emerging screening tool, not settled mechanistic proof.
4-5 · Machine learning and theoretical computation
The review's outlook stresses unresolved cross-scale and anisotropic transport, grain-boundary/defect ion behaviour, crystal orientation effects and durability under real operating conditions.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: This is a review-level gap statement rather than a primary result.
8-9 · Conclusion and perspective
Conventional MOFs are often weakly conductive because poor overlap between metal d orbitals and ligand p/pi orbitals limits free carriers and charge-transfer pathways.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: The review generalises across diverse MOF chemistries; primary papers remain necessary for material-specific assignments.
1; 5 · Introduction; Synthesis strategy of conductive MOFs
Proton conduction in C-MOFs is controlled by proton density/mobility, acidic or hydrogen-bonding functional groups, water clusters, pore hydrophilicity and the continuity of hydrogen-bond networks.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: Water-assisted proton conductivity is humidity- and temperature-sensitive and can drop when water evaporates.
2-3 · Proton conduction; Hydrogen bond-assisted transfer · Fig. 4a,c,d
High conductivity alone is insufficient: chemical and mechanical stability under acids, bases, high voltage, water and real operation must be designed alongside transport.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: The review gives design principles but not universal stability rules.
5 · Synthesis strategy of conductive MOFs
Every row remains visibly secondary and links to a primary dossier only where the mapping is verified.
| Material | Property | Reported value | Context and quality | Primary evidence | Review source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SecondaryAg3BHT2 | electrical conductivity | 363 S cm^-1 | liquid-liquid interfacial reaction and powder-pressing method Text · Exact Reported | research_0096 | 6 · Interface-assisted synthesis · Fig. 7d |
| SecondaryCu3(C6O6)2 thin film | electrical conductivity | 92.95 S cm^-1 | edge-on oriented 2D C-MOF thin film prepared by CVD Text · Exact Reported | research_0142 | 6 · Chemical vapor deposition |
| SecondaryCu3(HHTP)2 nanowire arrays | electrical conductivity | 20.9 +/- 2 S m^-1 | dual-temperature CVD on Cu foils Text · Range | research_0774 | 6 · Chemical vapor deposition · Fig. 7c |
| SecondaryCu[Cu(pdt)2] | electrical conductivity | 6 x 10^-4 S cm^-1 | 300 K Text · Exact Reported | research_0201 | 4 · Bond or layer transmission · Fig. 4b |
| SecondaryFJU-82-Co | proton conductivity | 7.40 x 10^-5 S cm^-1 | 60 C and 98% RH Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 3 · Carrier transfer · Fig. 4d |
| SecondaryFJU-82-Zn | proton conductivity | 5.80 x 10^-7 S cm^-1 | comparison point for FJU-82-Co; review context indicates 60 C and 98% RH Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 3 · Carrier transfer · Fig. 4d |
| SecondaryHITP-Ni-NS | planar conductivity | 0.6 S cm^-1 | multilayer sequential stacking nanosheet, 14 nm thickness Text · Exact Reported | research_0094 | 6 · Interface-assisted synthesis · Fig. 7b |
| SecondaryILs@MOF | proton conductivity | 1.89 x 10^-3 S cm^-1 | water-free/anhydrous ionic liquid incorporated MOF conductor Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 7 · Fuel cell · Fig. 8d |
| Secondary(NH4)2(adp)[Zn2(ox)3]-nH2O | proton conductivity | 8 x 10^-3 S cm^-1 | maximum water molecule content / increased humidity Text · Exact Reported | research_0324 | 3 · Hydrogen bond-assisted transfer · Fig. 4a |
| SecondaryM-CAT/LDH/CF composite electrode | specific capacitance | 315.3 F g^-1 | capacitive deionisation composite electrode; compared to CF alone and NiCoCu-LDH/CF Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 8 · Capacitive deionization · Fig. 9b,d |
| SecondaryMIL-101-SO3Na hybrid composite | ionic conductivity | 1.32 x 10^-2 S cm^-1 | 150 C; stable for 30 days Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 4 · Ion-conduction · Fig. 4e |
| SecondaryMOF-808 with zwitterionic sulfamic acid | proton conductivity | 10^-1 S cm^-1 | sulfamic acid confined as proton source and conducting medium; conditions not specified in review excerpt Text · Rounded Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 1 · Introduction |
| SecondaryNi3(hexaaminobenzene)2 / Ni-MOF | electrical conductivity | 0.52 S cm^-1 | conductive Ni-MOF for high-energy sodium-ion hybrid capacitors / CDI context in review Text · Exact Reported | research_0789 | 8 · Capacitive deionization · Fig. 9a |
| SecondaryNi-MOF | electrical conductivity | 0.0017 mS cm^-1 | single-metal comparison to NiCo-MOF Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 5 · Theoretical calculations on the properties of C-MOFs |
| SecondaryNiCo-MOF | electrical conductivity | 0.058 mS cm^-1 | bimetallic NiCo-MOF; compared with Ni-MOF Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 5 · Theoretical calculations on the properties of C-MOFs |
| SecondaryNiPc-Ni bimetallic C-MOF | oxygen evolution overpotential | 300 mV at 10 mA cm^-2 | OER at 10 mA cm^-2; review also reports TOF 1.943 s^-1 at 300 mV Text · Exact Reported | research_0709 | 8 · Electrocatalytic |
| SecondaryTMU-60 | specific capacitance | 530 F g^-1 | pH 3, Na2SO4 electrolyte, current density 7 A g^-1 Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 7 · Supercapacitor |
| SecondaryUiO-66(Zr)-(CO2H)2 | proton conductivity | 2.3 x 10^-3 S cm^-1 | aqueous/water-mediated proton pathway; review also reports Ea = 0.17 eV Text · Exact Reported | research_0236 | 3 · Hydrogen bond-assisted transfer · Fig. 4c |
| SecondaryZr-MOF/PPy composite | electrical conductivity | 14.3 S cm^-1 | post-synthesis conductive PPy loaded on surfaces and limited nanoporous channels Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 5 · Synthesis strategy of conductive MOFs · Fig. 5 |
Open questions are presented as review-author priorities, not conclusions from the primary database.
Conductive-mechanism research needs improved methods that combine ML, molecular dynamics, DFT and in situ/basic characterisation.
Proposed direction: Develop high-throughput computation plus experimental validation to predict topology-conductivity relationships and ion/electron transmission modes.
9 · Conclusion and perspective
Cross-scale transport mechanisms and anisotropy of charge transport remain open problems.
Proposed direction: Study how orientation, morphology, grains and device-scale architecture change proton, ion and electron transport.
9 · Conclusion and perspective
Dynamic structural evolution under practical electrochemical conditions is insufficiently understood, limiting mechanism-structure-property-application relationships.
Proposed direction: Combine in situ/operando characterisation with transport and performance measurements.
1-2 · Introduction
Ion behaviour at grain boundaries and defects has not been specifically explained, despite defects appearing throughout C-MOF systems.
Proposed direction: Resolve grain-boundary and defect contributions using targeted synthesis, microscopy, spectroscopy and transport measurements.
9 · Conclusion and perspective
The distinction between hopping and band transport remains difficult to assign across diverse C-MOFs.
Proposed direction: Use combined structural, spectroscopic, temperature-dependent and theoretical analysis to resolve delocalisation and pathway continuity.
3 · Electron conduction · Fig. 3c
Most reported C-MOFs cannot screen specific ions, reducing ion mobility and complicating CDI/fuel-cell operation.
Proposed direction: Design pores, functional groups and conductive pathways for selective ion transport while suppressing side reactions.
8-9 · Conclusion and perspective
The review states that few studies directly investigate conductive mechanisms and that dominant charge-transport mechanisms/pathways remain incompletely elucidated.
Proposed direction: Use mechanism-focused characterisation to establish mechanism-structure-property-application relationships under practical electrochemical conditions.
1-2 · Introduction · Fig. 2
Water stability, mechanical strength and cycle lifetime are vulnerable under real environments and limit engineering application.
Proposed direction: Identify instability factors and design C-MOFs with conductivity plus acid/alkali resistance, mechanical strength and long operational lifetime.
9 · Conclusion and perspective
Mappings show which printed review references have a verified counterpart in the frozen primary corpus.
| Reference | Study | Role and context | Corpus mapping |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ref. 112016 | Electrically Conductive Porous Metal-Organic Frameworks10.1002/anie.201506219 | conductive_mof_review · structure_property_contextUsed by the review for general conductivity and stability design context. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 162009 | Electroconductive Porous Coordination Polymer Cu[Cu(pdt)2] Composed of Donor and Acceptor Building Units10.1021/ic802117q | historical_development · transport_benchmarkUsed for the early conductive MOF timeline and a bond-transport conductivity benchmark. | research_0201 |
| Ref. 222021 | Recent advances in the development of electronically and ionically conductive metal-organic frameworks10.1016/j.ccr.2021.213915 | conductive_mof_review · mixed_conduction_contextUsed for broad electronically and ionically conductive MOF context. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 282023 | Superprotonic Conductivity of MOFs Confining Zwitterionic Sulfamic Acid as Proton Source and Conducting Medium10.1002/anie.202302376 | transport_benchmark · proton_conductionUsed as a high proton-conductivity benchmark in the review's introductory mechanism discussion. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 342014 | Control of Crystalline Proton-Conducting Pathways by Water-Induced Transformations of Hydrogen-Bonding Networks in a Metal-Organic Framework10.1021/ja5022014 | transport_benchmark · proton_conductionUsed to illustrate water-induced crystalline proton-conducting pathways and humidity-dependent conductivity. | research_0324 |
| Ref. 402016 | Proton Transport in a Highly Conductive Porous Zirconium-Based Metal-Organic Framework: Molecular Insight10.1002/anie.201510855 | transport_benchmark · proton_conduction · modellingUsed for a water-mediated UiO-66 proton pathway, conductivity and activation-energy benchmark. | research_0236 |
| Ref. 642017 | Is iron unique in promoting electrical conductivity in MOFs?10.1039/c7sc00647k | structure_property_context · metal_node_effectsUsed for the review's claim that metal identity affects band structure, conductivity and activation energy. | research_0221 |
| Ref. 742018 | High conductive, long-term durable, anhydrous proton conductive solid-state electrolyte based on a metal-organic framework impregnated with binary ionic liquids: Synthesis, characteristic and effect of anion10.1016/j.jpowsour.2017.11.089 | transport_benchmark · fuel_cell_contextUsed for anhydrous proton-conducting IL@MOF benchmark in fuel-cell context. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 822021 | Missing-Linker 2D Conductive Metal Organic Frameworks for Rapid Gas Detection10.1021/acssensors.0c01933 | defect_engineering · sensor_contextUsed for the review's claim that missing-linker defects can enhance humidity sensing via water adsorption/desorption sites. | research_0475 |
| Ref. 882020 | Isostructural MOFs with Higher Proton Conductivity for Improved Oxygen Evolution Reaction Performance10.1021/acsami.9b23356 | transport_benchmark · proton_conduction · electrocatalysis_contextUsed for carrier-transport proton conductivity benchmarks and OER relevance. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 892016 | Intrinsically conducting metal-organic frameworks10.1557/mrs.2016.241 | electron_conduction · mechanism_taxonomyCited for electron transport pathways in C-MOFs. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1012020 | Combining Ionic Liquids and Sodium Salts into Metal-Organic Framework for High-Performance Ionic Conduction10.1002/celc.201901753 | transport_benchmark · ion_conductionUsed for ionic-liquid/sodium-salt@MOF conductivity benchmark and ion-conduction mechanism figure. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1082024 | Machine Learning-Driven Discovery and Structure-Activity Relationship Analysis of Conductive Metal-Organic Frameworks10.1021/acs.chemmater.4c00229 | machine_learning · screeningUsed for the review's ML/DFT structure-conductivity model discussion. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1112025 | Machine learning prediction of thermodynamic stability and electronic properties of 2D layered conductive metal-organic frameworks10.1063/5.0277611 | machine_learning · electronic_propertiesUsed for ML prediction of formation energies, metal abundance and band-gap classification in EC-MOFs. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1152025 | Conductivity enhancement mechanism and application of NiCo-MOF hollow sphere electrode materials in lithium-ion batteries10.1039/d5nj00121h | transport_benchmark · theoretical_calculation · battery_contextUsed for conductivity benchmark and DFT interpretation of Co-enhanced carrier concentration. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1162024 | Revealing Ion Adsorption and Charging Mechanisms in Layered Metal-Organic Framework Supercapacitors with Solid-State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance10.1021/jacs.4c05330 | supercapacitor_context · ion_adsorptionUsed for NMR/QM-MM/DFT interpretation of ion adsorption and charge storage in Ni3(HITP)2. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1262025 | Highly electrically conductive MOF/conducting polymer nanocomposites toward tunable electromagnetic wave absorption10.1016/j.jmst.2024.03.066 | transport_benchmark · guest_polymer_compositeUsed for the Zr-MOF/PPy composite conductivity benchmark and post-synthetic conductive-polymer strategy. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1322024 | In situ synthesis of self-supporting conductive CuCo-based bimetal organic framework for sensitive nonenzymatic glucose sensing in serum and beverage10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137875 | hydrothermal_synthesis · sensor_contextRepresentative hydrothermal synthesis example for a self-supported conductive bimetallic MOF on carbon cloth. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1472021 | Uniaxially Oriented Electrically Conductive Metal-Organic Framework Nanosheets Assembled at Air/Liquid Interfaces10.1021/acsami.1c16180 | transport_benchmark · interface_synthesis · thin_filmsUsed for air-liquid interface synthesis, uniaxial nanosheet orientation and planar conductivity benchmark. | research_0094 |
| Ref. 1482018 | Highly Conductive 2D Metal-Organic Framework Thin Film Fabricated by Liquid-Liquid Interfacial Reaction Using One-Pot-Synthesized Benzenehexathiol10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b03938 | transport_benchmark · interface_synthesis · thin_filmsUsed for liquid-liquid interfacial synthesis of sulfur-rich highly conductive 2D MOF films. | research_0096 |
| Ref. 1492020 | Solid-solid interface growth of conductive metal-organic framework nanowire arrays and their supercapacitor application10.1039/c9qm00527g | transport_benchmark · cvd_synthesis · supercapacitor_contextUsed for dual-temperature CVD/solid-solid growth and Cu3(HHTP)2 nanowire conductivity benchmark. | research_0774 |
| Ref. 1502017 | Layer-by-Layer Assembled Conductive Metal-Organic Framework Nanofilms for Room-Temperature Chemiresistive Sensing10.1002/anie.201709558 | liquid_phase_epitaxy · thin_films · sensor_contextUsed for layer-by-layer conductive Cu3(HHTP)2 thin-film fabrication and sensing properties. | research_0115 |
| Ref. 1532017 | Three-Dimensional Networked Metal-Organic Frameworks with Conductive Polypyrrole Tubes for Flexible Supercapacitors10.1021/acsami.7b09944 | post_synthesis · guest_polymer_composite · supercapacitor_contextUsed for post-synthetic PPy tube incorporation that improves capacitance and electron transfer. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1622022 | Chemical Vapor Deposition of Edge-on Oriented 2D Conductive Metal-Organic Framework Thin Films10.1021/jacs.2c07135 | transport_benchmark · cvd_synthesis · thin_filmsUsed for CVD thin-film conductivity benchmark. | research_0142 |
| Ref. 1752021 | Effect of Proton Conduction on the Charge Storage Mechanism of a MOF as a Supercapacitor Electrode10.1021/acs.jpcc.1c03690 | transport_benchmark · supercapacitor_context · proton_conductionUsed for proton-conduction effect on supercapacitor charge storage and capacitance benchmark. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1782024 | Humidity-Mediated Dual Ionic-Electronic Conductivity Enables High Sensitivity in MOF Chemiresistors10.1021/jacs.4c05343 | sensor_context · mixed_conduction_contextUsed for humidity-mediated dual ionic-electronic conductivity in MOF chemiresistors. | research_0108 |
| Ref. 1942021 | Structural and electronic modulation of conductive MOFs for efficient oxygen evolution reaction electrocatalysis10.1039/d1ta01970h | transport_benchmark · electrocatalysis_contextUsed for electronic-structure modulation and OER overpotential/TOF benchmark. | research_0709 |
| Ref. 1992021 | Conductive Metal-Organic Framework for High Energy Sodium-Ion Hybrid Capacitors10.1021/acsaem.0c02758 | transport_benchmark · capacitive_deionisation_context · sodium_storageUsed for Ni-MOF conductivity, sodium-ion transport/storage and Fig. 9 structural characterisation. | research_0789 |
| Ref. 2002025 | Elaborate Designed Three-Dimensional Hierarchical Conductive MOF/LDH/CF Nanoarchitectures for Superior Capacitive Deionization10.1002/anie.202420295 | transport_benchmark · capacitive_deionisation_context · hybrid_electrodeUsed for hierarchical conductive MOF/LDH/CF CDI electrode and capacitance benchmark. | Unmapped |