Guang Zhang and Long Chen · ChemPhysChem · 2025
Summarise updated synthetic methods, new ligands and energy-storage applications of two-dimensional conductive metal-organic frameworks, with emphasis on supercapacitors and rechargeable batteries.
The review’s argument is preserved as a navigable set of section summaries.
Covers LIB, SIB, ZIB, MIB and KIB contexts, highlighting redox-active frameworks, pore design for large ions, charge-storage mechanisms and morphology-dependent diffusion.
Relevance: Peripheral · 4-6 · 3. 2D c-MOFs in Rechargeable Batteries · Figures 4-5
Defines 2D c-MOFs, traces the 2012 Yaghi catecholate examples, organises ligand architecture and pore shape, and introduces electronic conduction through bonds and through space.
Relevance: Supporting · 1-2 · 1. Introduction · Figures 1-2
Synthesises the authors' outlook: poor crystallinity, limited commercial readiness, low capacity/rate/cycling stability, degradation mechanisms, morphology-performance links and post-processing remain key issues.
Relevance: Supporting · 6 · 4. Summary and Outlook
Reviews EDLC and pseudocapacitive uses of 2D c-MOFs, then emphasises limited voltage windows, weak rate performance, ion diffusion, crystallinity, pore/electrolyte matching and cycling durability.
Relevance: Peripheral · 3-4 · 2. 2D c-MOFs in Supercapacitors · Figure 3
Classification systems are attributed to this review and are not treated as a global material registry.
The review separates in-plane pi-d orbital overlap from out-of-plane pi-pi or layer interactions as the standard conceptual classification for 2D c-MOF electronic conduction.
Categories: through-bond conduction within 2D planes · through-space layer-to-layer conduction
2 · 1. Introduction
The review links ligand architecture directly to pore size and shape, using this as the design axis for ion access and electrochemical performance.
Categories: nonporous benzenehexathiol-based Cu3(C6S6) · hexagonal triphenylene-based pores · square phthalocyanine-based pores · expanded-pore ligands with extended geometry
1-2 · 1. Introduction · Figures 1-2
The review broadens from LIBs to alternative ion chemistries, treating pore design and electrochemical stability as cross-cutting issues.
Categories: lithium-ion batteries · sodium-ion batteries · zinc-ion batteries · magnesium-ion batteries · potassium-ion batteries
4-6 · 3. 2D c-MOFs in Rechargeable Batteries · Figure 5
The review uses the conventional EDLC/pseudocapacitor distinction to position 2D c-MOF electrodes between ion adsorption and fast surface redox reactions.
Categories: electrochemical double-layer capacitors · pseudocapacitors
3 · 2. 2D c-MOFs in Supercapacitors
Review-defined families retain their representative materials and conduction descriptions.
Benzenehexathiol-derived 2D c-MOFs represented by Cu3(C6S6) and Ni3BHT, with compact or nonporous architectures relative to larger triphenylene or phthalocyanine linkers.
Conduction: Cu3(C6S6) is highlighted as a high-conductivity thin-film example, while Ni3BHT is discussed for electrolyte intercalation in supercapacitors.
Representative materials: Cu3(C6S6) · Ni3BHT
Nodes / linkers: Cu · Ni · benzenehexathiol · octathiobenzene
1-3 · 1. Introduction; 2. 2D c-MOFs in Supercapacitors · Figures 2-3
Graphene-like 2D extended frameworks built from planar chelating ligands such as hexahydroxytriphenylene or hexaaminotriphenylene and transition-metal nodes.
Conduction: The family is framed as inherently conductive through combined in-plane metal-ligand overlap and stacked-layer interactions.
Representative materials: Cu3(HHTP)2 · Ni3(HITP)2 · Co3(HAB)2 · Ni3(HAB)2
Nodes / linkers: Cu · Ni · Co · hexahydroxytriphenylene · hexaaminotriphenylene · hexaaminobenzene
1 · 1. Introduction · Figure 2
HAB-derived conductive frameworks such as Ni3(HAB)2, Cu3(HAB)2 and Co3(HAB)2 used in supercapacitor and sodium-ion battery examples.
Conduction: The review emphasises ligand-centred redox activity and pH-dependent capacitance rather than assigning activity solely to metal cations.
Representative materials: Ni3(HAB)2 · Cu3(HAB)2 · Co3(HAB)2
Nodes / linkers: Ni · Cu · Co · hexaaminobenzene
3 · 2. 2D c-MOFs in Supercapacitors
HATN, TQ and related nitrogen-rich or quinazoline-type linkers used to increase charge-storage capacity in rechargeable batteries.
Conduction: The review links capacity to ligand/backbone redox, delocalised pi-electron networks and, in composites, conductive carbon supports.
Representative materials: Cu3(TQ-6OH)2 · Cu3(HATN-6OH)2 · Cu3(TAC-6OH)2 · Cu3(HATNH)2
Nodes / linkers: Cu · tricycloquinazoline · hexaazatrinaphthalene · triazacoronene · HATNH
5-6 · 3.1. Lithium Ion Batteries; 3.2. Other Types of Rechargable Batteries · Figures 4-5
Square-pore conductive frameworks using phthalocyanine or octasubstituted phthalocyanine linkers coordinated to metal nodes.
Conduction: Charge storage is interpreted through redox activity of phthalocyanine ligands and metal-coordination units rather than conductivity alone.
Representative materials: Ni2[CuPc(NH)8] · Ni2[CuPcS8] · Cu2[CuPc-8OH]
Nodes / linkers: Ni · Cu · phthalocyanine · octaamino phthalocyanine · octathio phthalocyanine · octahydroxy phthalocyanine
3-4 · 2. 2D c-MOFs in Supercapacitors; 3.1. Lithium Ion Batteries · Figures 3-4
Triphenylene-based linkers, including extended benzodioxan-arm variants, used to tune pore size and high surface area.
Conduction: Porosity is emphasised for electrolyte access, while conductivity and redox sites enable electrochemical use.
Representative materials: Cu3(HHTP)2 · extended triphenylene-based 2D c-MOF · Cu3(S5HHTP)2
Nodes / linkers: Cu · triphenylene · extended 1,4-benzodioxan-arm triphenylene · thio-fused triphenylene
1 · 1. Introduction · Figure 1
Review-level synthesis principles remain separate from primary-study recipes.
Combine MOFs with conductive supports or convert them into porous carbon materials with active metal sites to improve stability and conductivity.
Claimed effects: Can combine framework functionality with improved conductivity, durability and cycling stability.
Controlling variables: carbon nanotube support · carbonisation · active metal sites · composite architecture
Representative materials: Cu3(HATNH)2 on carbon nanotubes · MOF-derived carbon materials
Caveat: The review presents this as an outlook direction rather than a mature solution for commercial devices.
6 · 4. Summary and Outlook
The authors argue that higher crystallinity and single-crystal growth are needed to improve conductivity and reveal intrinsic structure-performance relations.
Claimed effects: May improve electrical conductivity and enable more reliable structure-property interpretation.
Controlling variables: crystal quality · defect density · single-crystal growth · atomically precise structure
Representative materials: 2D c-MOF single crystals
Caveat: The review stresses that single-crystal growth remains a significant challenge with only a few examples.
4 · 2. 2D c-MOFs in Supercapacitors
Interfacial methods are described as usual approaches when the target is a 2D c-MOF film rather than a powder.
Claimed effects: Enables preparation of 2D c-MOF films for device-relevant forms.
Controlling variables: interface type · ligand distribution · metal-salt distribution · film growth geometry
Representative materials: 2D c-MOF films
Caveat: The review does not provide a detailed film-quality comparison; it only states common use of these approaches.
2 · 1. Introduction
Select planar, symmetric, extended or non-planar ligands to tailor pore size, pore shape and redox functionality.
Claimed effects: Predesigns pore sizes and shapes and provides a route to tune ion channels and redox capacity.
Controlling variables: ligand geometry · chelating atom set · pore diameter · metal node · redox-active functional groups
Representative materials: Cu3(C6S6) · phthalocyanine-based 2D c-MOFs · triphenylene-based 2D c-MOFs
Caveat: Pore design must be coupled to electrolyte size and material stability; geometry alone does not ensure high rate performance.
1 · 1. Introduction · Figure 1
Modify crystal length, flake shape or channel openness through mediators, oxidants or exfoliation to affect ion diffusion and capacitance.
Claimed effects: Shorter and more open channels can improve capacitive performance and ion diffusion.
Controlling variables: crystal length · aspect ratio · flake morphology · reaction mediators · oxidants · sonication
Representative materials: Ni3(HITP)2 · Cu3(HHTP)2
Caveat: The authors note morphology has received less attention than framework architecture despite practical importance.
4 · 2. 2D c-MOFs in Supercapacitors
The review identifies solvothermal synthesis as the most frequently used general route for crystalline 2D c-MOF powders.
Claimed effects: Produces crystalline powders when ligand, metal salt and solvent are heated together.
Controlling variables: solvent · ligand · metal salt · elevated temperature
Representative materials: 2D c-MOF powders
Caveat: The review does not treat this as sufficient for high-quality single crystals; poor crystallinity remains a central limitation.
2 · 1. Introduction
These are the review authors’ synthesis, not newly measured results.
2D c-MOFs are framed as crystalline conductive frameworks combining inherent conductivity, porosity, redox-active sites and tunable architectures.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: The article is energy-storage oriented and does not comprehensively review all conductive MOF transport measurements.
1 · Abstract/Concept introduction
The larger radius of Na+ relative to Li+ makes rational pore design particularly important for sodium-ion battery use.
Evidence basis: single_reference
Caveat: This is a battery-specific application claim rather than general conductive-MOF transport evidence.
5 · 3.2. Other Types of Rechargable Batteries
For rechargeable batteries, 2D c-MOFs are presented as promising electrodes because porosity, conductivity and redox-active sites can be co-designed.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: The review is optimistic but notes that energy-storage performance remains below commercial needs.
4 · 3. 2D c-MOFs in Rechargeable Batteries
The authors conclude that 2D c-MOF energy-storage electrodes are promising but not commercialised because of low capacity, rate performance and cycling stability.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: This is a broad review-level judgement, not a single-material measurement.
6 · 4. Summary and Outlook
The standard conduction framework distinguishes in-plane through-bond transport from interlayer through-space transport.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: The article summarises the mechanism qualitatively and does not adjudicate among measurement methods.
2 · 1. Introduction
The Cu3(THQ)2 charge-storage mechanism was re-evaluated from a previously proposed diradical process toward a graphite-like mechanism involving delocalised pi electrons.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: This is a mechanism dispute summarised by the review and should be treated as a pointer to primary mechanistic studies.
5 · 3.1. Lithium Ion Batteries · Figure 4e
The review identifies the 2012 HHTP-based Cu, Ni and Co frameworks as the first reported catecholate 2D c-MOF examples.
Evidence basis: single_reference
Caveat: This is the review authors' historical framing and should be cross-checked in primary historical discussion if central.
1 · 1. Introduction
Electrochemical instability is identified as the key unresolved challenge for rechargeable-battery applications of 2D c-MOFs.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: The review summarises possible degradation routes but does not provide a single accepted degradation mechanism.
6 · 3.2. Other Types of Rechargable Batteries
Electrolyte ion size should be matched to pore diameter because large cations can saturate or obstruct channels whereas smaller cations facilitate charging.
Evidence basis: single_reference
Caveat: The cited example is Cu3(HHTP)2 and should not be generalised without primary checks.
4 · 2. 2D c-MOFs in Supercapacitors
The impact of 2D c-MOF morphology on battery performance is underexplored compared with framework architecture.
Evidence basis: single_reference
Caveat: The example cited is Cu3(HHTP)2 flake versus rod morphology for Li+ diffusion.
6 · 3.2. Other Types of Rechargable Batteries
Ligand architecture is treated as the main design handle for pore size and pore shape, which in turn affects electrolyte access and electrochemical behaviour.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: The review does not provide a universal quantitative relationship between pore diameter and performance.
1 · 1. Introduction · Figure 2
The review argues that low electrical conductivity, slow ion diffusion and poor crystallinity contribute to poor rate performance in 2D c-MOF supercapacitors.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: This is a secondary synthesis across diverse materials and electrolytes.
4 · 2. 2D c-MOFs in Supercapacitors
2D c-MOFs are promising supercapacitor electrodes because they combine electrical conductivity with tunable surface area and pore access.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: The review immediately qualifies this promise with low voltage windows, rate limitations and cycling stability problems.
3 · 2. 2D c-MOFs in Supercapacitors · Figure 3
Reported 2D c-MOF supercapacitor voltage windows are generally below commercial porous carbon comparators, limiting energy and power density.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: Comparator values are review-context values and should not be treated as direct device-normalised primary comparisons.
3-4 · 2. 2D c-MOFs in Supercapacitors
Every row remains visibly secondary and links to a primary dossier only where the mapping is verified.
| Material | Property | Reported value | Context and quality | Primary evidence | Review source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SecondaryCu2[CuPc-8OH] | lithium-ion battery charge/discharge capacity | 151/128 mAh/g and stable cycling over 200 cycles | cathode in lithium-ion batteries; discharge capacity selected as numeric value Text · Exact Reported | research_0073 | 4 · 3.1. Lithium Ion Batteries |
| SecondaryCu3(C6S6) | thin-film electrical conductivity | as high as 2500 S/cm | thin films Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 2 · 1. Introduction |
| SecondaryCu3(HATN-6OH)2 | lithium-ion battery specific capacity | 763 mAh/g at 300 mA/g and 90% retention after 600 cycles | LIB electrode at 300 mA/g Text · Exact Reported | research_0336 | 5 · 3.1. Lithium Ion Batteries |
| SecondaryCu3(HATN-6OH)2 | sodium-ion battery anode capacity | 500 mAh/g at 0.1 A, 151 mAh/g at 5 A/g, and 80% retention after 500 cycles at 2 A/g | anode in SIBs; review text reports 0.1 A without per-gram normalisation in the OCR Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 5 · 3.2. Other Types of Rechargable Batteries |
| SecondaryCu3(HHTP)2 | zinc-ion battery reversible capacity | 228 mAh/g at 50 mA/g and 75% capacity retention after 100 cycles at 500 mA/g | cathode material in aqueous zinc-ion batteries Text · Exact Reported | research_0188 | 5 · 3.2. Other Types of Rechargable Batteries · Figure 5c-d |
| SecondaryCu3(S5HHTP)2 | magnesium-ion battery cathode capacity | 500 mA h/g and maintained 460 mA h/g after 180 cycles | cathode in magnesium-ion batteries Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 5 · 3.2. Other Types of Rechargable Batteries |
| SecondaryCu3(TQ-6OH)2 | lithium-ion battery anode capacity | 657.6 mAh/g at 600 mA/g and 82% retention after 200 cycles | anode in LIBs at 600 mA/g Text · Exact Reported | research_0803 | 5 · 3.1. Lithium Ion Batteries · Figure 4a-b |
| SecondaryCu3(HATNH)2 on carbon nanotubes | potassium-ion battery cycling stability | 2200 cycles at 5 A/g | potassium-ion batteries; MOF grown on carbon nanotubes Text · Exact Reported | research_0629 | 6 · 3.2. Other Types of Rechargable Batteries · Figure 5e-f |
| Secondaryextended triphenylene-based 2D c-MOF | specific surface area | SSA as high as 1300 m2/g; theoretical value 1476 m2/g | 3.3 nm pore size from extended 1,4-benzodioxan arms Text · Exact Reported | research_0408 | 1 · 1. Introduction |
| SecondaryNi2[CuPc(NH)8] | specific capacitance | 400 F/g at 0.5 A/g; 183 F/g at 20 A/g; 90.3% after 5000 cycles | 0-1.6 V working potential window Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 3 · 2. 2D c-MOFs in Supercapacitors · Figure 3c-d |
| SecondaryNi2(TTC-8OH) | gravimetric capacitance | 249 F/g at 0.2 A/g; 1.2 V window; 80% retention after 1,800 cycles | octahydroxy-substituted tetrathia[8]circulene-based 2D c-MOF Text · Exact Reported | research_0090 | 3 · 2. 2D c-MOFs in Supercapacitors |
| SecondaryNi3BHT | specific capacitance | 245 F/g and a working potential window of 0-1.7 V | 1 M LiPF6/MeCN electrolyte Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 3 · 2. 2D c-MOFs in Supercapacitors · Figure 3e-f |
| SecondaryNi3(HAB)2 | lithium-ion battery specific capacity and energy density | 155 mAh/g and high energy density of 434 Wh/kg at 10 mA/g | cathode material in LIBs at 10 mA/g Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 4 · 3.1. Lithium Ion Batteries |
| SecondaryNi3(HAB)2 | volumetric capacitance | up to 760 F/cm3; areal capacitances exceeding 20 F/cm2; 90% cycling stability after 12,000 cycles | optimised supercapacitor performance Text · Exact Reported | research_0809 | 3 · 2. 2D c-MOFs in Supercapacitors |
| SecondaryNi3(HITP)2 | EDLC gravimetric/surface-area-normalised capacitance | 18 uF/cm2 and 90% cycling stability after 10,000 cycles | sole electrode material in EDLCs; normalised to specific surface area Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 3 · 2. 2D c-MOFs in Supercapacitors · Figure 3a-b |
| SecondaryNi3(HITP)2 | rate performance retention | dropped to 32% when current density increased from 0.05 to 10 A/g between 0-1 V | current density increased 0.05 to 10 A/g; 0-1 V Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 4 · 2. 2D c-MOFs in Supercapacitors |
Open questions are presented as review-author priorities, not conclusions from the primary database.
Most reported 2D c-MOFs have poor crystallinity, which affects performance and obscures intrinsic structure-property relationships.
Proposed direction: Develop efficient synthetic strategies for atomically precise, highly crystalline and single-crystal 2D c-MOFs.
6 · 4. Summary and Outlook
The degradation mechanisms of 2D c-MOF electrodes are not fully understood, including structural collapse and new metal species during cycling.
Proposed direction: Develop in-situ characterisation and theoretical simulation methods to identify degradation pathways and electrolyte roles.
6 · 4. Summary and Outlook
Ion diffusion efficiency depends on pore channels, pore size and electrolyte ion size, but these choices are not always optimised together.
Proposed direction: Select MOF pore diameters and electrolyte ions jointly, and design enlarged or open channels where rate performance is required.
4 · 2. 2D c-MOFs in Supercapacitors
Morphology effects on ion diffusion and battery performance are less studied than framework architecture.
Proposed direction: Investigate how crystal size, flake/rod morphology and channel openness affect capacitance, battery capacity and diffusion.
6 · 3.2. Other Types of Rechargable Batteries
The review identifies post-processing, carbonisation and MOF-based composites as underdeveloped but important directions for near-commercial energy-storage applications.
Proposed direction: Study carbonised 2D c-MOFs, MOF-derived porous carbons and conductive composites as practical electrode architectures.
6 · 4. Summary and Outlook
Narrow potential windows, low rate performance and poor cycling stability hinder practical 2D c-MOF supercapacitors.
Proposed direction: Explore more stable metal-ligand combinations, improve conductivity, and understand degradation mechanisms.
3-4 · 2. 2D c-MOFs in Supercapacitors
Mappings show which printed review references have a verified counterpart in the frozen primary corpus.
| Reference | Study | Role and context | Corpus mapping |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ref. 22012 | Title unavailable | historical_foundation · material_familyCited as the first reported catecholate 2D c-MOF family. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 42017 | Title unavailable | conductivity_benchmark · material_familyUsed for the high-conductivity Cu3(C6S6) thin-film benchmark and as a nonporous ligand-architecture example. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 52023 | Title unavailable | surface_area_benchmark · pore_designCited for a large-pore triphenylene-based 2D c-MOF with high specific surface area. | research_0408 |
| Ref. 102017 | Title unavailable | synthesis_strategy · thin_filmsCited in support of air/liquid interfacial synthesis for 2D c-MOF films. | research_0015 |
| Ref. 112013 | Title unavailable | synthesis_strategy · stacking_structureCited for liquid/liquid interfacial synthesis and figure evidence of AA stacking in a 2D c-MOF single crystal. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 152017 | Title unavailable | supercapacitor_benchmark · rate_caveatUsed for the first 2D c-MOF EDLC example and later as a rate-performance caveat. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 162018 | Title unavailable | supercapacitor_benchmark · material_familyCited for HAB-based 2D c-MOF pseudocapacitive behaviour. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 172020 | Title unavailable | supercapacitor_benchmark · mechanismCited for ligand-centred redox interpretation and optimised Ni3(HAB)2 capacitance values. | research_0809 |
| Ref. 182021 | Title unavailable | supercapacitor_benchmark · phthalocyanine_familyCited for octaamino phthalocyanine-based 2D c-MOF supercapacitor performance and mechanism. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 192021 | Title unavailable | supercapacitor_benchmark · ion_intercalationCited for nonporous Ni3BHT supercapacitor performance and Li+ intercalation interpretation. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 202023 | Title unavailable | supercapacitor_benchmarkCited for tetrathia[8]circulene-based 2D c-MOF supercapacitor performance. | research_0090 |
| Ref. 212024 | Title unavailable | voltage_window_caveatCited for low reported working potentials in 2D c-MOF supercapacitors. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 222018 | Title unavailable | porous_carbon_comparatorCited as a porous-carbon voltage-window comparator for supercapacitors. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 232021 | Title unavailable | porous_carbon_comparator · rate_caveatUsed as porous carbon comparator for rate and voltage performance. | research_0040 |
| Ref. 252023 | Title unavailable | crystallinity · conductivity_caveatCited for the connection between low crystallinity/poor quality and low conductivity, and for the need to improve crystal quality. | research_0337 |
| Ref. 272021 | Title unavailable | morphology · ion_diffusionCited for Ni3(HITP)2 crystal length/aspect ratio effects on ion diffusion and capacitance. | research_0225 |
| Ref. 282022 | Title unavailable | morphology · ion_diffusionCited for Cu3(HHTP)2 flakes showing better capacitive performance through shorter, more open channels. | research_0781 |
| Ref. 292022 | Title unavailable | morphology_control · synthesis_strategyCited as an example of quinoidal oxidants used to modify 2D c-MOF morphology. | research_0280 |
| Ref. 312024 | Title unavailable | ion_size · pore_matchingCited for electrolyte ion-size effects and pore-channel saturation in Cu3(HHTP)2 devices. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 332018 | Title unavailable | battery_benchmark · lithium_ionCited as the first octahydroxy phthalocyanine-based 2D c-MOF cathode example in LIBs. | research_0073 |
| Ref. 342018 | Title unavailable | battery_benchmark · lithium_ionCited for Ni3(HAB)2 LIB cathode capacity and energy-density benchmark. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 352020 | Title unavailable | mechanism · lithium_ionCited for the earlier proposed three-electron or diradical-like Cu3(THQ)2 charge-storage mechanism discussed by the review. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 362023 | Title unavailable | mechanism · measurement_interpretationCited for re-evaluating Cu3(THQ)2 charge storage with electrochemical, magnetic and theoretical evidence. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 372021 | Title unavailable | battery_benchmark · lithium_ionCited for Cu3(TQ-6OH)2 as a high-capacity LIB anode and for the figure mechanism panel. | research_0803 |
| Ref. 382023 | Title unavailable | battery_benchmark · lithium_ionCited for high-capacity HATN-based 2D c-MOF LIB performance. | research_0336 |
| Ref. 392024 | Title unavailable | sodium_ion · pore_designCited for the claim that rational pore design can address Na+ size challenges in SIB electrodes. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 402022 | Title unavailable | battery_benchmark · sodium_ionCited for Cu3(HATN-6OH)2 anode performance in sodium-ion batteries. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 442019 | Title unavailable | battery_benchmark · zinc_ionCited for Cu3(HHTP)2 cathode behaviour in zinc-ion batteries. | research_0188 |
| Ref. 462024 | Title unavailable | battery_benchmark · magnesium_ion · instability_caveatCited for thio-fused triphenylene-based 2D c-MOF performance in MIBs and as part of instability discussion. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 472024 | Title unavailable | composite_strategy · battery_benchmark · potassium_ionCited for MOF-on-carbon-nanotube composite performance and cycling stability in potassium-ion batteries. | research_0629 |
| Ref. 482024 | Title unavailable | instability_caveat · review_contextCited in the review's statement that many challenges remain for rechargeable-battery 2D c-MOFs and that structural collapse may occur. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 492020 | Title unavailable | degradation · instability_caveatCited for possible metal hydroxide formation as a degradation route during cycling. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 532023 | Title unavailable | morphology · ion_diffusionCited for flake morphology enhancing Li+ diffusion compared with rod-shaped Cu3(HHTP)2. | research_0779 |