Thi Anh Le, Nguyen Duy Hai, Thuy Tien Nguyen Tran, Kieu The Loan Trinh and Ngoc Quang Tran · ChemComm · 2025
Review recent progress in conductive MOF electrocatalysts by linking synthesis strategies, electronic structure, charge-transport mechanisms, and catalytic behaviour in HER, OER, ORR, NRR, and CO2RR.
The review’s argument is preserved as a navigable set of section summaries.
Connects c-MOF transport and structure design to HER, OER, ORR, NRR, CO2RR and seawater electrolysis, with examples from extended conjugation, bimetallic/guest modification and derived catalysts.
Relevance: Core · 13552 · 4. Conductive MOFs as electrocatalysts
Explains electronic and ionic conductivity in electrocatalysis, identifies five major c-MOF charge-transport pathways, and discusses electronic-structure roles of metal nodes and ligand families.
Relevance: Core · 13545 · 2.1. The concept of conductivity in MOFs
Defines MOFs, introduces why insulating MOFs struggle in electrocatalysis, and frames c-MOFs as promising but still limited by synthesis control and long-term stability.
Relevance: Core · 13544 · 1. Introduction
Summarises the promise of c-MOF electrocatalysts and lists explicit gaps in scalable linker synthesis, morphology control, practical performance, durability, multi-metallic structures and redox-active organic linkers.
Relevance: Core · 13557 · 5. Summary and perspectives
Surveys conventional and alternative MOF synthesis approaches, then organises structural modification around through-bond, extended-conjugation, through-space, redox-hopping, and guest-promoted pathways.
Relevance: Core · 13547 · 3. Strategies for synthesis and mechanisms
Classification systems are attributed to this review and are not treated as a global material registry.
Dimensionality is used to compare active-site exposure, diffusion paths, delocalised in-plane transport, film formation and stability tradeoffs.
Categories: 3D frameworks · 2D layers and nanosheets · planarly extended 2D structures · vertically conductive 2D structures
13553 · 4. Conductive MOFs as electrocatalysts · Fig. 5
Electrocatalysis is treated as requiring both electron transport through the catalyst/electrode and ion transport in the electrolyte and reaction environment.
Categories: electronic conduction by electrons or holes · ionic conduction by electrolyte ions · mixed electronic and ionic requirements at interfaces
13545 · 2.1. The concept of conductivity in MOFs
Guest-promoted transport is grouped by guest type and by the interactions that create additional charge-transfer paths or tune intermediates.
Categories: metal ions · metal nanoclusters · metal oxides · organic molecules · halogens · conducting polymers
13555 · 4. Conductive MOFs as electrocatalysts · Fig. 10
Organic ligands are classified by coordinating functional group, with each family influencing morphology, porosity, charge transfer and stability.
Categories: carboxylic acid linkers · phosphonic acid linkers · N-heterocyclic linkers · cyanide linkers · mixed functional groups
13546 · 2.2. Electronic structure of conductive MOFs
The review highlights valence state, d-orbital configuration, atomic size and electronegativity as node-level variables affecting ligand interaction, morphology and conductivity.
Categories: monovalent metal cations · divalent metal cations · trivalent metal cations · tetravalent metal cations
13545 · 2.2. Electronic structure of conductive MOFs
The review organises c-MOF design by five routes through which synthesis and structural modification can enhance conductivity and electrocatalytic behaviour.
Categories: through-bond pathways · extended conjugation · through-space pathways · redox hopping · guest-promoted transport
13544 · 1. Introduction
Review-defined families retain their representative materials and conduction descriptions.
MOFs built from carboxylate linkers, including BDC and related aliphatic or aromatic carboxylates.
Conduction: Often limited by metal-oxygen orbital overlap but useful as a platform for active-site reconstruction and benchmarking.
Representative materials: MOF-5 · Ni-BDC MOF · M2(m-dobdc)
Nodes / linkers: Zn · Ni · Mg · Mn · Fe · Co · 1,4-benzenedicarboxylate · m-dobdc · aromatic carboxylates
13546 · 2.2. Electronic structure of conductive MOFs
Sulfur- or oxygen-coordinated conductive frameworks using benzenehexathiolate, catecholate, or related linkers.
Conduction: Strong metal-ligand interactions and bimetallic or guest-metal sites tune charge transfer and adsorption energetics.
Representative materials: BHT-Ni · BHT-Fe · BHT-Co · Ag-BHT MOF · Co-CAT · RuCo-CAT
Nodes / linkers: Ni · Fe · Co · Ag · Ru · Ir · Rh · benzenehexathiolate · catecholate
13553 · 4. Conductive MOFs as electrocatalysts
Layered 2D p-d conjugated frameworks built from triphenylene-derived linkers and transition-metal nodes.
Conduction: Planar p-d conjugation and interlayer stacking provide high electronic conductivity and accessible active sites.
Representative materials: Ni3(HITP)2 · Co3(HITP)2 · Ni5.7Ru0.3(HHTP)3(H2O)x · CoFe-HHTP
Nodes / linkers: Ni · Co · Ru · Fe · HITP · HHTP · triphenylene derivatives
13548 · 3.2. Extended conjugation
MOFs using phosphonate linkers with multiple oxygen binding sites and strong coordination possibilities.
Conduction: The review emphasises coordination environment, mixed valence and binding interactions more than intrinsic conductivity benchmarks.
Representative materials: Cu3[(H-hedp)2(C4H4N2)]*2H2O · Cu3[(H3-hedp)2(C4H4N2)4(SO4)]*2H2O · STA-12(Ni)
Nodes / linkers: Cu · Ni · diphosphonate · N,N'-piperazine-bis(methylenephosphonate)
13546 · 2.2. Electronic structure of conductive MOFs
Extended conjugated macrocycle-based frameworks in which metal phthalocyanine or porphyrin units contribute active sites and delocalisation.
Conduction: Macrocyclic conjugation and pi-pi overlap improve charge transport and tune CO2RR/ORR/NRR intermediates.
Representative materials: MPc-based frameworks · PCN-223-Fe · PCN-224-Ni(F) · PcCu-Cu-O
Nodes / linkers: Fe · Ni · Cu · Zr · phthalocyanine · porphyrin · TCPP
13548 · 3.2. Extended conjugation
Through-bond conductive MOFs in which metal-oxygen chains are replaced or modified by stronger metal-sulfur or metal-nitrogen interactions.
Conduction: Improved orbital overlap through Fe-S chains reduces barriers relative to oxygen-based analogues.
Representative materials: Fe2(DSBDC) · Fe2(DOBDC) · Mg2(DSBDC)
Nodes / linkers: Fe · Mg · disulfhydrylbenzene dicarboxylate · dihydroxybenzene dicarboxylate
13547 · 3.1. Through-bond pathways · Fig. 3
MOFs using polycyclic ligands such as truxone or triptycene to control p-d conjugation, stacking geometry and active-site exposure.
Conduction: Ligand conjugation and controlled interlayer interactions can promote electron delocalisation while preserving access to CO2RR active sites.
Representative materials: truxone-Cu MOF · 2D-vc-MOF(Cu)
Nodes / linkers: Cu · hexahydroxyl truxone · hexahydroxyltriptycene
13549 · 3.3. Through-space pathways · Fig. 5
Zirconium UiO-66 based materials modified with redox-active Ir sites and conductive carbon nanotubes.
Conduction: Ir supplies redox-hopping sites while CNTs improve electronic conduction.
Representative materials: Ir-UiO-66-10CNT · Ir-functionalized UiO-66 · UiO-66-CNT
Nodes / linkers: Zr · Ir · UiO-66 carboxylate framework · carbon nanotube support
13550 · 3.4. Redox hopping · Fig. 7
Review-level synthesis principles remain separate from primary-study recipes.
Combines different metal centres to tune adsorption strength, d-band position, redox-active sites and catalytic synergy.
Claimed effects: Can improve electrical conductivity and catalytic activity through synergistic electronic and structural effects.
Controlling variables: metal ratio · redox-active site identity · coordination environment · intermediate adsorption strength
Representative materials: Ni0.5Fe0.5-THQ · CoFe-HHTP · RuCo-CAT
Caveat: The review notes multi-metallic MOF stability as a drawback and calls for more work on multi-metallic c-MOFs.
13555 · 4. Conductive MOFs as electrocatalysts
Applies potentials to generate metal ions or deprotonated ligands that assemble into MOFs on an electrode surface.
Claimed effects: Directly forms MOFs on electrodes and can improve electrode integration.
Controlling variables: applied potential · metal-ion generation · ligand deprotonation · electrode surface
Representative materials: electrode-grown MOFs
Caveat: Suitability depends on target framework and electrochemical window.
13547 · 3. Strategies for synthesis and mechanisms
Combines transition-metal sites with chelating conjugated organic cores to form in-plane conjugated layers.
Claimed effects: Enhances delocalisation, charge transport and electrocatalytic active-site electronic structure.
Controlling variables: linker conjugation length · metal centre · stacking orientation · pi-pi overlap
Representative materials: Ni3(HITP)2 · Co3(HITP)2 · truxone-Cu MOF
Caveat: Compact stacking can block active sites even while aiding through-space interactions.
13548 · 3.2. Extended conjugation
Places inorganic, molecular, halogen or polymer guests inside pores or voids to add carriers, donor-acceptor transfer or new conductive paths.
Claimed effects: Tailors electronic structure, active-site environment, selectivity and stability.
Controlling variables: guest type · host-guest interaction · pore confinement · polymerisation · charge-transfer path
Representative materials: Ag-incorporated UiO-66 · I2-modified ZIF-67 · polymer-modified MOFs
Caveat: Guest effects are diverse and can depend on swelling, unwanted side reactions and host compatibility.
13550 · 3.5. Guest-promoted transport
Replaces weak metal-oxygen chains with metal-sulfur or metal-nitrogen coordination to improve orbital overlap.
Claimed effects: Improves charge transport by strengthening metal-ligand electronic coupling.
Controlling variables: donor atom · metal-ligand orbital overlap · band alignment · linker identity
Representative materials: Fe2(DSBDC) · Fe2(DOBDC)
Caveat: Improved transport can also alter intermediate binding and product selectivity.
13547 · 3.1. Through-bond pathways
Uses electromagnetic heating or acoustic cavitation to accelerate MOF formation.
Claimed effects: Offers faster kinetics and potentially higher selectivity relative to conventional solvothermal synthesis.
Controlling variables: microwave power · ultrasonic cavitation · reaction time · temperature
Representative materials: MOFs prepared by microwave synthesis · MOFs prepared by ultrasonic synthesis
Caveat: Benefits depend on desired structure and available instrumentation.
13547 · 3. Strategies for synthesis and mechanisms
Introduces redox-active sites and conductive components so electron hopping, electronic conduction and ion diffusion cooperate during catalysis.
Claimed effects: Can produce strong electrocatalysis even when the MOF's intrinsic band-like conductivity is moderate.
Controlling variables: redox-active metal site · support conductivity · porosity · ion diffusion
Representative materials: Ir-UiO-66-10CNT
Caveat: Mechanistic evaluation remains difficult and may require diffusion or hopping-coefficient analysis.
13550 · 3.4. Redox hopping · Fig. 7
Uniformly mixes metal salts and organic ligands in solvent, then heats, filters and dries to obtain MOFs; supports such as nickel foam or carbon cloth can be used.
Claimed effects: Can tune morphology and electronic structure but may require high energy, long reaction times and large solvent volumes.
Controlling variables: precursor concentration · temperature · pressure · solvent · support
Representative materials: general MOFs · supported MOF electrocatalysts
Caveat: The review treats this as a general synthesis route, not as a primary recipe.
13546 · 3. Strategies for synthesis and mechanisms
Deposits or epitaxially grows MOF layers when electrode contact, film formation or substrate integration is central.
Claimed effects: Enables thin-film MOF electrodes and improves contact with current collectors.
Controlling variables: substrate · deposition method · layer-by-layer sequence · film thickness
Representative materials: thin-film MOFs · 2D c-MOF films
Caveat: The review gives strategy-level context rather than detailed deposition conditions.
13547 · 3. Strategies for synthesis and mechanisms
Modulates pi-pi stacking geometry or vertical extension so adjacent conjugated units support electronic hopping without overly blocking reactant access.
Claimed effects: Can improve mobility and electrochemical behaviour by increasing delocalised electron overlap and active-site accessibility.
Controlling variables: stacking geometry · interlayer interaction · exfoliation · active-site exposure
Representative materials: Co-BTC-IMI · 2D-vc-MOF(Cu)
Caveat: The review explicitly warns that excessive compact pi-pi stacking hinders active-site exposure.
13549 · 3.3. Through-space pathways
These are the review authors’ synthesis, not newly measured results.
2D c-MOF analogues are presented as favourable for electrocatalysis because exfoliated layers expose more active sites, shorten diffusion paths, support delocalised in-plane transport and form better electrode films.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: The review does not claim all 2D MOFs outperform all 3D MOFs; it frames a general advantage set.
13553 · 4. Conductive MOFs as electrocatalysts
Bimetallic incorporation in c-MOFs is framed as a route to tune d-band centres, adsorption energies, charge transfer and bifunctional HER/OER activity.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: The introduction notes instability as a major drawback of multi-metallic MOFs, so performance and durability must be separated.
13555 · 4. Conductive MOFs as electrocatalysts
Extended p-d conjugation produces graphene-like delocalisation in 2D c-MOF layers and is central to many electrocatalytic examples.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: Layer stacking, defects and measurement geometry still influence observed conductivity.
13548 · 3.2. Extended conjugation
The review adopts five design pathways for conductive MOFs: through-bond, extended conjugation, through-space, redox hopping and guest-promoted transport.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: The five-way taxonomy is a useful review framework, not a claim that mechanisms are always separable in real electrodes.
13547 · 3. Strategies for synthesis and mechanisms · Fig. 2
Guest species can extrinsically enhance conductivity and catalysis by adding charge carriers, donor-acceptor interactions or additional conductive pathways.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: Guest incorporation may affect morphology, stability and selectivity in different directions depending on host-guest chemistry.
13555 · 4. Conductive MOFs as electrocatalysts · Fig. 10
Conventional insulating MOFs have attractive porosity and tunability but often fail in electrocatalysis because weak coordination bonds and poor electronic conductivity limit stability and charge transfer.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: The review summarises multiple sources and does not provide new measurements.
13543 · 1. Introduction
Efficient electrolysis requires both electronic conduction through the catalyst/electrode and ionic conduction in the electrolyte to maintain charge neutrality and deliver reactants.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: The review frames this generally rather than resolving measurement protocols for mixed conduction.
13545 · 2.1. The concept of conductivity in MOFs
In situ and operando measurements are needed to identify intermediates, monitor reconstruction and interpret catalytic mechanisms in unstable aqueous c-MOF electrodes.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: The review names methods but does not prescribe a standard protocol.
13557 · 5. Summary and perspectives
Metal-node identity and ligand donor atoms influence conductivity through orbital overlap, band alignment and electronic configuration.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: Specific trends are material-dependent and often supported by DFT in the cited examples.
13545 · 2.2. Electronic structure of conductive MOFs
The review repeatedly cautions that c-MOF electrocatalysts remain below practical industrial requirements for current density and long-term durability.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: Industrial targets are discussed as context; primary validation should use the original industrial or primary-catalyst sources.
13557 · 5. Summary and perspectives
Redox hopping differs from band-like transport because charges are localised and hop between redox-active moieties; temperature, porosity and ion diffusion can control performance.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: The review states that thoroughly evaluating redox-hopping mechanisms remains difficult.
13550 · 3.4. Redox hopping · Fig. 6
Replacing oxygen-linked chains with sulfur or nitrogen coordination can improve through-bond conductivity by strengthening metal-ligand overlap.
Evidence basis: single_reference
Caveat: Fe2(DSBDC) is used as a representative mechanistic example.
13547 · 3.1. Through-bond pathways
Through-space stacking can enhance electron mobility, but excessive pi-pi stacking can hide active sites and reduce electrocatalytic performance.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: This is especially relevant when comparing planarly extended and vertically conductive 2D structures.
13549 · 3.3. Through-space pathways
Every row remains visibly secondary and links to a primary dossier only where the mapping is verified.
| Material | Property | Reported value | Context and quality | Primary evidence | Review source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SecondaryAg-benzenehexathiol MOF nanowire arrays | HER overpotential | 275 mV at 1 A cm^-2 | HER; current density 1 A cm^-2 Text · Exact Reported | research_0085 | 13554 · 4. Conductive MOFs as electrocatalysts · Fig. 9 |
| SecondaryAg-benzenehexathiol MOF nanowire arrays | HER Tafel slope | 66 mV dec^-1 | HER; conductive Ag-BHT MOF arrays Text · Exact Reported | research_0085 | 13554 · 4. Conductive MOFs as electrocatalysts · Fig. 9 |
| SecondaryCo3(HITP)2 | OER overpotential | 254 mV vs. RHE at 10 mA cm^-2 | alkaline solution; current density 10 mA cm^-2 Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 13553 · 4. Conductive MOFs as electrocatalysts · Fig. 8 |
| SecondaryCo3(HITP)2 | electrical conductivity | 1150 S m^-1 | 2D p-d conjugated MOF; review comparison with holey graphene Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 13553 · 4. Conductive MOFs as electrocatalysts · Fig. 8 |
| SecondaryCo3(HITP)2 | OER Tafel slope | 86.5 mV dec^-1 | alkaline OER Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 13553 · 4. Conductive MOFs as electrocatalysts · Fig. 8 |
| SecondaryCoFe-MIL-88A/V2CTx heterostructure | NRR faradaic efficiency | 28.86% at -0.1 V vs. RHE | NRR under environmental conditions; -0.1 V vs. RHE Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 13556 · 4. Conductive MOFs as electrocatalysts |
| SecondaryNi3(Ni3-HAHATN)2 nanosheets | HER overpotential | 115 mV at 10 mA cm^-2 | HER; current density 10 mA cm^-2 Text · Exact Reported | research_0513 | 13554 · 4. Conductive MOFs as electrocatalysts · Fig. 8 |
| SecondaryNi3(Ni3-HAHATN)2 nanosheets | HER Tafel slope | 45.6 mV dec^-1 | HER Text · Exact Reported | research_0513 | 13554 · 4. Conductive MOFs as electrocatalysts · Fig. 8 |
| SecondaryNi3(HITAT)2 | bulk conductivity | 44 mS cm^-1 | temperature-activated charge transport Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 13554 · 4. Conductive MOFs as electrocatalysts |
| SecondaryNi3(HITBim)2 | bulk conductivity | 0.5 mS cm^-1 | temperature-activated charge transport Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 13554 · 4. Conductive MOFs as electrocatalysts |
| SecondaryNi3(HITP)2 surface film | electrical conductivity | 40 S cm^-1 | two-probe and van der Pauw measurements; surface film form Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 13549 · 3.2. Extended conjugation |
| SecondaryNi3(HITP)2 on gas diffusion electrode | ORR current density | 1200 mA cm^-2 | ORR; supported on gas diffusion electrode Text · Exact Reported | research_0836 | 13554 · 4. Conductive MOFs as electrocatalysts |
| SecondaryNi3(HITP)2 pellet | electrical conductivity | 2 S cm^-1 | two-probe and van der Pauw measurements; pellet form Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 13549 · 3.2. Extended conjugation |
| SecondaryFeNi-MOF | OER overpotential | 270 mV at 50 mA cm^-2 | OER; current density 50 mA cm^-2 Text · Exact Reported | research_0071 | 13555 · 4. Conductive MOFs as electrocatalysts |
| SecondaryFeNi-MOF | OER Tafel slope | 49 mV dec^-1 | OER Text · Exact Reported | research_0071 | 13555 · 4. Conductive MOFs as electrocatalysts |
| SecondaryNi-Co-CoO@C nanocomposites from Ni-exchanged ZIF-67 | alkaline seawater electrolysis cell voltage | 1.72 V at 20 mA cm^-2 | bifunctional alkaline seawater electrolysis; current density 20 mA cm^-2 Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 13557 · 4. Conductive MOFs as electrocatalysts |
Open questions are presented as review-author priorities, not conclusions from the primary database.
Current c-MOF electrocatalyst durability is inadequate because crystalline c-MOF surfaces can hydrolyse during aqueous electrocatalysis.
Proposed direction: Monitor reconstruction and develop stabilisation strategies that preserve catalytic function under high polarisation.
13557 · 5. Summary and perspectives
Controlling c-MOF morphology and composition is more challenging than for insulating MOFs because conductivity affects crystal growth and stability.
Proposed direction: Design nanostructured c-MOFs with abundant exposed active sites and understand their formation mechanisms.
13557 · 5. Summary and perspectives
Structure engineering that simultaneously improves activity and stability is rarely reported for c-MOFs; current research is still focused mainly on single-metal systems.
Proposed direction: Construct multi-metallic c-MOFs to modulate coordination environments and exploit synergistic redox-active metal sites.
13558 · 5. Summary and perspectives
Surface intermediates, reconstruction pathways and catalytic mechanisms remain insufficiently resolved for operating c-MOF electrodes.
Proposed direction: Use in situ XAS, operando EIS, in situ Raman and in situ IR to identify intermediates and reaction pathways.
13557 · 5. Summary and perspectives
State-of-the-art c-MOF electrocatalysts remain below practical water-splitting targets for current density and lifespan.
Proposed direction: Correlate chemical structure, transport mechanisms and catalytic performance using more rigorous primary studies and practical test conditions.
13557 · 5. Summary and perspectives
Introducing redox-active organic ligands to tune c-MOF electronic structure is highly desired but challenging.
Proposed direction: Explore mixed-conjugated, defect-engineered and functionalised linker strategies for electrocatalytic activity.
13558 · 5. Summary and perspectives
Scalable c-MOF synthesis is obstructed by complex, low-yield and poorly soluble p-conjugated linkers.
Proposed direction: Develop facile, cost-effective synthesis routes and new p-conjugated planar linkers suitable for industrially scalable c-MOF electrocatalysts.
13557 · 5. Summary and perspectives
Mappings show which printed review references have a verified counterpart in the frozen primary corpus.
| Reference | Study | Role and context | Corpus mapping |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ref. 112024 | Title unavailable | stability · in_situ_reconstructionUsed by the review as an example of ligand-engineered ZIFs preserving structure by in situ formation of protective oxyhydroxide during OER. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 192020 | Title unavailable | transport_mechanism · review_frameworkCited for the idea that hopping is common in MOFs and for distinctions among conduction mechanisms including redox and guest-promoted pathways. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 202023 | Title unavailable | transport_benchmark · extended_conjugationUsed for conductivity comparison of two ligand-engineered 2D c-MOFs and the role of linker electron-density distribution. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 442024 | Title unavailable | metal_node_effect · hybrid_conductivityCited for a comparative MOF@MXene series where Ni participation improved electrochemical behaviour, density of states and stability. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 602020 | Title unavailable | transport_taxonomy · review_frameworkCited as the source for classifying MOF design into five primary charge-transport pathways. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 632015 | Title unavailable | through_bond · mechanism_benchmarkUsed for sulfur-enabled through-bond conduction and comparison of Fe2(DSBDC) with oxygen-linked analogues. | research_0063 |
| Ref. 682014 | Title unavailable | transport_benchmark · extended_conjugationUsed as the foundational Ni3(HITP)2 example for 2D extended-conjugation conductivity values. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 792023 | Title unavailable | through_space · co2rrUsed for vertically conductive 2D Cu MOFs where weaker interlayer interaction exposes sites for CO2RR intermediates. | research_0740 |
| Ref. 822022 | Title unavailable | redox_hopping · oerUsed for Ir redox-hopping sites in UiO-66-CNT nanocomposites during OER. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 852024 | Title unavailable | guest_promoted_transport · review_frameworkCited for classification and mechanisms of guest-promoted transport in MOFs. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 902024 | Title unavailable | nrr_benchmark · heterostructureUsed for NRR selectivity and ammonia-yield values from a bimetallic MOF/MXene heterostructure. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1202020 | Title unavailable | oer_benchmark · transport_benchmarkUsed for Co3(HITP)2 OER overpotential, Tafel slope and conductivity in alkaline solution. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1222023 | Title unavailable | bimetallic · oerUsed for bimetallic THQ c-MOFs where Ni/Fe ratio tunes d-band centre, intermediate adsorption and OER performance. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1402018 | Title unavailable | her · bht_frameworksUsed for BHT coordination frameworks and their HER activity linked to proton/electron transfer and active-site population. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1442015 | Title unavailable | her · linker_comparisonUsed for a HER comparison where BHT-Co outperformed THT-Co due to conjugated ligands and active-site quality. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1462020 | Title unavailable | her_benchmark · extended_conjugationUsed for HER overpotential and Tafel slope of extended-conjugation HAHATN nanosheets with metal-N2 motifs. | research_0513 |
| Ref. 1472022 | Title unavailable | orr_benchmark · mass_transportUsed for high ORR current density and mass-activity comparison of Ni3(HITP)2 on a gas-diffusion electrode. | research_0836 |
| Ref. 1492024 | Title unavailable | her_benchmark · nanowire_arraysUsed for conductive Ag-BHT nanowire arrays with high-current HER overpotential and Tafel benchmark. | research_0085 |
| Ref. 1542017 | Title unavailable | oer_benchmark · metal_dopingUsed for Fe doping in Ni-based MOFs and resulting OER overpotential/Tafel benchmark. | research_0071 |
| Ref. 1552023 | Title unavailable | bifunctional_water_splitting · bimetallicUsed for second-metal incorporation in Co-catecholate full-cell water splitting catalysts. | research_0596 |
| Ref. 1562025 | Title unavailable | bimetallic · oer_stabilityUsed for bimetallic CoFe-HHTP nanorods with atomically dispersed Co-O6 and Fe-O6 sites and improved OER stability. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1572021 | Title unavailable | co2rr_selectivity · guest_interactionUsed for PcCu incorporation enhancing CO2-to-C2H4 selectivity through CuPc/CuO4 synergistic adsorption sites. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1642025 | Title unavailable | oer · ligand_effectUsed for ligand and Co-dopant effects on Fe-MOF OER activity, including mixed BDC/FDCA ligand optimisation. | research_0398 |
| Ref. 1682024 | Title unavailable | seawater_electrolysis · derived_catalystUsed as a seawater electrolysis example where a MOF-derived nanocomposite acts as a bifunctional catalyst. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1692024 | Title unavailable | seawater_electrolysis · amorphization · stabilityUsed for amorphisation of crystalline MOFs into nanocrystalline 2D sheet-like structures with OER selectivity over chloride evolution. | Unmapped |