Primary studyCore evidenceThin Film Device

Experimental manifestation of redox-conductivity in metal-organic frameworks and its implication for semiconductor/insulator switching

Li J., Kumar A., Johnson B.A. et al. · Nature Communications · 2023 · 4388

3materials
9samples
3synthesis routes
12measurements
41results
6claims and caveats

Evidence map

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Author interpretations and caveats

Paraphrased for this database from the authors’ stated interpretations — never quoted verbatim — and kept separate from reported measurements.

Application RelevanceSupport assessment: High

Electrochemical redox-state control switches Zn(pyrazol-NDI) between insulating and semiconducting conductivity regimes over 100 cycles.

Caveat: Switching was demonstrated in an electrochemical thin-film measurement rather than in a standalone electronic device.

4-5 · Redox state dependent conductivity · Fig. 3d · Linked to 4 structured results

CaveatSupport assessment: High

The reported activation energies should not be over-interpreted because the ideal theory assumes purely electronic self-exchange, while measured redox conduction involves ion-pairing, intermolecular interactions and non-unity activity effects.

Caveat: Caveat is explicitly stated by the authors.

4,6 · Redox state dependent conductivity · Fig. 3c · Linked to 4 structured results

Structure Property LinkSupport assessment: High

The redox conductivity is coupled to countercation motion; Li+ and TBA+ lower the 0.5-Zn(pyrazol-NDI) maximum conductivity and increase the activation barrier relative to K+.

Caveat: Authors discuss non-ideal ion-pairing and size effects; exact mechanistic partitioning is not directly quantified.

7 · Counter cation dependent redox conductivity · Fig. 5 · Linked to 6 structured results

Transport MechanismSupport assessment: High

Zn(pyrazol-NDI) shows bell-shaped redox conductivity that peaks at mixed redox states x = 0.5 and x = 1.5 and collapses for the neutral or fully reduced states.

Caveat: Exact curve points require the source data file; extracted peak at x = 1.5 is estimated from the figure.

4 · Redox state dependent conductivity · Fig. 3b · Linked to 5 structured results

Transport MechanismSupport assessment: Medium

The bell-shaped redox-conductivity signature is reproduced in Zr(dcphOH-NDI) and UU-100(Co), indicating generality across different SBUs and redox-active linkers.

Caveat: Maximum conductivity values for Zr(dcphOH-NDI) and UU-100(Co) are read from plotted axes because exact source-data values were not supplied locally.

6 · Generality of the redox conductivity with other MOFs · Fig. 4 · Linked to 6 structured results

Transport MechanismSupport assessment: High

Zn(pyrazol-NDI) conducts primarily by redox hopping rather than band transport because the Zn nodes and NDI linkers are electronically localised and the linker geometry precludes direct pi-orbital overlap.

Caveat: Electronic structure is inferred from structural/electrochemical evidence rather than a direct electronic band measurement.

2-3 · Introduction; Results · Fig. 2 · Linked to 5 structured results

Material identities

Names and aliases are kept exactly within the paper’s own identity model.

MaterialCompositionStructure contextSource
UU-100(Co)UU-100(Co); Zr-based framework with cobaloxime redox-active linkerZr clusters and cobaloxime Co redox centres in the linker · Cobaloxime-based redox-active linker3D · PristineTetragonal unit cell with a = b = 27.3 A, c = 19.6 A, and P4/mbm space group.6 · Generality of the redox conductivity with other MOFs · Fig. 4d-f
Zn(pyrazol-NDI)Zn(pyrazol-NDI); pyrazol-NDI = 1,4-bis[(3,5-dimethyl)-pyrazol-4-yl]naphthalenediimideRedox-innocent tetrahedral d10 Zn2+ ions in pyrazolate-bridged Zn chains · Pyrazolate-functionalised naphthalene diimide linker, pyrazol-NDI1D · PristineDipyrazolate-coordinated MOF with oblique 1D channels; neighbouring NDI distances reported as 8.03, 9.58, and 3.86 A along a, b, and c axes; FTO thin film shows preferred (110) and (220) orientations.2-3 · Introduction; Results · Fig. 2a,b
Zr(dcphOH-NDI)Zr(dcphOH-NDI); empirical formula not reported in this articleZr secondary building units · dcphOH-NDI linker with redox-active naphthalene diimide core3D · PristineUiO-type/Zr MOF thin film reconstructed from prior structure; two interpenetrated frameworks with 12-c fcu net.6 · Generality of the redox conductivity with other MOFs · Fig. 4a-c

Sample register

Sample form, processing state and composition status define the context for measurements.

Show 9 sample records
SampleForm and roleProcessing and geometrySource
UU-100(Co) thin film on FTOresearch_0497__mat__mat_uu_100_coThin Film · Target Sample · Pristine FrameworkSolvothermally grown on SAM-modified FTO, washed and soaked in DMF.FTO with cobaloxime self-assembled monolayer pretreatment · SI cross-section table visually averages about 0.90 um23 · Characterization of the UU-100(Co) thin-film · Supplementary Fig. 27
Zn(pyrazol-NDI) thin film on FTOresearch_0497__mat__mat_zn_pyrazol_ndiThin Film · Target Sample · Pristine FrameworkSurface-grown thin film stored in DMF after washing and brief DMF sonication.fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) · ~700 nm from SEM cross-section; SI figure table averages about 0.72 um3 · MOF thin-film preparation and basic characterizations · Fig. 2c; Supplementary Fig. 3
0.5-Zn(pyrazol-NDI), KPF6 electrolyteresearch_0497__mat__mat_zn_pyrazol_ndiThin Film · Target Sample · Pristine FrameworkElectrochemically set mixed redox state, x = 0.5, at the NDI/NDI radical anion formal potential in Ar-saturated DMF with 0.1 M KPF6.FTO · ~700 nm3 · Electrochemical modulation · Fig. 2d
0.5-Zn(pyrazol-NDI), LiClO4 electrolyteresearch_0497__mat__mat_zn_pyrazol_ndiThin Film · Target Sample · Pristine FrameworkElectrochemically set x = 0.5 state measured in Ar-saturated DMF with 0.1 M LiClO4.FTO · ~700 nm6-7 · Counter cation dependent redox conductivity · Fig. 5b
0.5-Zn(pyrazol-NDI), TBAPF6 electrolyteresearch_0497__mat__mat_zn_pyrazol_ndiThin Film · Target Sample · Pristine FrameworkElectrochemically set x = 0.5 state measured in Ar-saturated DMF with 0.1 M TBAPF6.FTO · ~700 nm6-7 · Counter cation dependent redox conductivity · Fig. 5c
0.0-Zn(pyrazol-NDI), KPF6 electrolyteresearch_0497__mat__mat_zn_pyrazol_ndiThin Film · Target Sample · Pristine FrameworkElectrochemically held in the neutral redox state, x = 0.0, in Ar-saturated DMF with 0.1 M KPF6.FTO · ~700 nm4 · Redox state dependent conductivity · Fig. 3b,c
1.5-Zn(pyrazol-NDI), KPF6 electrolyteresearch_0497__mat__mat_zn_pyrazol_ndiThin Film · Target Sample · Pristine FrameworkElectrochemically set mixed redox state, x = 1.5, at the NDI radical anion/NDI dianion formal potential in Ar-saturated DMF with 0.1 M KPF6.FTO · ~700 nm3 · Electrochemical modulation · Fig. 2d
2.0-Zn(pyrazol-NDI), KPF6 electrolyteresearch_0497__mat__mat_zn_pyrazol_ndiThin Film · Target Sample · Pristine FrameworkCompletely two-electron-reduced state, x = 2.0, in Ar-saturated DMF with 0.1 M KPF6.FTO · ~700 nm4 · Redox state dependent conductivity · Fig. 3b
Zr(dcphOH-NDI) thin film on FTOresearch_0497__mat__mat_zr_dcphoh_ndiThin Film · Target Sample · Pristine FrameworkSolvothermally grown on SAM-modified FTO, washed and soaked in DMF.FTO with dcphOH-NDI self-assembled monolayer pretreatment · SI cross-section table visually averages about 0.98 um17 · Characterization of the dcphOH-NDI linker and Zr(dcphOH-NDI) thin-film · Supplementary Fig. 19