Electrochemistry Application — Metal-organic framework glass stabilizes high-voltage cathodes for efficient lithium-metal batteries

11 measurement groups · 44 results

Reported values remain attached to the sample, method, conditions, extraction quality and source location that produced them.

Temperature-dependent EIS and Arrhenius activation-energy analysis

Impedance spectroscopy

Glass@NCM-811, 2 wt% MOF Glass coating · Powder

EIS at 10-35 deg C; activation energy for Li-ion (pre)desolvation and transport across CEI.

Temperature: 283-308
Atmosphere: coin cells
Geometry: Li||Glass@NCM-811 and Li||NCM-811 coin cells
Context: composite with pristine control
Measurement source: main p.4-5 · Fast Li-ion desolvation and diffusion · Fig. 2f,g; Supplementary Figs. 33-34

Property	Reported value	Normalised value	Uncertainty	Origin and quality	Source
Li-ion desolvation barrier for bare NCM-811 CEI	42.6 kJ/mol	—	—	Text Exact Reported	main p.5 · Fast Li-ion desolvation and diffusion · Fig. 2g
Li-ion pre-desolvation barrier for Glass@NCM-811	19.3 kJ/mol	—	—	Text Exact Reported	main p.5 · Fast Li-ion desolvation and diffusion · Fig. 2g
Unified activation energy for Li-ion desolvation/transport, bare NCM-811	104.3 kJ/mol	—	—	Text Exact Reported	main p.4 · Fast Li-ion desolvation and diffusion · Fig. 2f
Unified activation energy for Li-ion pre-desolvation/transport, Glass@NCM-811Marked as a best value within this paper	45.7 kJ/mol	—	—	Text Exact Reported	main p.4 · Fast Li-ion desolvation and diffusion · Fig. 2f
Li-ion transport barrier through bare NCM-811 CEI	61.7 kJ/mol	—	—	Text Exact Reported	main p.5 · Fast Li-ion desolvation and diffusion · Fig. 2g
Li-ion transport barrier through Glass@NCM-811 glass/NCM surface	26.4 kJ/mol	—	—	Text Exact Reported	main p.5 · Fast Li-ion desolvation and diffusion · Fig. 2g

Galvanostatic cycling of Li||Glass@LRMO and Li||Glass@LCO coin cells

Galvanostatic cycling

Glass@LRMO, 2 wt% MOF Glass coating · Powder

LRMO: 2.0-4.8 V, 1 C = 280 mA/g; LCO: 3.0-4.6 V, 1 C = 220 mA/g.

Temperature: 298
Atmosphere: argon glovebox assembled
Geometry: coin cells with Li metal anode
Context: MOF-glass composite cathodes with bare controls
Measurement source: main p.9 · Enhanced cycling stability and energy density · Fig. 5g,h; Supplementary Tables 5-6

Property	Reported value	Normalised value	Uncertainty	Origin and quality	Source
Glass@LCO initial/table capacity at 1 C	203 mAh/g	—	—	SI Table Exact Reported	SI p.65 · Supplementary Table 5 · Supplementary Table 5
Glass@LCO capacity retention after 400 cycles	79%@400	—	—	SI Table Exact Reported	SI p.65 · Supplementary Table 5 · Supplementary Table 5
Bare LRMO capacity after 260 cycles at 4.8 V	158.3 mAh/g after 260 cycles	—	—	Text Exact Reported	main p.9 · Enhanced cycling stability and energy density · Fig. 5g
Bare LRMO capacity retention after 260 cycles	56%	—	—	Text Exact Reported	main p.9 · Enhanced cycling stability and energy density · Fig. 5g
Glass@LRMO capacity after 400 cycles at 4.8 V	237.8 mAh/g after 400 cycles	—	—	Text Exact Reported	main p.9 · Enhanced cycling stability and energy density · Fig. 5g
Glass@LRMO capacity retention after 400 cycles	82%	—	—	Text Exact Reported	main p.9 · Enhanced cycling stability and energy density · Fig. 5g
Glass@LRMO initial/table capacity at 1 C	270 mAh/g	—	—	SI Table Exact Reported	SI p.66 · Supplementary Table 6 · Supplementary Table 6

Long-term galvanostatic cycling of Li||NCM-811 and Li||Glass@NCM-811 coin cells

Galvanostatic cycling

Glass@NCM-811, 2 wt% MOF Glass coating · Powder

2.7-4.4 V or 2.8-4.6 V for NCM-811-based batteries; 1 C = 220 mA/g.

Temperature: 298
Atmosphere: argon glovebox assembled
Geometry: CR2032 coin cell with Li metal anode
Context: composite with pristine control
Measurement source: main p.8 · Enhanced cycling stability and energy density · Fig. 5a-f; Supplementary Table 3

Property	Reported value	Normalised value	Uncertainty	Origin and quality	Source
Glass@NCM-811 coin-cell capacity at 2.7-4.4 V, 1 CMarked as a best value within this paper	196 mAh/g	—	—	SI Table Exact Reported	SI p.63 · Supplementary Table 3 · Supplementary Table 3
Glass@NCM-811 capacity retention at 1000 cycles, 2.7-4.4 V	80%@1000	—	—	SI Table Exact Reported	SI p.63 · Supplementary Table 3 · Supplementary Table 3
Glass@NCM-811 capacity retention at 300 cycles, 2.7-4.4 V	94%@300	—	—	SI Table Exact Reported	SI p.63 · Supplementary Table 3 · Supplementary Table 3
Glass@NCM-811 capacity retention at 400 cycles, 2.7-4.4 V	92.3%@400	—	—	SI Table Exact Reported	SI p.63 · Supplementary Table 3 · Supplementary Table 3
Glass@NCM-811 coin-cell capacity at 2.8-4.6 V, 1 C	~206 mAh/g	—	—	SI Table Approximate	SI p.63 · Supplementary Table 3 · Supplementary Table 3
Glass@NCM-811 capacity retention at 400 cycles, 2.8-4.6 V	91%@400	—	—	SI Table Exact Reported	SI p.63 · Supplementary Table 3 · Supplementary Table 3
Glass@NCM-811 capacity at 5 C, 2.7-4.4 V	160 mAh/g	—	—	SI Table Exact Reported	SI p.63 · Supplementary Table 3 · Supplementary Table 3

In-situ differential electrochemical mass spectrometry (DEMS)

Glass@NCM-811, 2 wt% MOF Glass coating · Powder

Swagelok-type Li cells with NCM-811 or Glass@NCM-811 cathodes, 22 mm diameter, ~8 mg/cm2 NCM-811, 150 uL 1 M LiPF6-EC/DMC; m/z 32 and 44 monitored during initial charge.

Atmosphere: argon purge in DEMS; glovebox assembly
Geometry: Swagelok-type DEMS cell
Context: composite with pristine control
Measurement source: main p.11 · In-situ DEMS measurements · Fig. 4a-d; Supplementary Fig. 51

Property	Reported value	Normalised value	Uncertainty	Origin and quality	Source
Gas generation in Li\|\|NCM-811 initial charge	significant CO2/O2 gas generation	—	—	Qualitative Qualitative	main p.7 · Glass@NCM-811 eliminates gases · Fig. 4a,b
Gas generation in Li\|\|Glass@NCM-811 initial charge	negligible CO2/O2 gas generation	—	—	Qualitative Qualitative	main p.7 · Glass@NCM-811 eliminates gases · Fig. 4c,d

Galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT)

Galvanostatic cycling

Glass@NCM-811, 2 wt% MOF Glass coating · Powder

After 100th cycle of rate-performance cycling between 3.0 and 4.4 V; titration step 0.5 C for 8 min and relaxation 1 h.

Temperature: 298
Atmosphere: coin cells assembled in Ar glove box
Geometry: Li||Glass@NCM-811 and Li||NCM-811 cells
Context: composite with pristine control
Measurement source: main p.4 · Fast Li-ion desolvation and diffusion · Fig. 2d

Property	Reported value	Normalised value	Uncertainty	Origin and quality	Source
Average GITT voltage loss for Li\|\|NCM-811	0.14 V	—	—	Text Rounded Reported	main p.4 · Fast Li-ion desolvation and diffusion · Fig. 2d
Average GITT voltage loss for Li\|\|Glass@NCM-811	0.04 V	—	—	Text Rounded Reported	main p.4 · Fast Li-ion desolvation and diffusion · Fig. 2d
Li+ diffusion coefficient comparison	one order of magnitude higher for Glass@NCM-811 than pristine NCM-811	—	—	Text Approximate	main p.4 · Fast Li-ion desolvation and diffusion · Supplementary Fig. 30

Li||Li symmetric-cell cycling with Ni(TFSI)2 additive

Bare NCM-811 cathode control · Powder

Typical electrolyte with or without 400 ppm Ni(TFSI)2; 1.0 mA/cm2, 1.0 mAh/cm2.

Temperature: 298
Atmosphere: argon glovebox assembled
Geometry: Li||Li symmetric cells
Context: model/control for TM migration effect
Measurement source: SI p.54 · Supplementary Fig. 52 · Supplementary Fig. 52

Property	Reported value	Normalised value	Uncertainty	Origin and quality	Source
Li\|\|Li symmetric-cell lifetime with 400 ppm Ni(TFSI)2	only 30 h	—	—	Text Rounded Reported	SI p.54 · Supplementary Fig. 52 · Supplementary Fig. 52
Li\|\|Li symmetric-cell lifetime without Ni(TFSI)2	about 400 h	—	—	Text Approximate	SI p.54 · Supplementary Fig. 52 · Supplementary Fig. 52

Charge/discharge of MOF Glass electrode versus carbon black electrode

MOF Glass electrode with 80 wt% MOF Glass · Electrode

MOF Glass:carbon black:PVDF = 8:1:1 compared with carbon black:PVDF = 9:1.

Atmosphere: coin-cell test
Geometry: electrode on Al foil
Context: MOF Glass electrode control
Measurement source: SI p.24 · Supplementary Fig. 22 · Supplementary Fig. 22b,c

Property	Reported value	Normalised value	Uncertainty	Origin and quality	Source
Carbon black electrode capacity control	3.5 mAh/g	—	—	Text Exact Reported	SI p.24 · Supplementary Fig. 22 · Supplementary Fig. 22c
MOF Glass electrode capacity with 80 wt% MOF Glass	13.0 mAh/g	—	—	Text Exact Reported	SI p.24 · Supplementary Fig. 22 · Supplementary Fig. 22b

2.0 Ah-level pouch-cell cycling and energy-density calculation

Li||Glass@NCM-811 pouch-cell · Unknown

Li||Glass@NCM-811 pouch cell, 2.7-4.4 V, 1 C, 28.0 mg/cm2 NCM-811 mass loading, E/C 1.3 g/Ah, N/P ~3.9:1.

Temperature: 298
Atmosphere: assembled in Ar glove box; constrained under about 10 MPa
Geometry: pouch cell
Context: application pouch cell with bare NCM-811 pouch comparison
Measurement source: main p.9-10 · Enhanced cycling stability and energy density; Cell assembly · Fig. 5i; Supplementary Table 2

Property	Reported value	Normalised value	Uncertainty	Origin and quality	Source
Pouch-cell electrolyte/capacity ratio	1.3 g Ah-1	—	—	Text Exact Reported	main p.10 · Cell assembly and electrochemical measurements
Li\|\|Glass@NCM-811 pouch-cell output energy density	385.5 Wh/kg	—	—	Text Exact Reported	main p.9 · Enhanced cycling stability and energy density · Fig. 5i; Supplementary Table 2
Whole pouch-cell mass for energy-density calculation	19.579 g	—	—	Text Exact Reported	main p.9 · Enhanced cycling stability and energy density · Fig. 5i; Supplementary Table 2
Pouch-cell negative/positive areal capacity ratio	3.89:1 (N/P ~3.9:1)	—	—	Text Exact Reported	main p.10 · Electrodes preparation
Bare Li\|\|NCM-811 pouch-cell capacity retention	37.6% after 58 cycles	—	—	Text Exact Reported	main p.9 · Enhanced cycling stability and energy density · Fig. 5i; Supplementary Fig. 58
Li\|\|Glass@NCM-811 pouch-cell capacity retentionMarked as a best value within this paper	86.9% after 300 cycles	—	—	Text Exact Reported	main p.9 · Enhanced cycling stability and energy density · Fig. 5i; Supplementary Fig. 57

Galvanostatic rate performance of Li||cathode coin cells

Galvanostatic cycling

Glass@NCM-811, 2 wt% MOF Glass coating · Powder

2.7-4.4 V, room temperature, 1 C = 220 mA/g; rate sequence 0.1 C to 5 C then 1 C.

Temperature: 298
Atmosphere: argon glovebox assembled; room-temperature climatic chamber
Geometry: CR2032 coin cell with Li metal anode
Context: Glass@NCM-811 compared with bare NCM-811
Measurement source: main p.4-5 · Fast Li-ion desolvation and diffusion · Fig. 2b

Property	Reported value	Normalised value	Uncertainty	Origin and quality	Source
Li\|\|NCM-811 returned 1 C capacity at cycle 100	114.6 mAh/g	—	—	Figure Axis Exact Reported	source-data lines 8093-8203 · Figure 2b source sheet · Figure 2b
Li\|\|Glass@NCM-811 returned 1 C capacity at cycle 100	174.05 mAh/g	—	—	Figure Axis Exact Reported	source-data lines 8093-8203 · Figure 2b source sheet · Figure 2b
Li\|\|bare NCM-811 discharge capacity at 5 C	about 80 mAh/g	—	—	Text Approximate	main p.4 · Fast Li-ion desolvation and diffusion · Fig. 2b
Li\|\|Glass@NCM-811 discharge capacity at 5 CMarked as a best value within this paper	about 165 mAh/g in text; source Figure 2b cycles 51-60 around 159-163 mAh/g	—	—	Text Approximate	main p.4 · Fast Li-ion desolvation and diffusion · Fig. 2b

CC-CV charging state-of-charge versus time

Voltammetry

Glass@NCM-811, 2 wt% MOF Glass coating · Powder

CC charging at 6 C followed by CV charging with 0.2 C cutoff current.

Temperature: 298
Atmosphere: coin cells assembled in Ar glove box
Geometry: Li||Glass@NCM-811 and Li||NCM-811 coin cells
Context: composite with pristine control
Measurement source: main p.4 · Fast Li-ion desolvation and diffusion · Fig. 2c

Property	Reported value	Normalised value	Uncertainty	Origin and quality	Source
Constant-current SoC fraction for Li\|\|NCM-811	41%	—	—	Text Rounded Reported	main p.4 · Fast Li-ion desolvation and diffusion · Fig. 2c
Constant-current SoC fraction for Li\|\|Glass@NCM-811	75%	—	—	Text Rounded Reported	main p.4 · Fast Li-ion desolvation and diffusion · Fig. 2c
Time to 100% SoC for Li\|\|NCM-811	1400 seconds	—	—	Text Rounded Reported	main p.4 · Fast Li-ion desolvation and diffusion · Fig. 2c
Time to 100% SoC for Li\|\|Glass@NCM-811Marked as a best value within this paper	1080 seconds	—	—	Text Rounded Reported	main p.4 · Fast Li-ion desolvation and diffusion · Fig. 2c

Water immersion followed by XRD and coin-cell cycling

X-ray diffraction and scattering

Glass@NCM-811, 2 wt% MOF Glass coating · Powder

Glass@NCM-811 cathode immersed in water for 7 days then assembled into Li coin cell.

Atmosphere: water immersion then standard cell assembly
Geometry: cathode material and coin cell
Context: composite stability test
Measurement source: main p.6 · Glass@NCM-811 cathode suppresses cathode cracks · Supplementary Figs. 45-46

Property	Reported value	Normalised value	Uncertainty	Origin and quality	Source
Water-immersed Glass@NCM-811 electrochemical performance	almost the same as fresh Glass@NCM-811 after 7 days immersion	—	—	Qualitative Qualitative	main p.6 · Glass@NCM-811 cathode suppresses cathode cracks · Supplementary Fig. 46