Lilia S. Xie, Grigorii Skorupskii, and Mircea Dinca · Chemical Reviews · 2020
Review recent advances in electrically conductive MOFs, organising design principles, charge-transport mechanisms, material families, measurement practices, applications, and outstanding challenges.
The review’s argument is preserved as a navigable set of section summaries.
Covers redox-noninnocent ditopic linkers and flat multitopic conjugated linkers, including O-, S-, and N-functionalised 2D materials with high conductivity.
Relevance: Core · 8549 · 3.2 Frameworks with Flat, Multitopic, Conjugated Linkers · Figure 14; Tables 3-5
Reviews conductivity enhancement through electroactive guests, iodine/polyiodides, organometallic molecules, conductive polymers, and oxides in MOF pores.
Relevance: Core · 8565 · 6. Guest-Promoted Transport · Table 8
Defines conductive MOFs, motivates applications, distinguishes hopping and band-like transport, introduces five design strategies, and discusses practical conductivity measurement.
Relevance: Core · 8537 · 1.1 Design Strategies and Mechanisms · Figures 2-7
Distils unifying features and research needs: mixed valency, continuous pathways, tunability, carrier characterisation, isotropy, mechanism resolution, guest structure, environmental effects, and measurement standards.
Relevance: Core · 8569 · 7. Conclusions and Outlook · Table 9
Summarises MOFs lacking well-defined band pathways but containing redox-active sites that support thermally activated hopping.
Relevance: Core · 8562 · 5. Redox Hopping · Table 7
Reviews MOFs where continuous metal-ligand coordination or covalent pathways create charge-transport routes, with emphasis on rod-based MOFs, MOF-74 analogues, and Fe-azolate mixed valency.
Relevance: Core · 8542 · 2. Through-Bond Pathways · Table 1
Reviews transport based on noncovalent organic linker interactions, especially TTF and other planar cores where stacking distance and continuity control conductivity.
Relevance: Core · 8558 · 4. Through-Space Pathways · Table 6; Figure 23
Classification systems are attributed to this review and are not treated as a global material registry.
For 2D conjugated MOFs, the review separates materials by redox-active linker family and notes trends with stronger metal-ligand bonding and denser frameworks.
Categories: semiquinoid oxygen-based linkers · iminosemiquinoid nitrogen-based linkers · dithiolene sulfur-based linkers
8550 · 3.2 Frameworks with Flat, Multitopic, Conjugated Linkers · Figure 14
The review organises conductive MOFs by the structural motif responsible for charge transport, distinguishing intrinsic framework pathways from extrinsic guest-mediated pathways.
Categories: through-bond · extended conjugation · through-space · redox hopping · guest-promoted
8536 · Abstract
The review distinguishes measurement geometries and warns that contact resistance, grain boundaries, anisotropy and form factor affect reported conductivities.
Categories: two-probe · four-contact · four-probe · van der Pauw
8541 · 1.3 Practical Considerations · Figure 7
The review uses mixed-valence classes as a conceptual bridge between molecular electron transfer and framework conductivity.
Categories: class I trapped valence · class II hopping-like mixed valence · class III delocalised band-like mixed valence
8537 · 1.1 Design Strategies and Mechanisms
The review maps MOF transport onto localised hopping and delocalised band-like limits, using temperature dependence as a key diagnostic.
Categories: hopping transport · ballistic or band-like transport
8537 · 1.1 Design Strategies and Mechanisms · Figure 2
Review-defined families retain their representative materials and conduction descriptions.
2D and 3D frameworks built from ditopic redox-noninnocent benzoquinone-derived linkers.
Conduction: Transport involves ligand mixed valency, radical states and metal-ligand electronic coupling; some 3D cases may approach band-like descriptions.
Representative materials: [Fe2(dhbq)3]2- · [Fe2(Cl2dhbq)3]n- · [V2(Cl2dhbq)3]2-
Nodes / linkers: Fe · Mn · V · Ti · Cr · dhbq · Cl2dhbq · Br2dhbq
8547 · 3.1 Frameworks with Ditopic Redox Noninnocent Linkers · Table 2; Figure 12
Pyrazolate, triazolate and tetrazolate frameworks containing Fe-N-N chains capable of Fe(II/III) mixed valency.
Conduction: Through-bond or IVCT-like transport enhanced by Fe(II/III) mixed valency and mobile carriers.
Representative materials: Fe(1,2,3-triazolate)2 · Fe(1,2,3-triazolate)2(BF4)x · Fe2(BDT)3 · Fe2(BDP)3
Nodes / linkers: Fe · triazolate · tetrazolate · pyrazolate
8543 · 2.2 Azolate Frameworks · Figure 9; Table 1
MOF host-guest composites where iodine, TCNQ, C60, organometallic guests, conductive polymers or oxides increase conductivity.
Conduction: Conductivity arises from guest-guest or guest-framework charge transfer, sometimes retaining significant porosity.
Representative materials: TCNQ@Cu3(BTC)2 · C60@NU-901 · PEDOT@Cr-MIL-101 · PPy@Zn3(lac)2(pybz)2
Nodes / linkers: Cu · Zr · Cr · Zn · Cd · BTC · TBAPy · BDC · NDC
8565 · 6. Guest-Promoted Transport · Table 8
Iminosemiquinoid MOFs based on hexaiminotriphenylene or hexaiminobenzene linkers.
Conduction: High conductivity from strong in-plane metal-nitrogen bonding, redox-active imino linkers and close layer stacking.
Representative materials: Ni3(HITP)2 · Cu3(HITP)2 · Co3(HIB)2 · Ni3(HIB)2 · Fe3(HIB)2
Nodes / linkers: Ni · Cu · Co · Fe · Mn · HITP · HIB · TABTT
8556 · 3.2.3 Iminosemiquinoid Linker-Based Materials · Table 5; Figure 20
Layered honeycomb MOFs based on catecholate/semiquinoid O-donor linkers such as HOTP and HOB.
Conduction: Extended conjugation and close stacking both contribute; cross-plane transport can be unexpectedly important.
Representative materials: Cu3(HOTP)2 · Co9(HOTP)4 · Ni9(HOTP)4 · Ln1+x(HOTP)
Nodes / linkers: Cu · Co · Ni · La · Nd · Ho · Yb · HOTP · HOB · phthalocyanine catecholates
8551 · 3.2.1 Semiquinoid Linker-Based Materials · Table 3; Figures 15-17
Rod-based MOFs with one-dimensional inorganic SBUs, especially M2(DOBDC) and sulfur-substituted DSBDC analogues.
Conduction: Through-bond transport along metal-ligand chains; softer sulfur donors improve energy matching and conductivity relative to oxygen donors.
Representative materials: Fe2(DOBDC)(DMF)2 · Fe2(DSBDC)(DMF)2 · Mn2(DSBDC)(DMF)2
Nodes / linkers: Fe · Mn · Co · Ni · Cu · Zn · Mg · DOBDC · DSBDC · AnBHB
8542 · 2.1 MOF-74-Type Frameworks · Figure 8; Table 1
Through-space conductive MOFs based on anthracene, naphthalenediimide, naphthalene or related planar cores.
Conduction: Short interplanar distances and continuous stacking routes enable through-space conduction without necessarily requiring metal-ligand conjugation.
Representative materials: ZnNa2(AnBEB)2 · Cd(DPNDI) · Cu(DPNDI)2
Nodes / linkers: Zn · Na · Cd · Cu · AnBEB · DPNDI · TPDAP
8561 · 4.2 Other pi-pi Stacked Frameworks · Table 6
MOFs with redox-active metal or linker sites separated too far for continuous band-like pathways.
Conduction: Thermally activated hopping between redox-active centres or linkers; conductivity often tunable by oxidation, light, or composition.
Representative materials: Cu[Cu(pdt)2] · Cu[Ni(pdt)2] · Zn2(BPDC)2(BPMTC) · Cd(azbpy)(mglu)
Nodes / linkers: Cu · Ni · Zn · Cd · dithiolene · diarylethene · azo ligands · porphyrins
8562 · 5. Redox Hopping · Table 7; Figures 24-25
Dithiolene-inspired MOFs and coordination polymers built from triphenylenehexathiolate or benzenehexathiolate linkers.
Conduction: Strong metal-sulfur covalency and mixed valency can produce very high conductivity and mobility, but structural certainty varies.
Representative materials: Fe3(THT)2(NH4)3 · Co3(THT)2 · Pt3(THT)2 · Cu3(BHT) · Ni3(BHT)2
Nodes / linkers: Fe · Co · Pt · Ni · Cu · Ag · THT · BHT · BHSe
8554 · 3.2.2 Thiolate Linker-Based Materials · Table 4
MOFs containing tetrathiafulvalene tetrabenzoate ligands arranged in close one-dimensional stacks.
Conduction: Ligand-based IVCT and close S...S contacts mediate through-space conduction; longer contacts lower conductivity.
Representative materials: Cd2(TTFTB) · Zn2(TTFTB) · Mn2(TTFTB) · La4(TTFTB)4
Nodes / linkers: Cd · Zn · Mn · Co · La · Tb · Dy · Ho · Er · TTFTB
8560 · 4.1 Tetrathiafulvalene-Based Frameworks · Figures 21-23; Table 6
Review-level synthesis principles remain separate from primary-study recipes.
Combine square-planar or related metal centres with fully conjugated redox-active multitopic linkers to delocalise charge within layers.
Claimed effects: Produces many of the highest conductivities in porous conductive MOFs.
Controlling variables: Linker heteroatom · Linker core · Metal orbital energy · Layer coplanarity · Stacking arrangement
Representative materials: Cu3(HOTP)2 · Ni3(HITP)2 · Fe3(THT)2 · Cu3(BHT)
Caveat: Small crystallites, ambiguous stacking, protonation and oxidation states limit clean structure-property correlations.
8550 · 3.2 Frameworks with Flat, Multitopic, Conjugated Linkers · Figure 14
Introduce guests such as iodine, TCNQ, C60, metallacarboranes or viologens to form guest-framework or guest-guest transport pathways.
Claimed effects: Can increase conductivity over many orders of magnitude while sometimes retaining porosity.
Controlling variables: Guest identity · Guest loading · Pore size · Guest ordering · Host redox activity
Representative materials: TCNQ@Cu3(BTC)2 · C60@NU-901 · NiCB@NU-1000
Caveat: Guest position, side reactions and conductivity of possible decomposition products often remain unresolved.
8570 · 7. Conclusions and Outlook
Use partial oxidation or reduction of metal nodes or redox-active linkers to create mobile carriers.
Claimed effects: Conductivity frequently scales with mixed-valence content when pathways are continuous.
Controlling variables: Oxidant or reductant · Extent of mixed valency · Counterion loading · Air exposure
Representative materials: Fe(1,2,3-triazolate)2(BF4)0.33 · Fe2(BDT)3 · Ni3(BHT)2 · TTF-based MOFs
Caveat: Uncontrolled oxygen, iodine or ambient effects may change oxidation state and reported conductivity.
8569 · 7. Conclusions and Outlook
Use metal size, solvent ratio or linker geometry to tune close contacts between planar organic cores.
Claimed effects: Shorter and continuous contacts correlate with higher conductivities in TTF and related frameworks.
Controlling variables: Metal cation radius · Solvent ratio · Stacking distance · Stacking continuity · Ligand oxidation state
Representative materials: Cd2(TTFTB) · La4(TTFTB)4 · Cd(DPNDI)
Caveat: Most examples are anisotropic and dominated by one crystallographic direction.
8561 · 4.1 Tetrathiafulvalene-Based Frameworks · Figure 23
Grow conductive polymers or install inorganic oxide strands within porous hosts to create ordered conductive pathways.
Claimed effects: Polymer@MOF composites can be more conductive than the pristine host and sometimes retain useful porosity.
Controlling variables: Monomer loading · Oxidative polymerisation · Host pore dimensionality · Composite loading · Retained porosity
Representative materials: PPy@Zn3(lac)2(pybz)2 · PEDOT@Cr-MIL-101 · SnO2@NU-1000
Caveat: Composite conductivity may resemble that of the guest phase, so attribution to the MOF composite requires care.
8568 · 6.3 Conductive Polymers and Oxides · Figure 28
Fabricate contacts on individual crystals to separate grain-boundary artefacts from intrinsic directional conductivity.
Claimed effects: Reveals cross-plane contributions and metallic or semiconducting behaviour obscured in powders or films.
Controlling variables: Crystal size · Contact geometry · Measurement direction · Sample morphology
Representative materials: Cu3(HOTP)2 · Ni3(HITP)2 · Cd2(TTFTB)
Caveat: Technically challenging and not widely available across MOF families.
8541 · 1.3 Practical Considerations
Replace oxygen-based coordination chains with sulfur- or nitrogen-based motifs to improve orbital overlap and reduce band gaps.
Claimed effects: Higher conductivity and mobility in selected rod-based and azolate frameworks.
Controlling variables: Metal-binding atom · Metal identity · Coordination-chain continuity · Solvation or activation state
Representative materials: Fe2(DSBDC)(DMF)2 · Mn2(DSBDC)(DMF)2 · Fe-azolate MOFs
Caveat: Fe oxidation state and guest-solvent effects can complicate mechanistic attribution.
8542 · 2. Through-Bond Pathways
These are the review authors’ synthesis, not newly measured results.
Application-relevant conductivity thresholds differ: energy storage often needs roughly 0.1 S/cm or higher, sensing can tolerate wider ranges, and electrocatalysis depends on reaction rate.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: The review stresses that ionic conductivity and device architecture can be as important as electronic conductivity.
8542 · 1.3 Practical Considerations
High electrical conductivity is rare in MOFs but enables applications such as electrocatalysis, charge storage and chemiresistive sensing.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: The review is selective for conductive MOFs and related coordination networks.
8536 · Abstract
For 2D conductive MOFs, the relative contributions of in-plane extended conjugation and cross-plane pi-stacking remain unresolved.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: Single-crystal studies are recent and limited to a small set of materials.
8551 · 3.2.1 Semiquinoid Linker-Based Materials · Figures 16-17
Ambient atmosphere, oxygen, moisture and volatile species can reversibly or irreversibly change MOF conductivity, supporting sensing but complicating reproducibility.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: Environmental sensitivity should be recorded as measurement context, not ignored.
8571 · 7. Conclusions and Outlook
Flat, conjugated 2D frameworks provide the clearest design strategy for the highest reported conductivities among ordered microporous materials.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: Structural and compositional ambiguity remains common for low-crystallinity materials.
8549 · 3.2 Frameworks with Flat, Multitopic, Conjugated Linkers · Tables 3-5
Fe-azolate conductivity is strongly linked to Fe(II/III) mixed valency, which introduces carriers into Fe-N-N chain motifs.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: Some ambient-air oxidation histories are difficult to standardise.
8543 · 2.2 Azolate Frameworks · Table 1
The conductive-MOF field expanded rapidly in the five years before the review, with reported conductivities spanning more than 17 orders of magnitude.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: Histogram groups papers by the review authors' design-strategy classification.
8537 · Introduction · Figure 1
Guest-promoted conductivity exploits MOF porosity, but guest loading commonly reduces porosity and can obscure the true conductive phase.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: Some guest@MOFs retain high surface areas, so the tradeoff is material-specific.
8540 · 1.1.5 Guest-Promoted Transport
Within flat conjugated frameworks, moving from oxygen to nitrogen to sulfur donors and increasing framework density appear to increase conductivity.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: The review explicitly notes that limited and inconsistent datasets preclude strong quantitative correlations.
8550 · 3.2 Frameworks with Flat, Multitopic, Conjugated Linkers · Figure 14
Temperature dependence is a central discriminator: hopping conductivity is thermally activated, whereas band-like transport can be thermally activated or deactivated.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: Real MOF measurements may conflate intrinsic transport with grain-boundary or contact effects.
8537 · 1.1 Design Strategies and Mechanisms · Figure 2
Conductivity values from powders, films and single crystals are not directly interchangeable because contacts, grain boundaries, anisotropy and geometry can dominate.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: Review recommends mobility and carrier measurements where possible.
8541 · 1.3 Practical Considerations · Figure 7
Only a small number of MOF charge mobility values had been reported by 2020, making mechanism-focused transport studies more valuable than record conductivity claims.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: Mobility values from Hall, FET, TRTS and FP-TRMC are not directly equivalent.
8570 · 7. Conclusions and Outlook · Table 9
In MOF-74-type systems, replacing oxygen donors with sulfur donors can improve through-bond transport by increasing metal-ligand covalency.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: Fe redox chemistry and solvent coordination may also affect conductivity.
8543 · 2.1 MOF-74-Type Frameworks · Figure 8; Table 1
Ni3(HITP)2 has been interpreted as semiconducting in FET studies and metallic in later single-crystal work, motivating further computational and structural resolution.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: Disorder, defects and form factor may reconcile the discrepancy.
8557 · 3.2.3 Iminosemiquinoid Linker-Based Materials · Table 5
Conductive polymers incorporated inside MOF pores can provide large conductivity increases, with ordering and charge-transfer interactions proposed as mechanisms.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: Separating host-templating effects from polymer conductivity requires careful controls.
8568 · 6.3 Conductive Polymers and Oxides · Figure 28
MOFs assigned to redox hopping generally show lower highest conductivities than through-bond, through-space or extended-conjugation classes.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: The review notes wide variation and difficulty predicting limiting factors from structure alone.
8562 · 5. Redox Hopping · Table 7
TCNQ infiltration into Cu3(BTC)2 is treated as a landmark guest-promoted example where ordered guest pathways enhance conductivity while preserving some porosity.
Evidence basis: single_reference
Caveat: Later work questioned mechanisms in related TCNQ systems; direct primary evidence is needed for quantitative use.
8568 · 6.2 Organic and Organometallic Molecules · Table 8
Through-space conductivity in TTF-based MOFs correlates inversely with the longest close S...S contact along the stack.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: Most data concern TTF derivatives; generality to other cores needs more systematic study.
8561 · 4.1 Tetrathiafulvalene-Based Frameworks · Figure 23
Every row remains visibly secondary and links to a primary dossier only where the mapping is verified.
| Material | Property | Reported value | Context and quality | Primary evidence | Review source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SecondaryC60@NU-901 | electrical conductivity | on the order of 10^-3 S/cm | C60 uptake in Zr6(OH)16(TBAPy)2 Text · Approximate | No verified corpus mapping | 8568 · 6.2 Organic and Organometallic Molecules · Table 8 |
| SecondaryCd(DPNDI) | electrical conductivity | 0.037 S/cm | activated; 2-probe pellet Table · Exact Reported | research_0326 | 8559 · 4.2 Other pi-pi Stacked Frameworks · Table 6 |
| SecondaryCd2(TTFTB) | electrical conductivity | 2.9(5) x 10^-4 S/cm | 2-probe single crystal along stacking direction Table · Rounded Reported | research_0353 | 8559 · 4.1 Tetrathiafulvalene-Based Frameworks · Table 6 |
| SecondaryCu3(BHT) | charge mobility | 116 cm2 V-1 s-1 electron; 99 cm2 V-1 s-1 hole | FET; dense film Table · Exact Reported | research_0006 | 8555 · 3.2.2.2 Benzenehexathiolate MOFs · Table 4 |
| SecondaryCu3(BHT) | electrical conductivity | 2500 S/cm | 4-probe film; dense coordination polymer Table · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 8555 · 3.2.2.2 Benzenehexathiolate MOFs · Table 4 |
| SecondaryCu3(HOTP)2 | electrical conductivity | 1.5 S/cm | single-crystal cross-plane device; 4-probe Table · Exact Reported | research_0005 | 8552 · 3.2.1.1 Hexahydroxytriphenylene MOFs · Table 3 |
| SecondaryCu[Ni(pdt)2] | electrical conductivity | 1 x 10^-4 S/cm | after exposure to I2 vapour Text · Exact Reported | research_0203 | 8563 · 5.1 Metal-Based Hopping · Table 7 |
| Secondary[Cu2(Hmna)(mn)][NH4] | electrical conductivity | 10.96 S/cm | 4-probe single crystal Table · Exact Reported | research_0104 | 8544 · 2. Through-Bond Pathways · Table 1 |
| SecondaryFe2(BDT)3 | electrical conductivity | 1.2(4) S/cm | air oxidised; 2-probe single crystal Table · Rounded Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 8544 · 2.2 Azolate Frameworks · Table 1 |
| Secondary[Fe2(dhbq)3]2- | electrical conductivity | 0.16(1) S/cm | as-synthesised ferric semiquinoid framework; 2-probe pellet Text · Rounded Reported | research_0186 | 8549 · 3.1.2 Three-Dimensional Frameworks Based on dhbq · Figure 13 |
| SecondaryFe2(DSBDC)(DMF)2 | electrical conductivity | 3.9 x 10^-6 S/cm | solvated; 2-probe pellet; room temperature or 296 K Table · Exact Reported | research_0063 | 8544 · 2.1 MOF-74-Type Frameworks · Table 1 |
| SecondaryFe3(THT)2(NH4)3 | charge mobility | 229(33) cm2 V-1 s-1 | film Hall measurement Table · Rounded Reported | research_0001 | 8555 · 3.2.2 Thiolate Linker-Based Materials · Table 4 |
| SecondaryFe(1,2,3-triazolate)2(BF4)0.33 | electrical conductivity | 0.3(1) S/cm | oxidised with thianthrene tetrafluoroborate; 2-probe pellet Table · Rounded Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 8544 · 2.2 Azolate Frameworks · Table 1 |
| SecondaryHo1+x(HOTP) | electrical conductivity | 0.053 S/cm | N2-treated; 2-probe pellet Table · Exact Reported | research_0047 | 8552 · 3.2.1.1 Hexahydroxytriphenylene MOFs · Table 3 |
| Secondary(Mn/Fe)3(HIB)2 | electrical conductivity | 359 S/cm | van der Pauw pellet Table · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 8557 · 3.2.3.2 Hexaiminobenzene MOFs · Table 5 |
| SecondaryNi3(HITP)2 | hole mobility | 48.6 cm2 V-1 s-1 | FET; p-type semiconducting behaviour Table · Exact Reported | research_0015 | 8557 · 3.2.3.1 Hexaiminotriphenylene MOFs · Table 5; Table 9 |
| SecondaryNi3(HITP)2 | electrical conductivity | 150 S/cm | vacuum; 4-probe single crystal in-plane/parallel to 2D layers Table · Exact Reported | research_0005 | 8557 · 3.2.3.1 Hexaiminotriphenylene MOFs · Table 5 |
| SecondaryPEDOT@Cr-MIL-101 | electrical conductivity | 1.1 x 10^-3 S/cm | 57 wt% PEDOT loading Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 8569 · 6.3 Conductive Polymers and Oxides · Table 8 |
| SecondaryS/PPy/MOF composites | electrical conductivity | 0.113-2.71 S/cm | polypyrrole incorporated after sulfur loading; Cr-MIL-101, Al-MIL-53 and PCN-224 hosts Text · Range | No verified corpus mapping | 8569 · 6.3 Conductive Polymers and Oxides |
| SecondaryTCNQ@Cu3(BTC)2 | electrical conductivity | 0.07 S/cm | TCNQ-soaked Cu3(BTC)2; guest-promoted Text · Exact Reported | research_0088 | 8567 · 6.2 Organic and Organometallic Molecules · Table 8 |
| SecondaryZn2(TTFTB) | charge mobility | 0.2 cm2 V-1 s-1 | FP-TRMC Table · Exact Reported | research_0353 | 8559 · 4.1 Tetrathiafulvalene-Based Frameworks · Table 6; Table 9 |
Open questions are presented as review-author priorities, not conclusions from the primary database.
The mechanisms responsible for excellent bulk conductivity in selected 2D MOFs, especially Ni3(HITP)2, remain incompletely resolved.
Proposed direction: Resolve stacking motifs, oxidation states and single-crystal anisotropy while varying metal and ligand identities.
8570 · 7. Conclusions and Outlook
Only a handful of mobility values have been reported, and many are from noncontact methods that are not directly comparable with contact devices.
Proposed direction: Use Hall measurements, FETs, high-quality films and single crystals to determine carrier identity, concentration and mobility.
8570 · 7. Conclusions and Outlook · Table 9
Atmosphere, oxygen, moisture and volatile compounds can alter conductivity and make literature values hard to reproduce.
Proposed direction: Control and report environmental conditions, and deliberately study atmosphere-response mechanisms for sensing.
8571 · 7. Conclusions and Outlook
In guest-promoted conductors, guest locations and charge-transfer interactions are often not crystallographically resolved.
Proposed direction: Use crystallography, Rietveld refinement and pair distribution function analysis to distinguish true composites from conductive side products.
8571 · 7. Conclusions and Outlook
Most conductive MOFs are anisotropic; only isolated examples combine isotropic structures with crystallographically resolved pathways.
Proposed direction: Develop porous networks with charge carriers close enough in three dimensions for orientation-independent transport.
8570 · 7. Conclusions and Outlook
Different preparation conditions, form factors and measurement methods can produce conductivity values differing by orders of magnitude.
Proposed direction: Report temperature, atmosphere, illumination, contact materials, apparatus, sample preparation and temperature dependence.
8571 · 7. Conclusions and Outlook
Mixed-metal and mixed-linker systems are promising but still preliminary as a route to compositional doping and conductivity tuning.
Proposed direction: Explore direct synthesis, cation exchange and ligand exchange with careful structural and transport controls.
8570 · 7. Conclusions and Outlook
Transport properties of isolated mono- or few-layer 2D MOFs with extended pi-d conjugation had not been reported in detail.
Proposed direction: Isolate and characterise single layers and reduced-dimensional motifs for transport physics studies.
8570 · 7. Conclusions and Outlook
Most through-space conductive MOFs rely on TTF-based ligands despite the broader molecular library in organic electronics.
Proposed direction: Design new donor and acceptor linkers that support close stacking and MOF assembly.
8571 · 7. Conclusions and Outlook
Mappings show which printed review references have a verified counterpart in the frozen primary corpus.
| Reference | Study | Role and context | Corpus mapping |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ref. 692018 | Electron Delocalization and Charge Mobility as a Function of Reduction in a Metal-Organic Framework | through_bond · mobility_benchmark · mixed_valenceUsed for Fe-pyrazolate charge delocalisation and mobility as a function of reduction. | research_0029 |
| Ref. 1532015 | Electronic Conductivity, Ferrimagnetic Ordering, and Reductive Insertion Mediated by Organic Mixed-Valence in a Ferric Semiquinoid Metal-Organic Framework | extended_conjugation · mixed_valence · transport_benchmarkPrimary source for ferric semiquinoid framework conductivity and organic mixed valency. | research_0186 |
| Ref. 792019 | Single Crystals of Electrically Conductive 2D MOFs: Structural and Electrical Transport Properties | single_crystal_transport · extended_conjugation · measurement_caveatKey single-crystal transport study showing cross-plane contributions and high Ni3(HITP)2 conductivity. | research_0005 |
| Ref. 782018 | High-Mobility Band-like Charge Transport in a Semiconducting Two-Dimensional Metal-Organic Framework | extended_conjugation · mobility_benchmarkHigh mobility and band-like charge transport benchmark for THT-based MOFs. | research_0001 |
| Ref. 2362018 | A Porous, Electrically Conductive Hexa-Zirconium(IV) Metal-Organic Framework | guest_promoted · transport_benchmarkC60 guest-promoted conductivity in a pyrene-based Zr MOF. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 302019 | Unveiling Dual-Linkage 3D Hexaiminobenzene Metal-Organic Frameworks towards Long-Lasting Advanced Reversible Zn-Air Batteries | extended_conjugation · transport_benchmarkReview cites this for high-conductivity HIB-based MOFs with high surface areas. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 762015 | A Two-Dimensional pi-d Conjugated Coordination Polymer with Extremely High Electrical Conductivity and Ambipolar Transport Behaviour | extended_conjugation · mobility_benchmarkDense Cu-BHT coordination polymer with high conductivity and ambipolar FET mobility. | research_0006 |
| Ref. 1812018 | Superconductivity in a Copper(II)-Based Coordination Polymer with Perfect Kagome Structure | extended_conjugation · transport_benchmark · superconductivityLater Cu3(BHT) study with improved crystallinity, very high conductivity and superconductivity claim. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 2152018 | Metal-Organic Frameworks for High Charge-Discharge Rates in Lithium-Sulfur Batteries | guest_promoted · conductive_polymer · applications_contextPolymer and sulfur co-incorporation into MOFs for conductivity and lithium-sulfur battery context. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 942014 | Redox Control and High Conductivity of Nickel Bis(Dithiolene) Complex pi-Nanosheet: A Potential Organic Two-Dimensional Topological Insulator | extended_conjugation · mixed_valenceUsed for redox control and mixed-valence states in nickel dithiolene nanosheets. | research_0361 |
| Ref. 2142010 | Conductivity, Doping, and Redox Chemistry of a Microporous Dithiolene-Based Metal-Organic Framework | redox_hopping · dopingFirst permanently microporous redox-hopping MOF with iodine-tunable conductivity in the review discussion. | research_0203 |
| Ref. 2392018 | Inorganic 'Conductive Glass' Approach to Rendering Mesoporous Metal-Organic Frameworks Electronically Conductive and Chemically Responsive | guest_promoted · oxide_inclusionInorganic oxide strand installation in a mesoporous MOF. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 2242018 | Increased Electrical Conductivity in a Mesoporous Metal-Organic Framework Featuring Metallacarboranes Guests | guest_promotedMetallacarborane guest example used for mesoporous guest-mediated charge transfer. | research_0106 |
| Ref. 2382016 | Nanostructuration of PEDOT in Porous Coordination Polymers for Tunable Porosity and Conductivity | guest_promoted · conductive_polymerPEDOT incorporation example linking polymer loading, porosity and conductivity. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 842015 | Cation-Dependent Intrinsic Electrical Conductivity in Isostructural Tetrathiafulvalene-Based Microporous Metal-Organic Frameworks | through_space · transport_benchmarkCore TTF-stacking study linking metal cation, S...S distance and conductivity. | research_0353 |
| Ref. 722018 | Charge Delocalization and Bulk Electronic Conductivity in the Mixed-Valence Metal-Organic Framework Fe(1,2,3-Triazolate)2(BF4)x | through_bond · mixed_valence · transport_benchmarkSupports systematic Fe(II/III) mixed-valence doping and conductivity increase in an azolate MOF. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1292019 | Integration of a (-Cu-S-)n Plane in a Metal-Organic Framework Affords High Electrical Conductivity | through_bond · transport_benchmarkReferenced as another through-bond pathway with high single-crystal conductivity. | research_0104 |
| Ref. 902019 | Porous Molecular Conductor: Electrochemical Fabrication of Through-Space Conduction Pathways among Linear Coordination Polymers | through_space · transport_benchmarkNon-TTF naphthalenediimide through-space conductor benchmark. | research_0326 |
| Ref. 752014 | High Electrical Conductivity in Ni3(2,3,6,7,10,11-Hexaiminotriphenylene)2, a Semiconducting Metal-Organic Graphene Analogue | extended_conjugation · transport_benchmarkLandmark Ni3(HITP)2 report and initial high porous-MOF conductivity benchmark. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 922020 | Efficient and Tunable One-Dimensional Charge Transport in Layered Lanthanide Metal-Organic Frameworks | extended_conjugation · through_space · structure_property_linkUsed by the review to show close pi-stacking can dominate transport in layered HOTP frameworks. | research_0047 |
| Ref. 662013 | Mn2(2,5-disulfhydrylbenzene-1,4-dicarboxylate): A microporous metal-organic framework with infinite (-Mn-S-)∞ chains and high intrinsic charge mobility | through_bond · soft_donor_strategyCited for sulfur donor through-bond design in MOF-74 analogues. | research_0011 |
| Ref. 672015 | Million-Fold Electrical Conductivity Enhancement in Fe2(DEBDC) versus Mn2(DEBDC) (E = S, O) | through_bond · transport_benchmarkSupports Fe/Mn and O/S comparisons in MOF-74-type through-bond frameworks. | research_0063 |
| Ref. 2352014 | Tunable Electrical Conductivity in Metal-Organic Framework Thin-Film Devices | guest_promoted · thin_films_and_devices · transport_benchmarkLandmark TCNQ@Cu3(BTC)2 conductivity enhancement study. | research_0088 |
| Ref. 1902017 | Porous Field-Effect Transistors Based on a Semiconductive Metal-Organic Framework | thin_films_and_devices · mobility_benchmarkFET study reporting p-type mobility in Ni3(HITP)2. | research_0015 |
| Ref. 702018 | Tunable Mixed-Valence Doping toward Record Electrical Conductivity in a Three-Dimensional Metal-Organic Framework | through_bond · mixed_valence · transport_benchmarkKey Fe-tetrazolate example of air-tunable mixed valency and high single-crystal conductivity. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 852019 | Diverse pi-pi Stacking Motifs Modulate Electrical Conductivity in Tetrathiafulvalene-Based Metal-Organic Frameworks | through_space · structure_property_linkLanthanide TTFTB polymorphism study used for solvent and stacking-distance control of conductivity. | research_0048 |