| DMPO-*OH EPR signalMarked as a best value within this paper | four characteristic peaks with 1:2:2:1 response; stronger for defect-free intense Cu-HHTP film | — | — | Text Qualitative | 9 · 3.5 Glyphosate degradation performance evaluation · Fig. 5d |
| glyphosate LC50 for daphnia | 54.25 mg/L | — | — | Text Exact Reported | 9 · 3.5 Glyphosate degradation performance evaluation · Fig. 5h |
| glyphosate LC50 for fathead minnow | 39.52 mg/L | — | — | Text Exact Reported | 9 · 3.5 Glyphosate degradation performance evaluation · Fig. 5g |
| AMPA/P1 LC50 for daphnid | 124.64 mg/L | — | — | SI Table Exact Reported | 19 · Supporting information · Table S4 |
| AMPA/P1 LC50 for fathead minnow | 68.89 mg/L | — | — | SI Table Exact Reported | 19 · Supporting information · Table S4 |
| CH3PO3/P2 LC50 for daphnid | 190.73 mg/L | — | — | SI Table Exact Reported | 19 · Supporting information · Table S4 |
| CH3PO3/P2 LC50 for fathead minnow | 105.02 mg/L | — | — | SI Table Exact Reported | 19 · Supporting information · Table S4 |
| glyoxylic acid/P3 LC50 for daphnid | 1445.45 mg/L | — | — | SI Table Exact Reported | 19 · Supporting information · Table S4 |
| glyoxylic acid/P3 LC50 for fathead minnow | 702.23 mg/L | — | — | SI Table Exact Reported | 19 · Supporting information · Table S4 |
| acetic acid/P4 LC50 for daphnid | 1035.97 mg/L | — | — | SI Table Exact Reported | 19 · Supporting information · Table S4 |
| acetic acid/P4 LC50 for fathead minnow | 762.37 mg/L | — | — | SI Table Exact Reported | 19 · Supporting information · Table S4 |
| formic acid/P5 LC50 for daphnid | 2467.661104 mg/L | — | — | SI Table Exact Reported | 19 · Supporting information · Table S4 |
| formic acid/P5 LC50 for fathead minnow | 762.580184 mg/L | — | — | SI Table Exact Reported | 19 · Supporting information · Table S4 |
| acetic acid fragment ion | m/z = 61.91 | — | — | Text Exact Reported | 9 · 3.5 Glyphosate degradation performance evaluation · Fig. 5e,f |
| AMPA fragment ion | m/z = 111.88 | — | — | Text Exact Reported | 9 · 3.5 Glyphosate degradation performance evaluation · Fig. 5e,f |
| CH3PO3 fragment ion | m/z = 96.89 | — | — | Text Exact Reported | 9 · 3.5 Glyphosate degradation performance evaluation · Fig. 5e,f |
| formic acid fragment ion | m/z = 45.95 | — | — | Text Exact Reported | 9 · 3.5 Glyphosate degradation performance evaluation · Fig. 5e,f |
| glyoxylic acid fragment ion | m/z = 78.91 | — | — | Text Exact Reported | 9 · 3.5 Glyphosate degradation performance evaluation · Fig. 5e,f |
| Glyphosate molecular ion | m/z = 168.06 | — | — | Text Exact Reported | 9 · 3.5 Glyphosate degradation performance evaluation · Fig. S13 |
| phosphate fragment ion | m/z = 32.00 | — | — | Text Exact Reported | 9 · 3.5 Glyphosate degradation performance evaluation · Fig. 5e,f |
| Harmful acute toxicity upper threshold | 10 < LC50 < 100 mg/L | — | — | SI Table Range | 18 · Supporting information · Table S3 |
| Harmful acute toxicity lower threshold | 10 < LC50 < 100 mg/L | — | — | SI Table Range | 18 · Supporting information · Table S3 |
| Not harmful acute toxicity threshold | LC50 > 100 mg/L | — | — | SI Table Range | 18 · Supporting information · Table S3 |
| toxicity trend of degradation intermediatesMarked as a best value within this paper | LC50 values of P1 to P5 rise significantly; second-step intermediates classified as not harmful | — | Exact Table S4 values unavailable in SI text | Text Qualitative | 9 · 3.5 Glyphosate degradation performance evaluation · Fig. 5g,h; Table S4 |