Electrochemistry Application — Enhancement of the performance of Ge–air batteries under high temperatures using conductive MOF-modified Ge anodes

12 measurement groups · 30 results

Reported values remain attached to the sample, method, conditions, extraction quality and source location that produced them.

constant-current discharge

Galvanostatic cycling

Ge-air CR2032 cell with bare Ge anode · Electrode

Ge-air CR2032 cell with bare Ge anode, 6 M KOH gel electrolyte, 16 deg C, current densities 65-260 uA cm^-2.

Temperature: 289.15
Atmosphere: air cathode
Geometry: CR2032 coin air battery
Context: bare Ge control device
Measurement source: p009-p010 · 3 · Figure 6B-F

Property	Reported value	Normalised value	Uncertainty	Origin and quality	Source
bare-Ge discharge duration at 16 deg C and 130.0 uA cm^-2	61 h	—	—	Text Exact Reported	p010 · 3 · Figure 6C,F
bare-Ge discharge duration at 16 deg C and 195.0 uA cm^-2	33 h	—	—	Text Exact Reported	p010 · 3 · Figure 6D,F
bare-Ge discharge duration at 16 deg C and 260.0 uA cm^-2	24 h	—	—	Text Exact Reported	p010 · 3 · Figure 6E,F
bare-Ge discharge duration at 16 deg C and 65.0 uA cm^-2	171 h	—	—	Text Exact Reported	p010 · 3 · Figure 6B,F

constant-current discharge

Galvanostatic cycling

Ge-air CR2032 cell with Ge@Ni3(HITP)2 anode · Electrode

Ge-air CR2032 cell with Ge@Ni3(HITP)2 anode, 6 M KOH gel electrolyte, 16 deg C, current densities 65-260 uA cm^-2.

Temperature: 289.15
Atmosphere: air cathode
Geometry: CR2032 coin air battery
Context: composite anode device
Measurement source: p009-p010 · 3 · Figure 6B-F

Property	Reported value	Normalised value	Uncertainty	Origin and quality	Source
discharge duration at 16 deg C and 130.0 uA cm^-2	65 h	—	—	Text Exact Reported	p010 · 3 · Figure 6C,F
discharge duration at 16 deg C and 195.0 uA cm^-2	59 h	—	—	Text Exact Reported	p010 · 3 · Figure 6D,F
discharge duration at 16 deg C and 260.0 uA cm^-2	39 h	—	—	Text Exact Reported	p010,p013 · 3 and 4 · Figure 6E,F
discharge duration at 16 deg C and 65.0 uA cm^-2	192 h	—	—	Text Exact Reported	p010 · 3 · Figure 6B,F

constant-current discharge

Galvanostatic cycling

Ge-air CR2032 cell with bare Ge anode · Electrode

Ge-air CR2032 cell with bare Ge anode, 6 M KOH gel electrolyte, 50 deg C, current densities 65-260 uA cm^-2.

Temperature: 323.15
Atmosphere: air cathode
Geometry: CR2032 coin air battery
Context: bare Ge control device
Measurement source: p011-p012 · 3 · Figure 8A-E

Property	Reported value	Normalised value	Uncertainty	Origin and quality	Source
bare-Ge discharge duration at 50 deg C and 130.0 uA cm^-2	64 h	—	read from labelled bar	Figure Axis Rounded Reported	p011 · 3 · Figure 8E
bare-Ge discharge duration at 50 deg C and 195.0 uA cm^-2	26 h	—	read from labelled bar	Figure Axis Rounded Reported	p011 · 3 · Figure 8E
bare-Ge discharge duration at 50 deg C and 260.0 uA cm^-2	17 h	—	read from labelled bar	Figure Axis Rounded Reported	p011 · 3 · Figure 8E
bare-Ge discharge duration at 50 deg C and 65.0 uA cm^-2	77 h	—	read from labelled bar	Figure Axis Rounded Reported	p011 · 3 · Figure 8E

constant-current discharge

Galvanostatic cycling

Ge-air CR2032 cell with Ge@Ni3(HITP)2 anode · Electrode

Ge-air CR2032 cell with Ge@Ni3(HITP)2 anode, 6 M KOH gel electrolyte, 50 deg C, current densities 65-260 uA cm^-2.

Temperature: 323.15
Atmosphere: air cathode
Geometry: CR2032 coin air battery
Context: composite anode device
Measurement source: p011-p012 · 3 · Figure 8A-E

Property	Reported value	Normalised value	Uncertainty	Origin and quality	Source
discharge duration at 50 deg C and 130.0 uA cm^-2	425 h	—	—	Text Exact Reported	p012 · 3 · Figure 8B,E
discharge duration at 50 deg C and 195.0 uA cm^-2	49 h	—	—	Text Exact Reported	p012 · 3 · Figure 8C,E
discharge duration at 50 deg C and 260.0 uA cm^-2	45 h	—	—	Text Exact Reported	p012 · 3 · Figure 8D,E
discharge duration at 50 deg C and 65.0 uA cm^-2Marked as a best value within this paper	637 h	—	—	Text Exact Reported	p011-p012 · 3 · Figure 8A,E

electrochemical impedance spectroscopy

Impedance spectroscopy

bare Ge anode · Electrode

EIS of bare Ge anode before discharge in 6 M KOH electrolyte; equivalent-circuit Rs and Rct reported in rendered SI Table S1.

Context: bare Ge control
Measurement source: p004 · Supporting Information · Figure S3, Table S1

Property	Reported value	Normalised value	Uncertainty	Origin and quality	Source
EIS charge-transfer resistance Rct for bare Ge	6.051 ohm cm^-2	—	—	SI Table Exact Reported	p004 · Supporting Information · Table S1
EIS solution resistance Rs for bare Ge	1.667 ohm cm^-2	—	—	SI Table Exact Reported	p004 · Supporting Information · Table S1

electrochemical impedance spectroscopy

Impedance spectroscopy

Ge@Ni3(HITP)2 anode · Electrode

EIS of Ge@Ni3(HITP)2 anode before discharge in 6 M KOH electrolyte; equivalent-circuit Rs and Rct reported in rendered SI Table S1.

Context: composite anode compared with bare Ge
Measurement source: p004 · Supporting Information · Figure S3, Table S1

Property	Reported value	Normalised value	Uncertainty	Origin and quality	Source
EIS charge-transfer resistance Rct for Ge@Ni3(HITP)2	9.184 ohm cm^-2	—	—	SI Table Exact Reported	p004 · Supporting Information · Table S1
charge-transfer resistance comparison	Rct of Ge@Ni3(HITP)2 was slightly higher than bare Ge	—	—	Qualitative Qualitative	p009 · 3 · Figure S3, Table S1
EIS solution resistance Rs for Ge@Ni3(HITP)2	1.102 ohm cm^-2	—	—	SI Table Exact Reported	p004 · Supporting Information · Table S1

visual inspection of gel polymer electrolyte after discharge

Ge-air CR2032 cell with Ge@Ni3(HITP)2 anode · Electrode

GPE bubble formation compared for bare Ge and Ge@Ni3(HITP)2 cells after 48 h at 65.0 uA cm^-2 at 16 deg C and 50 deg C.

Temperature: 289.15 and 323.15
Atmosphere: air cathode / 6 M KOH gel electrolyte
Geometry: Ge-air cells after discharge
Context: composite anode compared with bare Ge
Measurement source: p011-p012 · 3 · Figure S7

Property	Reported value	Normalised value	Uncertainty	Origin and quality	Source
GPE bubble comparison after 16 deg C discharge	Ge@Ni3(HITP)2 cells showed fewer and more evenly distributed bubbles than bare Ge	—	—	Qualitative Qualitative	p011 · 3 · Figure S7A-B
GPE bubble comparison after 50 deg C discharge	Ni3(HITP)2 suppressed bubble generation at high temperature	—	—	Qualitative Qualitative	p012 · 3 · Figure S7C-D

step/gradient current discharge

Ge-air CR2032 cell with Ge@Ni3(HITP)2 anode · Electrode

Current density increased from 65.0 to 162.5 uA cm^-2 and returned to 65.0 uA cm^-2 at 16 deg C.

Temperature: 289.15
Atmosphere: air cathode
Geometry: CR2032 coin air battery
Context: composite anode compared with bare Ge
Measurement source: p010 · 3 · Figure 6G

Property	Reported value	Normalised value	Uncertainty	Origin and quality	Source
step-discharge voltage stability at 16 deg C	Ge@Ni3(HITP)2 working voltage was higher and the discharge curve was more stable than bare Ge	—	—	Qualitative Qualitative	p010 · 3 · Figure 6G

step/gradient current discharge

Ge-air CR2032 cell with Ge@Ni3(HITP)2 anode · Electrode

Current density increased from 65.0 to 162.5 uA cm^-2 then decreased to 65.0 uA cm^-2 at 50 deg C.

Temperature: 323.15
Atmosphere: air cathode
Geometry: CR2032 coin air battery
Context: composite anode compared with bare Ge
Measurement source: p012 · 3 · Figure S8

Property	Reported value	Normalised value	Uncertainty	Origin and quality	Source
step-discharge voltage stability at 50 deg C	Ge@Ni3(HITP)2 working potential was slightly higher and more stable than bare Ge	—	—	Qualitative Qualitative	p012 · 3 · Figure S8

flame safety test and LED demonstration

Ge-air CR2032 cell with Ge@Ni3(HITP)2 anode · Electrode

Gel electrolyte and battery stack exposed to alcohol-burner flame; LED bulb lit by Ge-air battery stack.

Atmosphere: flame / air
Geometry: battery stack
Context: application device
Measurement source: p011-p013 · 3 · Figure 8F-H, Videos S1-S3

Property	Reported value	Normalised value	Uncertainty	Origin and quality	Source
flame exposure safety observation	no volume expansion, explosion, or leakage observed	—	—	Qualitative Qualitative	p013 · 3 · Figure 8H, Video S3

potentiodynamic polarization / Tafel curve

Tafel and polarisation analysis

bare Ge anode · Electrode

Bare Ge corrosion behaviour in 6 M KOH gel electrolyte.

Geometry: dual-electrode configuration, CHI760E electrochemical workstation
Context: bare Ge control
Measurement source: p009 · 3 · Figure 6A

Property	Reported value	Normalised value	Uncertainty	Origin and quality	Source
corrosion potential of bare Ge anode	1.0993 V	—	—	Figure Axis Rounded Reported	p009 · 3 · Figure 6A
corrosion current density of bare Ge anode	1.188 x 10^-5 A cm^-2	—	—	Text Exact Reported	p009 · 3 · Figure 6A

potentiodynamic polarization / Tafel curve

Tafel and polarisation analysis

Ge@Ni3(HITP)2 anode · Electrode

Corrosion behaviour in 6 M KOH gel electrolyte.

Geometry: dual-electrode configuration, CHI760E electrochemical workstation
Context: composite anode compared with bare Ge
Measurement source: p009 · 3 · Figure 6A

Property	Reported value	Normalised value	Uncertainty	Origin and quality	Source
corrosion potential of Ge@Ni3(HITP)2 anodeMarked as a best value within this paper	1.1636 V	—	—	Text Exact Reported	p009 · 3 · Figure 6A
corrosion current density of Ge@Ni3(HITP)2 anodeMarked as a best value within this paper	5.674 x 10^-6 A cm^-2	—	—	Text Exact Reported	p009 · 3 · Figure 6A