7. Abbreviations and References
20-23Defines common linker abbreviations and provides the bibliography used for original-reference provenance.
Relevance: Supporting · 20 · 7. Abbreviations
Review · secondary evidenceReview
Synthesis of Electrical Conductive Metal-Organic Frameworks for Electrochemical Applications
Syed Shoaib Ahmad Shah, Muhammad Altaf Nazir, Azhar Mahmood, Manzar Sohail, Aziz ur Rehman, Muhammad Khurram Tufail, Tayyaba Najam, Muhammad Sufyan Javed, Sayed M. Eldin, Md Rezaur Rahman, and Mohammed M. Rahman · The Chemical Record · 2024
7review sections
8material families
15review claims
23secondary benchmarks
39cited studies
8research gaps
Review scope
Summarise recent 2D electrically conductive MOFs, their transport mechanisms, structure and synthesis strategies, and electrochemical and device applications.
- Coverage
- 2013–2023
- Category
- Review Transport Physics
- Material scope
- 2D electrically conductive metal-organic frameworks · pi-stacked and pi-d conjugated MOFs · symmetric and asymmetric 2D ECMOFs · bi-ligand and bimetallic conductive MOFs · conductive MOF films, nanosheets, nanorods and membranes
- Transport scope
- band-like transport · hopping transport · through-space transport · through-bond transport · temperature-dependent conductivity interpretation · defect and grain-boundary caveats
- Application scope
- gas and electrochemical sensing · supercapacitors · lithium-sulfur and lithium-ion batteries · alkali metal batteries · HER, ORR, OER and CO2 reduction · field-effect transistors · spin devices and thermoelectrics
- Explicit exclusions
- non-conductive MOFs except as contrast · full experimental recipes · exhaustive extraction of every application benchmark · primary-data replacement
- Source
- 2 · 1. Introduction
- Evidence role
- Context, taxonomy and secondary benchmarking
Section map
The review’s argument is preserved as a navigable set of section summaries.
5. 2D ECMOFs Applications
13-19Surveys sensing, energy storage, energy conversion and electronic applications, emphasising high porosity, conductivity and structure design.
Relevance: Supporting · 13 · 5. 2D ECMOFs Applications
2. Conductance Mechanism in 2D ECMOFs
2-5Frames transport in 2D ECMOFs by dimensionality, physical band-like versus hopping mechanisms, and chemical through-space versus through-bond pathways.
Relevance: Core · 2 · 2. Conductance Mechanism in 2D ECMOFs · Figure 1
1. Introduction
1-2Introduces MOFs as porous, tunable materials, contrasts conventional low conductivity with emerging 2D ECMOFs, and states the review's transport, synthesis and application scope.
Relevance: Core · 1 · Abstract
6. Conclusion and Outlook
20Synthesises the review's claims about 2D ECMOF advantages and lists outstanding barriers: defects, structure determination, limited ligand/metal diversity and scale-up.
Relevance: Core · 20 · 6. Conclusion and Outlook
3. 2D ECMOFs Structure
5-8Classifies 2D ECMOF structures by ligand and metal-node symmetry, then separates single-ligand symmetric frameworks from bi-ligand and bimetallic asymmetric frameworks.
Relevance: Core · 5 · 3. 2D ECMOFs Structure · Figure 3
4. Synthesis Methods of 2D ECMOFs
8-13Reviews single-phase synthesis, liquid/liquid, liquid/gas, solid/liquid and other interface-assisted methods, plus ball milling and ultrasound approaches.
Relevance: Core · 8 · 4. Synthesis Methods of 2D ECMOFs
Taxonomies
Classification systems are attributed to this review and are not treated as a global material registry.
Chemical Transport PathwayAuthor-proposed
Chemical conductance mechanisms
Through-space transport is associated with interlayer pi-pi stacking, while through-bond transport depends on covalent metal-ligand conjugation and energy-level matching.
Categories: through-space transfer · through-bond transfer
4 · 2.2. Chemical Conductance Mechanism of 2D ECMOFs
Framework MorphologyAuthor-proposed
MOF dimensionality and electrochemical role
The review links dimensionality to ion storage, conductivity and stability, using this to motivate the focus on 2D ECMOFs for energy devices.
Categories: 0D nanoparticles · 1D nanotubes or nanowires · 2D MOFs
2 · 2. Conductance Mechanism in 2D ECMOFs
Growth InterfaceAuthor-proposed
Interface-assisted growth types
Interface confinement is used to control film thickness, morphology and layer-by-layer growth, but transfer, yield and defect control remain challenges.
Categories: liquid/liquid interface · liquid/gas interface · solid/liquid interface · solid/gas or solid/solid interface
10 · 4.2. Interface Assisted Synthesis Methods
Carrier Transport PhysicsAuthor-proposed
Physical conductivity mechanisms
The review distinguishes delocalised band transport from thermally activated hopping and uses temperature dependence as the main diagnostic, with caveats for carrier concentration and mobility changes.
Categories: band-like transport · hopping transport
2 · 2.1. Physical Conductivity Mechanism of 2D ECMOFs · Figure 1
Ligand And Metal Coordination SymmetryAuthor-proposed
Symmetric versus asymmetric 2D ECMOF structures
Symmetric structures arise from single-ligand metal coordination, whereas asymmetric structures use multiple ligands or metal ions to broaden porosity and conductivity control.
Categories: single-ligand symmetric structures · bi-ligand structures · bimetallic structures
5 · 3. 2D ECMOFs Structure · Figure 4
Processing RouteAuthor-proposed
Synthesis-method classes
The review separates bulk reaction routes from interface-confined film growth and mechanochemical or ultrasound routes.
Categories: single-phase synthesis · interface-assisted synthesis · ball milling · ultrasound-assisted synthesis
8 · 4. Synthesis Methods of 2D ECMOFs
Material families
Review-defined families retain their representative materials and conduction descriptions.
BHT-based 2D ECMOFs
2D Layered FrameworkHexamercaptobenzene-based frameworks in which ligand and metal coordination symmetry can produce Ni-BHT or Cu-BHT structures.
Conduction: Used to illustrate metal-like transport, high conductivity, topological-insulator predictions and FET benchmarks.
Representative materials: Ni3(BHT)2 · Ni-BHT · Cu-BHT · Pt-BHT
Nodes / linkers: Ni · Cu · Pt · BHT
5 · 3.1. Symmetrical Structure
Bi-ligand 2D ECMOFs
2D Asymmetric Framework Or FilmAsymmetric 2D ECMOFs incorporating two ligand types with either similar backbones and different donor atoms or different backbones and shared donor atoms.
Conduction: Mixed ligands tune conductivity through coordination participation, pore size, stacking and crystallinity.
Representative materials: Cu3(HHTP)(THQ) · HATP-doped Cu-HHTP
Nodes / linkers: Cu · HHTP · THQ · HATP
5 · 3.2.1. Bi-Ligand 2D ECMOFs
Bimetallic and multimetallic 2D ECMOFs
2D Asymmetric FrameworkAsymmetric frameworks where two or more metal ions, or a metal-containing ligand plus a metal node, are combined to tune electronic and catalytic properties.
Conduction: Metal substitution changes free-carrier concentration, interlayer displacement, band gap and electrocatalytic activity.
Representative materials: CoxNiy-CAT · (Co2.47Cu0.53)(HITP)2 · M3(HITP)2 · PcCu-O8-Zn
Nodes / linkers: Co · Ni · Cu · Zn · HITP · CAT · phthalocyanine
8 · 3.2.2. Bi-Metallic 2D ECMOFs
HIB/HHB benzene-derived frameworks
2D Layered Or Nanosheet FrameworksBenzene derivative conductive MOFs used to tune pore size, metal coordination and gas sensing behaviour.
Conduction: Discussed in relation to anisotropic transport, oxygen-dependent synthesis, CO2 sensing and high-crystallinity preparation.
Representative materials: Ni3(HIB)2 · Cu3(HIB)2 · Cu-HHB · HHB-Cu
Nodes / linkers: Ni · Cu · HIB · HHB
3 · 2.1. Physical Conductivity Mechanism of 2D ECMOFs
HITP/HHTP triphenylene-derived frameworks
2D Layered Framework And Thin FilmsTriphenylene derivative linkers coordinated with transition metals to form porous 2D conductive networks.
Conduction: Conductivity depends on crystallinity, metal identity, oxidation state, interlayer packing and film morphology.
Representative materials: Ni3(HITP)2 · Cu3(HHTP)2 · Co3(HHTP)2 · Ni3(HHTP)2
Nodes / linkers: Ni · Cu · Co · HITP · HHTP · HATP
5 · 3.1. Symmetrical Structure
Lanthanide HHTP frameworks
2D Framework And NanorodsLnHHTP frameworks used to test whether in-plane pi-d conjugation is required for conductivity.
Conduction: Out-of-plane pi-pi accumulation can support measurable conductivity even without metal-ligand pi-d conjugation.
Representative materials: LnHHTP · NdHHTP
Nodes / linkers: lanthanide ions · Nd · HHTP
4 · 2.2. Chemical Conductance Mechanism of 2D ECMOFs
Phthalocyanine and DBC conductive MOFs
2D Framework And NanosheetLarge conjugated ligand frameworks used for alternative symmetry classes, supercapacitors and catalytic devices.
Conduction: Conductivity and electrochemical performance are connected to extended conjugation, redox-active metals and ligands, and exfoliable layered structures.
Representative materials: NiPc-MOF · Cu-DBC · Ni2[CuPc(NH)8]
Nodes / linkers: Ni · Cu · phthalocyanine · DBC
5 · 3.1. Symmetrical Structure
THT/TPHS chalcogen-rich triphenylene frameworks
2D Films And MembranesSulfur- or selenium-containing triphenylene linkers coordinated into conductive 2D frameworks.
Conduction: Used for band-like terahertz mobility, HER activity and low-temperature magnetic examples.
Representative materials: Fe3(THT)2(NH4)3 · Co-THT · Ni-THT · Co-TPHS
Nodes / linkers: Fe · Co · Ni · THT · TPHS
3 · 2.1. Physical Conductivity Mechanism of 2D ECMOFs
Synthesis strategies
Review-level synthesis principles remain separate from primary-study recipes.
Atmosphere and additive control
Oxygen, ammonia, acetate, pyridine and chelating additives are used to alter coordination states, pH, ligand solubility, nucleation and crystal growth direction.
Claimed effects: Can shift products between crystalline, low-crystallinity, amorphous, rod and sheet morphologies.
Controlling variables: oxygen presence · ammonia · sodium acetate · pyridine · ethylenediamine
Representative materials: Ni3(HITP)2 · Cu3(HITP)2 · Ni3(HIB)2 · Cu3(HHTP)2 · Cu-HHB
Caveat: The same additives may improve morphology but complicate reproducibility and crystallisation control.
9 · 4.1. Single-Phase Synthesis Methods
Liquid/gas and Langmuir-Blodgett interface growth
Water/air or vapour interfaces, including LB tanks, are used to obtain ultrathin or centimetre-scale 2D ECMOF films.
Claimed effects: Allows thickness regulation from monolayer-scale films to tens of nanometres and enables device-relevant films.
Controlling variables: vapour composition · precursor concentration · surface tension · reaction time · film transfer method
Representative materials: Ni3(HITP)2 · Ni-BHT · Ni-THT
Caveat: Transfer and defect control remain practical issues for interfacial films.
10 · 4.2.2. Liquid/Gas Interface · Figure 6
Liquid/liquid interfacial growth
Metal salts and ligands are separated into immiscible liquid phases, limiting reaction to the interface and promoting bounded film growth.
Claimed effects: Controls membrane thickness and confines growth to an interface.
Controlling variables: choice of immiscible solvents · precursor concentration · reaction time · interfacial area
Representative materials: Ni-BHT · Fe3(THT)2(NH4)3
Caveat: The review does not treat this route as a high-yield bulk synthesis route.
10 · 4.2.1. Liquid/Liquid Interface
Ball milling and ultrasound-assisted synthesis
Mechanochemical and ultrasound routes prepare nanorods, exfoliated nanosheets and powder samples without relying on conventional solvothermal growth.
Claimed effects: Can exfoliate stacked MOF layers or make bimetallic powder samples with comparatively simple processing.
Controlling variables: milling additive · shear force · surfactant · ultrasound exposure
Representative materials: CoxNiy-CAT · Ni2[CuPc(NH)8] · HHB-Cu · Co/Ni-CAT
Caveat: The review gives these as additional routes and does not establish them as solving defect and crystallinity limitations.
11 · 4.3. Other Synthesis Methods
Single-phase hydrothermal/solvothermal synthesis
Bulk synthesis in a sealed high-temperature or high-pressure environment to improve solubility, reactivity and crystal growth.
Claimed effects: Enables controllable preparation of different morphologies and components, but reproducibility and large high-quality crystals remain difficult.
Controlling variables: solvent composition · temperature and pressure · reaction atmosphere · additives · substrate presence
Representative materials: Ni3(HITP)2 · Cu3(HHTP)2 · Mn/Fe-HIB-MOF · Cu-BHS
Caveat: The review states that deprotonation, oxidation, coordination and growth are non-serial steps with many control variables.
8 · 4.1. Single-Phase Synthesis Methods
Solid/liquid layer-by-layer self-assembly
A substrate is alternately exposed to metal and ligand precursor solutions, with washing between cycles, to grow films layer by layer.
Claimed effects: Offers thickness control and oriented thin films suitable for sensing and devices.
Controlling variables: number of cycles · substrate functionalisation · precursor sequence · washing conditions
Representative materials: Cu3(HHTP)2 · HITP-doped Cu-HHTP
Caveat: Layer-by-layer growth may be slow and is not equivalent to scalable bulk production.
11 · 4.2.3. Solid/Liquid Interface · Figure 8
Solid/gas and surface-confined vacuum growth
Ultra-high-vacuum or solid-surface methods deposit linker and evaporated metal atoms onto surfaces, followed by annealing to create monolayer conductive MOFs.
Claimed effects: Can prepare monolayer membranes and surface-supported frameworks for topological studies.
Controlling variables: surface selection · metal evaporation · annealing temperature · vacuum environment
Representative materials: Ni3(HITP)2 · Cu3(HHB)2
Caveat: Substrate conductivity can obscure quantum transport measurements.
11 · 4.2.4. Other Interfaces
Review claims
These are the review authors’ synthesis, not newly measured results.
Consensus SummaryHigh supportStructure Property Link
2D ECMOF conductivity arises from planar metal-ligand networks designed for pi-pi stacking and/or pi-d conjugation.
Evidence basis: single_reference
Caveat: The review later cautions that high conductivity does not always require in-plane pi-d conjugation.
2 · 1. Introduction
Author InterpretationMedium supportStructure Property Link
The review presents 2D ECMOF battery charge storage as involving both metal ions and ligands, with cations and anions participating in some systems.
Evidence basis: single_reference
Caveat: The mechanistic statement is tied to Cu-THQ and should not be generalised to all conductive MOFs without primary evidence.
16 · 5.2.2. Battery · Figure 11
Author InterpretationMedium supportSynthesis Strategy
Bi-ligand design is presented as a way to expand ligand diversity and tune porosity, crystallinity and conductivity.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: Excess dopant can reduce conductivity by competitive coordination and decreased crystallinity.
5 · 3.2.1. Bi-Ligand 2D ECMOFs
Author InterpretationHigh supportStructure Property Link
Bimetallic design can tune band gap, free-carrier concentration, conductivity and catalytic activity through metal synergy.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: Conductivity may decrease as catalytically active metal content rises, so optimisation is application-specific.
8 · 3.2.2. Bi-Metallic 2D ECMOFs
Consensus SummaryHigh supportDefinition Scope
Conventional MOFs are framed as intrinsically attractive but generally too poorly conductive for pristine electrical applications.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: The review gives a broad value for conventional MOFs but does not unpack measurement conditions.
2 · 1. Introduction
Consensus SummaryMedium supportApplication Relevance
The review connects 2D ECMOF electronic structure design to FETs, topological insulators, spintronics and thermoelectric devices.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: Some quantum-transport claims remain theoretical or substrate-limited.
18 · 5.4. Electronics
Author InterpretationHigh supportApplication Relevance
2D ECMOFs are considered promising electrocatalysts, but the review stresses that performance still needs fine tuning through bimetallic design and composites.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: Catalytic values are application-specific and not direct transport benchmarks.
18 · 5.3. Energy Conversion
Consensus SummaryHigh supportSynthesis Strategy
Interface-assisted synthesis is treated as especially suitable for controllable, high-quality 2D ECMOF films.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: The review notes low yield, transfer difficulty and defect control problems relative to single-phase synthesis.
10 · 4.2. Interface Assisted Synthesis Methods
Author InterpretationMedium supportControversy
The review uses lanthanide-HHTP work to argue that efficient 2D ECMOF charge transport can occur without in-plane pi-d conjugation.
Evidence basis: single_reference
Caveat: This is a design caveat rather than a rejection of pi-d conjugation as a valuable route.
4 · 2.2. Chemical Conductance Mechanism of 2D ECMOFs
Consensus SummaryMedium supportApplication Relevance
2D ECMOFs are framed as porous conductive sensing materials whose selectivity can be tuned by metal-node and framework design.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: The review states that further investigations are needed before practical demands are fulfilled.
14 · 5.1. Sensing
Author InterpretationHigh supportCaveat
Polycrystallinity, structural defects and grain boundaries limit reliable inference of intrinsic 2D ECMOF transport mechanisms.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: The review calls for larger high-quality single crystals or monolayers rather than treating current polycrystalline data as definitive.
4 · 2.2. Chemical Conductance Mechanism of 2D ECMOFs
Author InterpretationHigh supportSynthesis Strategy
Single-phase synthesis is simple, low-cost and high-yield, but difficult to reproduce and control because multiple chemical steps overlap.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: The review calls for mechanistic work on crystal growth kinetics.
10 · 4.1. Single-Phase Synthesis Methods
Author InterpretationMedium supportStructure Property Link
For supercapacitors, the review links crystallinity and 1D channel pore size with unit mass capacitance and energy density.
Evidence basis: single_reference
Caveat: The claim is based on a combined simulation/experimental comparison of selected Ni frameworks.
15 · 5.2.1. Supercapacitors
Author InterpretationHigh supportStructure Property Link
Ligand and metal coordination symmetry controls pore structure and packing state, which in turn regulates electrical properties.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: Examples include BHT systems with different Ni and Cu coordination, but the review does not provide a universal quantitative rule.
5 · 3.1. Symmetrical Structure
Author InterpretationMedium supportMeasurement Interpretation
Temperature-dependent conductivity is presented as the main practical diagnostic for distinguishing band-like and hopping transport, but interpretation must consider both mobility and carrier concentration.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: Rising conductivity with temperature is not by itself sufficient to assign hopping because semiconducting band transport can also show carrier-concentration effects.
3 · 2.1. Physical Conductivity Mechanism of 2D ECMOFs
Secondary benchmarks
Every row remains visibly secondary and links to a primary dossier only where the mapping is verified.
| Material | Property | Reported value | Context and quality | Primary evidence | Review source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SecondaryCo-BHT | HER overpotential | 0.34 V at 10 mA cm-2 | strongly acidic pH 1.3 solution; HER Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 16 · 5.3. Energy Conversion |
| SecondaryCu-BHT | FET electron and hole mobility | electron mobility 116 cm2 V-1 s-1; hole mobility 99 cm2 V-1 s-1 | field-effect transistor device; bipolar transport Text · Exact Reported | research_0006 | 18 · 5.4. Electronics |
| SecondaryCu-BHT | room-temperature conductivity | 1580 S cm-1 | room temperature; cited in review as high-conductivity 2D ECMOF and FET material Text · Exact Reported | research_0006 | 18 · 5.4. Electronics |
| SecondaryCu-DBC | solid-state supercapacitor capacitance | 479 F g-1 at 0.2 A g-1 | symmetrical solid-state supercapacitor; current density 0.2 A g-1 Text · Exact Reported | research_0068 | 15 · 5.2.1. Supercapacitors |
| SecondaryCu3(HHTP)2 thin film | Seebeck coefficient | -121.4 microV K-1 | electrochemical deposition; n-type semiconductor indicated by negative value Text · Exact Reported | research_0018 | 19 · 5.4. Electronics |
| SecondaryCu3(HHTP)2 | NH3 sensor resistance response | 129% average resistance change; 1.36 min response time | 100 ppm NH3; high-quality LBL film Text · Exact Reported | research_0115 | 14 · 5.1. Sensing |
| SecondaryCu3(HHTP)2 | magnetoresistance | 10% magneto resistivity at 25 K | LSMO/Cu3(HHTP)2/Co sandwich spin valve device Text · Exact Reported | research_0129 | 19 · 5.4. Electronics · Figure 12 |
| SecondaryCu3(HHTP)(THQ) | conductivity | 10-5 S cm-3 | bi-ligand 2D ECMOF; unit reproduced as printed in review Text · Exact Reported | research_0793 | 4 · 2.2. Chemical Conductance Mechanism of 2D ECMOFs · Figure 2 |
| SecondaryCu3(HIB)2 | CO2 sensing range | 400-2500 ppm | atmospheric CO2 sensing; 10%-80% humidity range discussed Text · Range | No verified corpus mapping | 14 · 5.1. Sensing |
| SecondaryCu3(HITP)2 | NH3 detection limit | 0.5 ppm | chemical resistance gas sensor; drip-coated sensor pieces Text · Exact Reported | research_0002 | 14 · 5.1. Sensing |
| SecondaryCu-THQ | lithium-ion battery reversible capacity and energy density | 387 mAh g-1 reversible capacity; 775 Wh kg-1 energy density | lithium battery based on Cu-THQ electrode Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 16 · 5.2.2. Battery · Figure 11 |
| SecondaryFe3(THT)2(NH4)3 | room-temperature mobility | 220 cm2 V-1 s-1 | non-contact time-resolved terahertz spectroscopy on 2D MOF film Text · Exact Reported | research_0001 | 3 · 2.1. Physical Conductivity Mechanism of 2D ECMOFs |
| SecondaryCu-HAB and Ni-HAB | capacitance per unit mass | 215 F g-1 (Cu-HAB) and 420 F g-1 (Ni-HAB) | supercapacitor electrode materials dominated by pseudocapacitance Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 15 · 5.2.1. Supercapacitors |
| SecondaryBHT-based 2D ECMOF film | HER overpotential with optimised thickness | 185 mV; thickness range 23-244 nm discussed; 213 mV at 1000 nm | film-thickness-dependent HER activity Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 17 · 5.3. Energy Conversion |
| Secondary(Co2.47Cu0.53)(HITP)2 to Ni3(HITP)2 | conductivity tuning range | 5.8 x 10-3 to 55.4 S cm-1 | Co, Ni and Cu coordination with HITP; metal composition varied Text · Range | research_0041 | 8 · 3.2.2. Bi-Metallic 2D ECMOFs |
| SecondaryLnHHTP | conductivity | 0.05 S cm-1 | lanthanide-HHTP framework excluding in-plane pi-d conjugation Text · Exact Reported | research_0047 | 4 · 2.2. Chemical Conductance Mechanism of 2D ECMOFs |
| SecondaryNi3(BHT)2 | room-temperature conductivity | 0.15 S cm-1 | room-temperature nanosheets with controllable preparation Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 3 · 2.1. Physical Conductivity Mechanism of 2D ECMOFs |
| SecondaryNi3(HITP)2 | ORR activity | 50 microA cm-2 at onset potential of 0.82 V | alkaline solution ORR catalyst Text · Exact Reported | research_0003 | 18 · 5.3. Energy Conversion |
| SecondaryNi3(HITP)2 on polypropylene separator | Li-S battery areal capacity | 200.7 mAh cm-2 after 24 cycles | Li-S separator membrane; sulfur loading 8.0 mg cm-2 and 70 wt% Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 15 · 5.2.2. Battery · Figure 10 |
| SecondaryNi3(HITP)2 | conductivity | 40 S cm-1 | reported for Ni3(HITP)2; review notes temperature-dependent tests showed semiconductor properties Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 3 · 2.1. Physical Conductivity Mechanism of 2D ECMOFs |
| SecondaryNi3(HITP)2 | specific capacitance | approximately 111 F g-1 | supercapacitor electrode; current density 0.05 A g-1 Text · Approximate | No verified corpus mapping | 15 · 5.2.1. Supercapacitors |
| SecondaryNi3(HITP)2 | thermal conductivity | 0.21 W m-1 K-1 | room temperature thermoelectric context Text · Exact Reported | research_0018 | 19 · 5.4. Electronics |
| SecondaryNi3(HITP)2 | film thickness and conductivity | 7, 40, and 92 nm; 0.85, 2.23, and 22.83 S m-1 | vapour-induced water/triethylamine interface films Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 10 · 4.2.2. Liquid/Gas Interface · Figure 6 |
Research gaps
Open questions are presented as review-author priorities, not conclusions from the primary database.
Synthesis mechanism and reproducibility
HighSingle-phase synthesis involves overlapping deprotonation, oxidation, coordination and growth steps, making reproducibility poor.
Proposed direction: Conduct in-depth research on intrinsic crystal growth kinetics to obtain ideal components, morphologies and crystalline states.
10 · 4.1. Single-Phase Synthesis Methods
Industrial scale-up and stability
MediumManufacturing conductive MOFs inexpensively and at large scale is difficult, and stability under harsh temperature and humidity conditions is a concern.
Proposed direction: Develop scalable, stable conductive MOF manufacturing routes for industrial settings.
20 · 6. Conclusion and Outlook
Interface-method limitations
MediumInterface-assisted growth can control film thickness but faces low yield, difficult transfer and defect-control challenges.
Proposed direction: Improve transfer, yield and defect control for practical interfacial film applications.
11 · 4.2.4. Other Interfaces
Limited chemical diversity
MediumReported 2D ECMOF ligands are mainly benzene, triphenylene and phthalocyanine derivatives with Co, Ni and Cu transition metals.
Proposed direction: Introduce more ligands and metals into 2D ECMOF construction systems to regulate and optimise functions.
20 · 6. Conclusion and Outlook
Intrinsic transport obscured by defects
HighMost constructed 2D ECMOFs are polycrystalline solids with severe defects and grain boundaries, limiting interpretation of intrinsic transport.
Proposed direction: Develop controllable preparation of universal large-size, high-quality single crystals or monolayer 2D ECMOFs.
20 · 6. Conclusion and Outlook
Application performance optimisation
MediumThe review states that more effort is needed to optimise performance and realise the application value of 2D ECMOFs.
Proposed direction: Use directional component and structure design, primitive synergy, collective-property discovery and composite systems.
20 · 6. Conclusion and Outlook
Spin-polarisation mechanism
MediumThe exact spin-polarisation transport mechanism in 2D ECMOF spin-valve devices remains unexplained.
Proposed direction: Perform mechanistic spin-transport studies on 2D ECMOF spintronic devices.
19 · 5.4. Electronics · Figure 12
Insufficient structural determination
HighMany 2D ECMOF structures are inferred from powder XRD and theoretical simulations, limiting understanding of formation mechanisms and structural characteristics.
Proposed direction: Develop technologies for accurate structural characterisation and analysis of 2D ECMOFs.
20 · 6. Conclusion and Outlook
Cited-study map
Mappings show which printed review references have a verified counterpart in the frozen primary corpus.
Show 39 cited-study records
| Reference | Study | Role and context | Corpus mapping |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ref. 142015 | Title unavailable | transport_benchmark · fet_benchmark · structure_propertyProvides the review's high-conductivity Cu-BHT and FET mobility benchmark. | research_0006 |
| Ref. 252012 | Title unavailable | transport_mechanism_contextUsed in the review's temperature-dependence discussion of band-like and hopping transport. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 262022 | Title unavailable | transport_mechanism_contextCited in the review's physical transport mechanism interpretation. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 272010 | Title unavailable | transport_mechanism_contextSupports temperature-dependent interpretation of charge transport mechanisms in the review. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 282013 | Title unavailable | transport_benchmark · structure_propertyProvides the review's room-temperature Ni3(BHT)2 nanosheet conductivity benchmark. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 302014 | Title unavailable | transport_benchmark · material_familyProvides Ni3(HITP)2 conductivity and is also cited for single-crystal Cu3(HHTP)2 conductivity being higher than polycrystalline particles. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 312017 | Title unavailable | transport_mechanismCited for temperature-dependent transition from semiconductor to metallic conductivity. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 322017 | Title unavailable | transport_anisotropy · synthesis_atmosphereUsed for anisotropic transport and oxygen-dependent synthesis of HIB frameworks. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 332018 | Title unavailable | mobility_benchmark · interface_synthesisProvides terahertz mobility benchmark and liquid/liquid interfacial film growth example. | research_0001 |
| Ref. 352019 | Title unavailable | single_crystal · synthesis_strategyCited for rod-like Ni3(HITP)2 single crystals and single-phase synthesis examples. | research_0005 |
| Ref. 402020 | Title unavailable | bi_ligand · transport_benchmarkUsed for the review's bi-ligand Cu3(HHTP)(THQ) structure and conductivity comparison. | research_0793 |
| Ref. 412020 | Title unavailable | bimetallic · conductivity_tuningUsed for metal-composition tuning of conductivity and for crystalline Co3(HITP)2 with sodium acetate. | research_0041 |
| Ref. 422020 | Title unavailable | mechanism_caveat · transport_benchmark · synthesis_strategyUsed to argue that high conductivity can be achieved without in-plane pi-d conjugation and cited as single-phase NdHHTP synthesis. | research_0047 |
| Ref. 452015 | Title unavailable | her_benchmark · energy_conversionProvides early HER benchmark for Co-BHT and Co-THT. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 472015 | Title unavailable | sensing_benchmarkUsed for NH3 sensing benchmark and VOC sensing arrays. | research_0002 |
| Ref. 522018 | Title unavailable | supercapacitor_benchmarkProvides Cu-HAB and Ni-HAB capacitance benchmarks and pseudocapacitance interpretation. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 552020 | Title unavailable | supercapacitor_structure_propertyUsed for pore-size, crystallinity and electric double-layer capacitance structure-property interpretation. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 592020 | Title unavailable | supercapacitor_benchmarkProvides Cu-DBC supercapacitor conductivity, surface area and capacitance values in the review. | research_0068 |
| Ref. 602021 | Title unavailable | bi_ligand · thin_film_synthesisUsed for HATP/HHTP mixed-ligand doping and LBL double-ligand film synthesis. | research_0084 |
| Ref. 612019 | Title unavailable | bimetallic · orr_benchmark · mechanochemical_synthesisUsed for bimetallic CoxNiy-CAT ORR synergy and ball-milling preparation. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 622020 | Title unavailable | bimetallic · co2rrUsed as an example of metal-containing ligand coordination forming a bimetallic 2D ECMOF for CO2RR. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 652014 | Title unavailable | single_phase_synthesis · figure_sourceCited for Ni3(HITP)2 synthesis schematic and ammonia/open-vessel preparation. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 662018 | Title unavailable | additive_control · sensingUsed for additive effects on Cu3(HHTP)2 morphology and methanol sensing. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 742013 | Title unavailable | interface_synthesis · thin_filmUsed for liquid/liquid and air/water interface Ni-BHT membrane and monolayer examples. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 762019 | Title unavailable | thin_film_synthesis · conductivity_benchmarkProvides vapour-induced Ni3(HITP)2 film thickness and conductivity benchmarks. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 782017 | Title unavailable | lbl_synthesis · sensing_benchmarkUsed for layer-by-layer Cu3(HHTP)2 film growth and NH3 sensing performance. | research_0115 |
| Ref. 802019 | Title unavailable | surface_synthesis · topological_contextUsed for ultra-high-vacuum Au(111) monolayer synthesis and quantum spin Hall discussion. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 832020 | Title unavailable | mechanochemical_synthesis · nanosheet_exfoliationUsed for NaCl-assisted ball milling and mechanical peeling into nanosheets. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 842020 | Title unavailable | ultrasound_synthesisUsed for one-step ultrasound preparation of Co/Ni-CAT powder samples. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 862019 | Title unavailable | sensing_benchmarkUsed for CO2 atmospheric sensing benchmark and hydrated adsorption-site mechanism. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 872019 | Title unavailable | sensing_compositeUsed for metal nanoparticle loading to improve NO2 sensing. | research_0799 |
| Ref. 952017 | Title unavailable | supercapacitor_benchmarkProvides Ni3(HITP)2 conductivity, surface area and capacitance benchmark for supercapacitors. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 982018 | Title unavailable | battery_benchmark · separator_membraneUsed for Ni3(HITP)2 in situ grown on polypropylene separator for lithium-sulfur batteries. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1052020 | Title unavailable | battery_benchmark · redox_mechanismProvides Cu-THQ lithium-ion battery capacity, energy density and charge-discharge mechanism. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1192018 | Title unavailable | her_benchmark · thickness_effectUsed for HER activity dependence on film thickness and charge migration resistance. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1202016 | Title unavailable | orr_benchmarkProvides Ni3(HITP)2 ORR benchmark in alkaline solution. | research_0003 |
| Ref. 1242019 | Title unavailable | orr_benchmark · compositeUsed for 2D ECMOF PcCu-O8-Co mixed with carbon nanotubes and Zn-air battery power density comparison. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1302020 | Title unavailable | spin_deviceProvides LSMO/Cu3(HHTP)2/Co spin valve magnetoresistance benchmark. | research_0129 |
| Ref. 1312020 | Title unavailable | thermoelectric_benchmarkUsed for thermoelectric discussion, including Ni3(HITP)2 thermal conductivity and Cu3(HHTP)2 Seebeck coefficient. | research_0018 |