Ruofan Li, Xiaoli Yan, Long Chen · Organic Materials · 2024
To review design principles, synthesis strategies, charge-transport structure-property links and electrochemical energy applications of two-dimensional conductive metal-organic frameworks, with emphasis on supercapacitors, metal batteries and electrocatalysis.
The review’s argument is preserved as a navigable set of section summaries.
Frames HER, OER, ORR and CO2RR catalysis around dense active sites, adjustable metal-linker electronics and bimetallic/doped frameworks.
Relevance: Supporting · p016 · 2D c-MOFs for Electrochemical Energy Conversion
Explains metal-linker coordination motifs, ligand geometry, topology, stacking and non-planar ligand strategies as levers for charge transport and pore architecture.
Relevance: Core · p003 · Design Principles of 2D c-MOFs
Defines 2D c-MOFs as graphene-like crystalline materials built from conjugated ortho-substituted ligands and metal ions, and positions them against conventional low-conductivity MOFs.
Relevance: Core · p001 · Introduction
Surveys 2D c-MOFs in lithium-, sodium-, zinc-, sodium-iodine, lithium-sulfur and potassium-ion batteries, highlighting redox sites, ion channels, host-guest binding, stability and morphology effects.
Relevance: Core · p008 · Lithium-Ion Batteries
Synthesises consensus and gaps: limited structural diversity, bulk-powder transport losses, need for controlled films/nanosheets, deeper charge-storage mechanisms and application-specific property optimisation.
Relevance: Core · p019 · Conclusions and Outlook
Reviews EDLC and pseudocapacitive mechanisms, conductivity and surface-area requirements, and representative 2D c-MOF electrodes and nanosheet micro-supercapacitors.
Relevance: Core · p005 · Supercapacitors
Organises synthesis into bottom-up construction and top-down exfoliation, including solvothermal, interfacial, surfactant-assisted, on-surface and ball-milling/sonication routes.
Relevance: Core · p004 · Synthesis of 2D c-MOFs
Classification systems are attributed to this review and are not treated as a global material registry.
The review groups 2D c-MOF linkages into three main coordination motifs that mediate metal d-orbital to ligand pi-orbital coupling.
Categories: MO4 metal-bis(dioxolane) · MN4 metal-bis(diamine) · MS4 metal-bis(dithiolene)
p003 · Design Principles of 2D c-MOFs
The conversion section groups 2D c-MOF electrocatalysis by reaction class and active-site design.
Categories: HER · OER · ORR · CO2RR
p016 · 2D c-MOFs for Electrochemical Energy Conversion
The article's structure organises application evidence into storage devices and gas-involved energy conversion reactions.
Categories: supercapacitors · metal batteries · electrocatalysis
p001 · Abstract
Figure 2 explicitly separates reported ligands into planar and non-planar sets; the text links non-planar precursors to solubility and synthesis advantages.
Categories: planar ligands · non-planar ligands
p003 · Design Principles of 2D c-MOFs · Figure 2
The review maps stacking mode to band structure, electronic properties and pore-channel geometry.
Categories: AA eclipsed · AA inclined parallel · staggered AB
p003 · Design Principles of 2D c-MOFs
The review distinguishes surface ion adsorption from redox-based storage and later subdivides pseudocapacitance by reaction location.
Categories: electric double-layer capacitors · pseudocapacitors · surface pseudocapacitance · intercalation pseudocapacitance
p005 · Supercapacitors
The synthesis section separates direct framework construction from exfoliation of preformed bulk materials into nanosheets.
Categories: bottom-up synthesis · top-down exfoliation
p004 · Synthesis of 2D c-MOFs
Linker symmetry and size are used to rationalise the primary network types and their pore dimensions.
Categories: triangle lattice · square lattice · hexagonal lattice
p003 · Design Principles of 2D c-MOFs
Review-defined families retain their representative materials and conduction descriptions.
Cu-based 2D c-MOFs incorporating catechol, quinone, pyrazine or extended aromatic redox units.
Conduction: Redox-active ligands plus Cu coordination nodes combine electronic conductivity with faradaic storage sites.
Representative materials: Cu-DBC · Cu-TBC · Cu-THQ · TPQG-Cu-MOF · Cu-HATN · Cu-TBPQ
Nodes / linkers: Cu · dibenzochrysene-octaol · tribenzocoronene · benzoquinoid · pyrazine · HATN · anthraquinone
p010 · Lithium-Ion Batteries
2D c-MOFs using metal-bis(dithiolene) or thiolate coordination to increase delocalisation and conductivity.
Conduction: Metal-sulfur conjugation supports strong d-p coupling and high electronic conductivity.
Representative materials: THTNi · Cu-BHT
Nodes / linkers: Ni · Cu · triphenylenehexathiol · benzenehexathiolate
p009 · Lithium-Ion Batteries
2D c-MOFs using hexaaminobenzene-type ligands to create dense redox centres and pseudocapacitive or battery-active sites.
Conduction: Small conjugated HAB linkers and metal nodes enable dense active-site packing and ligand-centred redox transport.
Representative materials: Ni-HAB · Cu-HAB · Co-HAB · NiHAB
Nodes / linkers: Ni · Cu · Co · hexaaminobenzene
p005 · Supercapacitors
Frameworks obtained from non-planar pi-conjugated ligand precursors that become planar or fully conjugated during synthesis.
Conduction: Designed to retain extended conjugation while improving precursor solubility and structural diversity.
Representative materials: tetraphenylbenzene-based 2D c-MOFs · Salphen-derived 2D c-MOFs · bis-carbazole ligand frameworks
Nodes / linkers: various transition metals · octahydroxyl tetraphenylbenzene derivatives · metallosalphen · bis-carbazole
p003 · Design Principles of 2D c-MOFs
D2-symmetry phthalocyanine or polyphthalocyanine 2D frameworks used for nanosheets, electrocatalysis and halogen batteries.
Conduction: Planar macrocycles and metal-oxygen/nitrogen coordination produce conjugated networks with tunable catalytic and transport properties.
Representative materials: Ni2[CuPc(NH)8] · Fe2-O8-PcCu · NiPc-MOF · PcCu-O8-Co · PcCu-O8-Zn
Nodes / linkers: Ni · Cu · Co · Fe · Zn · phthalocyanine · polyphthalocyanine
p003 · Design Principles of 2D c-MOFs
2D c-MOFs built from triphenylene-type ortho-functionalised ligands coordinated to transition metals.
Conduction: Extended in-plane conjugation and stacked layers support electronic transport while channels mediate ion access.
Representative materials: Ni3(HITP)2 · Ni3(HHTP)2 · Cu3(HHTP)2 · Zn-HHTP · Cu-HHTP
Nodes / linkers: Ni · Cu · Zn · HITP · HHTP · HHB-related catechol/imine linkers
p001 · Introduction
Review-level synthesis principles remain separate from primary-study recipes.
Liquid-liquid, liquid-air or solid-air interfacial growth to fabricate 2D c-MOF films with tunable thickness.
Claimed effects: Controls thickness and number of layers; thin films expose more active sites and can enhance conductivity relative to powders.
Controlling variables: interface type · reaction time · metal and ligand concentration · substrate
Representative materials: Cu3(HHTP)2 film · Ni3(HITP)2/PP membrane
Caveat: Mechanical strength and controlled lateral size remain outlook challenges.
p004 · Synthesis of 2D c-MOFs
Surface-pressure assisted assembly of ultrathin 2D c-MOF sheets for electrocatalysis.
Claimed effects: Produces single-layer sheets with abundant exposed catalytic moieties.
Controlling variables: air-water interface · surface pressure · transfer substrate · metal-linker chemistry
Representative materials: THTNi sheets
Caveat: Discussed for electrocatalysis, not as a general scalable energy-storage route.
p016 · 2D c-MOFs for Electrochemical Energy Conversion
Uses soluble non-planar pi-conjugated precursors that become planar or fully conjugated through Scholl reaction or metal coordination-induced planarisation.
Claimed effects: Broadens ligand diversity and addresses poor solubility of large planar pi-systems.
Controlling variables: non-planar linker design · oxidative cyclodehydrogenation · metal coordination pocket · solubility
Representative materials: tetraphenylbenzene-derived 2D c-MOFs · Salphen-derived 2D c-MOFs
Caveat: Presented as a newer direction rather than a mature universal route.
p003 · Design Principles of 2D c-MOFs
Direct coordination of metal ions and organic ligands to form bulk powders or related crystalline products.
Claimed effects: Low-cost and adjustable route for obtaining desired 2D c-MOF products.
Controlling variables: metal source · organic ligand · solvent · temperature · reaction conditions
Representative materials: bulk 2D c-MOF powders · Cu-THQ · Cu-BHT
Caveat: Bulk powder products often have buried active sites, grain boundaries and hindered ion diffusion.
p004 · Synthesis of 2D c-MOFs
One-pot solution ultrasonication of organic ligands, metal sources and surfactant to form 2D c-MOF nanosheets without top-down exfoliation.
Claimed effects: Produces ultrathin crystalline nanosheets with higher accessible surface area and active-site utilisation.
Controlling variables: surfactant · ultrasonication · metal source · ligand · solution conditions
Representative materials: HHB-Cu NSs · HHB-Ni NSs · HHTP-Cu NSs
Caveat: The review still identifies controlled thickness and lateral size as general challenges.
p005 · Synthesis of 2D c-MOFs
Bulk 2D c-MOFs are exfoliated into single- or few-layer nanosheets using sonication or ball milling.
Claimed effects: Yields ultrathin nanosheets with intrinsic conductivity, porosity and abundant exposed active sites.
Controlling variables: bulk crystallinity · sonication · ball milling · interlayer interaction strength · exfoliation medium
Representative materials: Ni2[CuPc(NH)8] NSs · 2D c-MOF NSs
Caveat: Precise control over homogeneous lateral size and thickness remains difficult.
p004 · Synthesis of 2D c-MOFs
These are the review authors’ synthesis, not newly measured results.
The outlook frames performance optimisation as application-specific: conductivity for supercapacitors, redox sites for LIB/SIB, aqueous stability for ZIB, and pore volume/SSA for Li-S and Na-I hosts.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: This is a synthesis of review conclusions, not a quantitative ranking.
p019 · Conclusions and Outlook
For LIBs and related batteries, the review identifies rigid pi-networks, redox-active sites and well-defined channels as the main advantages of 2D c-MOF electrodes.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: Primary validation is needed for each chemistry.
p008 · Lithium-Ion Batteries
Bulk powder 2D c-MOFs are criticised because buried active sites hinder ion diffusion and lower site utilisation.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: Magnitude depends on particle size and electrode processing.
p010 · Lithium-Ion Batteries
The review concludes that polycrystalline bulk powders limit charge transport and conductivity through grain boundaries and defects.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: The scale of the limitation depends on processing and electrode architecture.
p019 · Conclusions and Outlook
For electrocatalysis, the review argues that adjustable metal-linker networks give 2D c-MOFs tunable catalytic selectivity compared with conventional carbon catalysts.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: Benchmark values are reaction- and composite-specific.
p016 · 2D c-MOFs for Electrochemical Energy Conversion
Despite strong supercapacitor performance, the review says charge-storage mechanisms in 2D c-MOFs remain insufficiently understood.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: Mechanistic studies exist for selected systems but not the broader family.
p007 · Supercapacitors
The review attributes 2D c-MOF conductivity to in-plane charge delocalisation and out-of-plane pi-pi stacking that forms ion-accessible 1D channels.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: Mechanistic importance will vary with metal-linker chemistry and stacking disorder.
p001 · Introduction
Fe doping and bimetallic centres are used as examples of electronic-structure modulation that can improve OER and CO2RR performance.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: Optimisation appears composition-specific and cannot be generalised without primary data.
p017 · 2D c-MOFs for Electrochemical Energy Conversion
Strong d-p orbital hybridisation between metal nodes and pi-conjugated linkers is presented as the central bonding basis for efficient in-plane electron transport.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: The review does not quantify hybridisation across all frameworks.
p003 · Design Principles of 2D c-MOFs
The review presents 2D c-MOFs as promising polar, conductive, porous hosts for iodine and sulfur species where carbon hosts suffer weak affinity for polar intermediates.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: Host function depends on pore volume, polarity and conductivity together.
p014 · Lithium-Sulfur Batteries
For NiHAB, in situ Raman and XAS are reviewed as evidence that pseudocapacitance is mainly ligand-redox governed and pH-dependent.
Evidence basis: single_reference
Caveat: Specific to NiHAB and selected electrolytes.
p007 · Supercapacitors
HAB-based examples are used to argue that ligand selection controls dense active-site packing and miniaturised capacitive performance.
Evidence basis: single_reference
Caveat: Based on selected review examples rather than a systematic meta-analysis.
p006 · Supercapacitors
Linker geometry and symmetry are used to explain lattice topology and pore diameter, which then affect transport and electrolyte access.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: The review summarises families rather than deriving a universal geometric rule.
p003 · Design Principles of 2D c-MOFs
Conventional MOFs are framed as poor intrinsic electronic conductors, motivating 2D conductive MOFs for electrochemical applications.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: This is a broad review framing statement rather than a new measurement.
p001 · Introduction
Nanowire arrays and nanosheets are interpreted as improving electrode/electrolyte charge transfer compared with irregular powders.
Evidence basis: single_reference
Caveat: Examples are application-specific and may depend on substrate and composite design.
p006 · Supercapacitors
Non-planar ligand strategies are presented as a route to overcome poor solubility of large planar pi-systems and expand the structural repertoire of 2D c-MOFs.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: Still positioned as an emerging strategy with limited examples.
p003 · Design Principles of 2D c-MOFs
Sodium-ion storage is framed as requiring electrode materials distinct from LIBs because Na+ is larger and heavier than Li+.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: The review focuses on selected 2D c-MOF examples rather than all SIB chemistries.
p011 · Sodium-Ion Batteries
The review treats combined molecular dynamics and experiment as a useful route to connect crystal structure, surface area and ion transport in MOF supercapacitors.
Evidence basis: single_reference
Caveat: Validated for selected Ni-based systems only.
p008 · Supercapacitors
Layer stacking mode is treated as a structural control over band structure, electronic properties and pore-channel dimensions.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: The review states the relationship but does not benchmark stacking-resolved transport values.
p003 · Design Principles of 2D c-MOFs
The review identifies limited structural diversity as a field-level bottleneck because reported 2D c-MOFs rely on a narrow set of pi-conjugated ligands.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: The statement reflects the review authors' field synthesis.
p018 · Conclusions and Outlook
Effective 2D c-MOF supercapacitors require the simultaneous optimisation of rapid charge transport, surface area, porosity and redox-active sites.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: Balance between EDLC and pseudocapacitance is material-specific.
p005 · Supercapacitors
Thin-film 2D c-MOF morphologies are presented as more device-relevant than bulk powders because they expose active sites and can enhance conductivity.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: Film mechanical strength and dimensional control remain challenging.
p004 · Synthesis of 2D c-MOFs
Top-down exfoliation is useful for nanosheets but lacks precise control over homogeneous lateral size and thickness.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: The review does not compare size distributions quantitatively.
p005 · Synthesis of 2D c-MOFs
Aqueous ZIB electrolytes are described as enabling much higher ionic conductivity than non-aqueous electrolytes, making stable conductive 2D c-MOF cathodes attractive.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: Aqueous stability must still be demonstrated for each framework.
p012 · Zinc-Ion Batteries
Every row remains visibly secondary and links to a primary dossier only where the mapping is verified.
| Material | Property | Reported value | Context and quality | Primary evidence | Review source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SecondaryCo-HAB | specific capacity | 291 mAh g-1 | 50 mA g-1; SIB electrode Text · Exact Reported | research_0004 | p012 · Sodium-Ion Batteries |
| SecondaryCo-HAB | bulk conductivity | 1.57 S cm-1 | highly crystalline Co-HAB Text · Exact Reported | research_0004 | p012 · Sodium-Ion Batteries |
| SecondaryCu3(HHTP)2 | reversible capacity | 228 mAh g-1 | 50 mA g-1; aqueous ZIB cathode Text · Exact Reported | research_0188 | p012 · Zinc-Ion Batteries |
| SecondaryCu-BHT | specific capacity | 232 mAh g-1 | 50 mA g-1 Text · Exact Reported | research_0365 | p009 · Lithium-Ion Batteries |
| SecondaryCu-BHT | electronic conductivity | 231 S cm-1 | room temperature Text · Exact Reported | research_0365 | p009 · Lithium-Ion Batteries |
| SecondaryCu-DBC | gravimetric capacitance | up to 479 F g-1 | 0.2 A g-1 discharge rate Text · Exact Reported | research_0068 | p006 · Supercapacitors |
| SecondaryCu-HATN | specific capacity | 763 mAh g-1 | 300 mA g-1; LIB anode Text · Exact Reported | research_0336 | p010 · Lithium-Ion Batteries |
| SecondaryCu-HATNH@CNT | initial capacity | 317.5 mAh g-1 | 0.1 A g-1; PIB cathode Text · Exact Reported | research_0629 | p015 · Potassium-Ion Batteries |
| SecondaryCu-HHTP/MX | reversible specific capacity | 260.1 mAh g-1 | 0.1 A g-1; ZIB cathode Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | p013 · Zinc-Ion Batteries |
| SecondaryCu3(HHTQ)2 | Faradaic efficiency toward methanol | 53.6% | CO2RR at -0.4 V vs RHE Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | p017 · 2D c-MOFs for Electrochemical Energy Conversion |
| SecondaryCu-TBC | gravimetric capacitance | 474.8 F g-1 | 0.2 A g-1 in 0.1 M H2SO4 Text · Exact Reported | research_0840 | p006 · Supercapacitors |
| SecondaryCu-THQ | reversible capacity | up to 387 mA h g-1 | LIB cathode Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | p009 · Lithium-Ion Batteries |
| SecondaryFe2-O8-PcCu/I2 | specific capacity | 208 mA g-1 | 0.3 A g-1; Na-I2 battery cathode; unit printed as mA g-1 in review text Text · Uncertain | No verified corpus mapping | p013 · Sodium-Iodine Batteries |
| SecondaryHHB-Cu nanosheets | BET surface area | 385 m2 g-1 versus 119 m2 g-1 bulk | surfactant-assisted ultrathin nanosheets compared with bulk samples Text · Exact Reported | research_0043 | p010 · Lithium-Ion Batteries |
| SecondaryNi2[CuPc(NH)8]/EG-2 | areal capacitance | 18.9 mF cm-2 | 0.04 mA cm-2 Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | p007 · Supercapacitors |
| SecondaryNi2[CuPc(NH)8] nanosheets | conductivity | 0.01 S m-1 | NaCl-assisted ball-milled nanosheets; room temperature Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | p007 · Supercapacitors |
| SecondaryNi-HAB | volumetric capacitance | 760 F cm-3 | 0.2 mV s-1 scan rate; 50 micrometre thick pellet Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | p005 · Supercapacitors |
| SecondaryNi3(HITP)2 | surface-area-normalised capacitance | ~18 microF cm-2 | EDLC device Text · Approximate | No verified corpus mapping | p005 · Supercapacitors |
| SecondaryNi3(HITP)2 | bulk electrical conductivity | >5000 S m-1 | review-reported EDLC electrode material; room-temperature context not explicitly repeated in this sentence Text · Approximate | No verified corpus mapping | p005 · Supercapacitors |
| SecondaryNi3(HITP)2/PP membrane | membrane conductivity | 3720 S m-1 | Li-S separator membrane; compared with 50 S m-1 powder-compressed pellets Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | p015 · Lithium-Sulfur Batteries |
| SecondaryNiPc-NiFe0.09 | OER overpotential | 300 mV at 10 mA cm-2 | Fe-doped NiPc-NiFex 2D c-MOF; OER Text · Exact Reported | research_0709 | p017 · 2D c-MOFs for Electrochemical Energy Conversion |
| SecondaryPcCu-O8-Co/CNT | ORR half-wave potential | 0.83 V vs RHE | alkaline ORR; electron transfer number 3.93 Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | p017 · 2D c-MOFs for Electrochemical Energy Conversion |
| SecondaryS@Ni3(HITP)2-CNT | initial capacity | 1302.9 mAh g-1 | Li-S cathode at 0.2 C Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | p015 · Lithium-Sulfur Batteries |
| SecondaryTHTNi sheets | HER overpotential | 333 mV at 10 mA cm-2 | 0.5 M H2SO4; Tafel slope 80.5 mV decade-1 Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | p016 · 2D c-MOFs for Electrochemical Energy Conversion |
| SecondaryZn-HHTP | reversible capacity | approximately 150 mAh g-1 | 100 mA g-1; SIB Text · Approximate | No verified corpus mapping | p012 · Sodium-Ion Batteries |
Open questions are presented as review-author priorities, not conclusions from the primary database.
Different battery systems impose distinct requirements: conductivity, redox-site density, aqueous stability or high pore volume and surface area.
Proposed direction: Tune ligands, metal nodes, pore architecture and morphology according to the target electrochemical environment.
p019 · Conclusions and Outlook
Bulk hydro/solvothermal powders contain grain boundaries and defects that limit charge transport and conductivity.
Proposed direction: Develop high-quality thin films and ultrathin nanosheets with better exposed active sites and shorter ion/electron migration lengths.
p019 · Conclusions and Outlook
Cobalt-based 2D c-MOFs are underexplored because D4h coordination is less preferred with common strong-field ligands.
Proposed direction: Investigate metal-source choices and ligand symmetries that stabilise less common metal-node chemistries.
p011 · Sodium-Ion Batteries
Reported 2D c-MOFs rely on a narrow subset of pi-conjugated ligands, limiting structural diversity.
Proposed direction: Develop non-planar ligand precursors and new metal-linker combinations to expand architectures and charge-transport properties.
p018 · Conclusions and Outlook
Precise control over nanosheet thickness, lateral size and mechanical strength remains challenging.
Proposed direction: Optimise bottom-up nanosheet growth through ligand structure, metal-cluster choice and synthetic conditions.
p019 · Conclusions and Outlook
The charge-storage mechanisms of 2D c-MOF supercapacitors remain incompletely understood.
Proposed direction: Use in situ spectroscopy, electrochemical diagnostics and modelling to separate EDLC, surface pseudocapacitance and intercalation contributions.
p007 · Supercapacitors
Mappings show which printed review references have a verified counterpart in the frozen primary corpus.
| Reference | Study | Role and context | Corpus mapping |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ref. 102023 | Title unavailable | nonplanar_ligand_strategy · design_principleSelected original study used by the review as secondary evidence for nonplanar_ligand_strategy, design_principle. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 222020 | Title unavailable | thin_film_synthesis · structure_morphologySelected original study used by the review as secondary evidence for thin_film_synthesis, structure_morphology. | research_0129 |
| Ref. 272020 | Title unavailable | battery_benchmark · iodine_hostSelected original study used by the review as secondary evidence for battery_benchmark, iodine_host. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 332020 | Title unavailable | supercapacitor_benchmark · redox_active_mofSelected original study used by the review as secondary evidence for supercapacitor_benchmark, redox_active_mof. | research_0068 |
| Ref. 482023 | Title unavailable | nonplanar_ligand_strategy · synthesis_strategySelected original study used by the review as secondary evidence for nonplanar_ligand_strategy, synthesis_strategy. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 502020 | Title unavailable | nanosheet_synthesis · battery_benchmarkSelected original study used by the review as secondary evidence for nanosheet_synthesis, battery_benchmark. | research_0043 |
| Ref. 522017 | Title unavailable | supercapacitor_benchmark · transport_benchmarkSelected original study used by the review as secondary evidence for supercapacitor_benchmark, transport_benchmark. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 532018 | Title unavailable | supercapacitor_benchmark · ligand_designSelected original study used by the review as secondary evidence for supercapacitor_benchmark, ligand_design. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 542023 | Title unavailable | supercapacitor_benchmark · acid_stable_mofSelected original study used by the review as secondary evidence for supercapacitor_benchmark, acid_stable_mof. | research_0840 |
| Ref. 552017 | Title unavailable | morphology_benchmark · supercapacitor_benchmarkSelected original study used by the review as secondary evidence for morphology_benchmark, supercapacitor_benchmark. | research_0026 |
| Ref. 562020 | Title unavailable | nanosheet_benchmark · micro_supercapacitorSelected original study used by the review as secondary evidence for nanosheet_benchmark, micro_supercapacitor. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 572020 | Title unavailable | mechanism_study · supercapacitorSelected original study used by the review as secondary evidence for mechanism_study, supercapacitor. | research_0809 |
| Ref. 582020 | Title unavailable | simulation · supercapacitor_mechanismSelected original study used by the review as secondary evidence for simulation, supercapacitor_mechanism. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 602018 | Title unavailable | lithium_battery_benchmarkSelected original study used by the review as secondary evidence for lithium_battery_benchmark. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 612020 | Title unavailable | lithium_battery_benchmark · transport_benchmarkSelected original study used by the review as secondary evidence for lithium_battery_benchmark, transport_benchmark. | research_0365 |
| Ref. 622020 | Title unavailable | lithium_battery_benchmark · mechanism_studySelected original study used by the review as secondary evidence for lithium_battery_benchmark, mechanism_study. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 642023 | Title unavailable | lithium_battery_benchmark · dual_redox_sitesSelected original study used by the review as secondary evidence for lithium_battery_benchmark, dual_redox_sites. | research_0336 |
| Ref. 682018 | Title unavailable | sodium_battery_benchmarkSelected original study used by the review as secondary evidence for sodium_battery_benchmark. | research_0004 |
| Ref. 692021 | Title unavailable | sodium_battery_benchmark · structure_property_linkSelected original study used by the review as secondary evidence for sodium_battery_benchmark, structure_property_link. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 722019 | Title unavailable | zinc_battery_benchmark · mechanism_studySelected original study used by the review as secondary evidence for zinc_battery_benchmark, mechanism_study. | research_0188 |
| Ref. 732023 | Title unavailable | zinc_battery_benchmark · composite_strategySelected original study used by the review as secondary evidence for zinc_battery_benchmark, composite_strategy. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 822018 | Title unavailable | lithium_sulfur_benchmark · thin_film_membraneSelected original study used by the review as secondary evidence for lithium_sulfur_benchmark, thin_film_membrane. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 832019 | Title unavailable | lithium_sulfur_benchmark · sulfur_hostSelected original study used by the review as secondary evidence for lithium_sulfur_benchmark, sulfur_host. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 872024 | Title unavailable | potassium_battery_benchmarkSelected original study used by the review as secondary evidence for potassium_battery_benchmark. | research_0629 |
| Ref. 912021 | Title unavailable | oer_benchmark · dopant_strategySelected original study used by the review as secondary evidence for oer_benchmark, dopant_strategy. | research_0709 |
| Ref. 922018 | Title unavailable | oer_benchmark · thin_film_deviceSelected original study used by the review as secondary evidence for oer_benchmark, thin_film_device. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 972021 | Title unavailable | co2rr_benchmark · mechanism_studySelected original study used by the review as secondary evidence for co2rr_benchmark, mechanism_study. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 982015 | Title unavailable | her_benchmark · langmuir_blodgettSelected original study used by the review as secondary evidence for her_benchmark, langmuir_blodgett. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 992019 | Title unavailable | orr_benchmark · zinc_air_contextSelected original study used by the review as secondary evidence for orr_benchmark, zinc_air_context. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1002020 | Title unavailable | co2rr_benchmark · bimetallic_strategySelected original study used by the review as secondary evidence for co2rr_benchmark, bimetallic_strategy. | Unmapped |