Brianna Check, Kathryn Bairley, Joe Santarelli, Hoai T. B. Pham, and Jihye Park · ACS Materials Letters · 2025
Review recent advances in electrically conductive MOF applications, with emphasis on chemical design principles, fabrication strategies, and integration into electrocatalytic, energy-storage, sensing, transistor, and electrochromic devices.
The review’s argument is preserved as a navigable set of section summaries.
Lists future directions: enhanced conductivity, reticular chemistry, functional group diversification, innovative fabrication, fabrication-performance understanding, and stability under operating conditions.
Relevance: Core · 484 · Conclusion
Reviews ORR, OER, and HER applications, connecting metal-site composition, linker identity, nanosheet or array morphology, active-site exposure, and conductivity to catalytic performance.
Relevance: Supporting · 467 · Electrocatalysis
Connects redox-active nodes, linkers, guest metals, pore size, film deposition, and ion/electron transport to electrochromic EC-MOF and related MOF performance.
Relevance: Core · 481 · Electrochromism
Summarises EC-MOF cathode, EDLC, and pseudocapacitor examples, highlighting redox-active sites, pore accessibility, electrical conductivity, packing density, and cycling stability.
Relevance: Supporting · 474 · Energy Storage · Figure 6
Distinguishes post-fabrication routes using inks, slurries, compressed powders and pellets from in situ solvothermal or interfacial growth routes directly on device substrates.
Relevance: Core · 467 · Introduction · Figure 2
Reviews EC-MOF FET demonstrations and emphasises smooth, compact, highly conductive films with controlled interfaces, low roughness, and compatible fabrication.
Relevance: Core · 480 · Field-Effect Transistor · Figure 11
Defines EC-MOFs as conductive subclasses of MOFs, introduces the common M-CXL(M') naming convention, identifies in-plane and out-of-plane transport pathways, and frames fabrication as a central barrier to practical devices.
Relevance: Core · 466 · Introduction · Figure 1
Positions EC-MOFs as room-temperature, low-power chemiresistors and discusses composition, topology, redox activity, conductivity level, humidity, and in situ fabrication as sensing design variables.
Relevance: Core · 477 · Chemiresistive Sensing
Classification systems are attributed to this review and are not treated as a global material registry.
The review organises EC-MOF device relevance around five application classes, shown visually in Figure 1d and developed section-by-section.
Categories: Electrocatalysis · Energy storage · Chemiresistive sensor · Field-effect transistor · Electrochromism
466 · Introduction · Figure 1d
Figure 1a groups the major building blocks used throughout the review and Table 1, giving Chapter 1 a concise map of EC-MOF compositional space.
Categories: Metal nodes such as Cu, Ni, and Co · Functional groups such as OH, NH2, and SH · Benzene, triphenylene, tricycloquinazoline, phthalocyanine, hexazatrinaphthalene, and naphthalocyanine linker motifs
466 · Introduction · Figure 1a
The energy-storage section separates batteries, EDLCs, and pseudocapacitors because the desired pore size, redox activity, and conductivity differ.
Categories: Battery cathode redox storage · Electrochemical double-layer capacitance by ion insertion · Pseudocapacitance by reversible redox reactions
475 · Energy Storage
Figure 2 separates powder-derived device assembly from direct growth routes and links each to common substrates.
Categories: Post-fabrication inks and slurries · Compressed EC-MOF powders or pellets · Solvothermal in situ growth · Interfacial in situ growth and thin-film transfer
467 · Introduction · Figure 2
The review standardises EC-MOF identifiers to reduce ambiguity across closely related metal/linker combinations.
Categories: M for metal node · C for connectivity · X for functional group · L or L(M') for linker motif and metal inside the linker
466 · Introduction · Figure 1b
The review does not deeply re-review mechanisms, but it explicitly frames these two pathways as the core transport routes for EC-MOFs.
Categories: In-plane transport through pi-d conjugation · Out-of-plane transport through pi-pi interactions between neighbouring layers
466 · Introduction · Figure 1c
Review-defined families retain their representative materials and conduction descriptions.
Dense 2D frameworks using small benzene-derived amino or hydroxyl linkers to create high active-site density and small pores.
Conduction: The review links dense redox centres, small pores, and conductive frameworks to catalytic and energy-storage performance.
Representative materials: Co-HAB · Ni-HAB · Cu-HHB
Nodes / linkers: Co · Ni · Cu · HAB · HHB
475 · Lithium-Ion Batteries
Nitrogen-rich HAHATN frameworks containing both node and linker-complexing metal sites.
Conduction: The review highlights extra metallic sites and high conductivity as enabling efficient HER.
Representative materials: Ni-HAHATN(Ni) · Cu-HAHATN(Cu) · Ni-HAHATN(Co)
Nodes / linkers: Ni · Cu · Co inside linker · HAHATN
473 · Hydrogen Evolution Reaction · Figure 5e-f
Redox-active linker EC-MOFs based on hexahydroxy-tricycloquinazoline with Zn, Cu, or Ni nodes.
Conduction: The review uses this family to discuss redox-active linkers, reversible sensing, and humidity-mediated ionic-electronic conductivity.
Representative materials: Zn-HHTQ · Cu-HHTQ · Ni-HHTQ
Nodes / linkers: Zn · Cu · Ni · HHTQ
478 · Chemiresistive Sensing
Cu-OHTBTT frameworks whose topology can be varied from one-dimensional to two-dimensional sql and kgm motifs.
Conduction: The review emphasises a trade-off between higher intrinsic conductivity and stronger detectable chemiresistive response.
Representative materials: 1D Cu-OHTBTT · 2D sql-Cu-OHTBTT · 2D kgm-Cu-OHTBTT
Nodes / linkers: Cu · OHTBTT
478 · Chemiresistive Sensing · Figure 10
Macrocycle-based dual-site EC-MOFs where metal nodes coordinate to OAPC, OHPC, or OHNP linkers that can also contain a metal centre.
Conduction: The review emphasises dual metal sites, macrocyclic pi systems, and metal substitution as ways to tune electronic and electrochemical behaviour.
Representative materials: Ni-OAPC(Ni) · Ni-OHPC(Ni) · NiFe0.09-OHPC(Ni) · Cu-OHPC(Cu) · Cu-OHNP(Ni)
Nodes / linkers: Ni · Cu · Zn · Fe-substituted Ni · OAPC · OHPC · OHNP
471 · Oxygen Evolution Reaction
Tricarboxytriphenylamine-based MOF thin films with redox-active or redox-inactive metal combinations.
Conduction: The review links redox-active Cu and bimetallic CoCu nodes to optical modulation and coloration efficiency.
Representative materials: Zn-TCA · Cu-TCA · CoCu-TCA
Nodes / linkers: Zn · Cu · CoCu · TCA
482 · Potential of Metal Node Tuning · Figure 13
Sulfur-coordinated EC-MOFs based on hexathiolbenzene or hexathioltriphenylene linkers.
Conduction: These examples illustrate how linker size, conductivity, and active-site exposure affect HER, battery, and flexible sensor behaviour.
Representative materials: Co-HTB · Co-HTTP · Cu-HTB · Ni-HTTP
Nodes / linkers: Co · Cu · Ni · HTB · HTTP
472 · Hydrogen Evolution Reaction · Figure 5
Two-dimensional EC-MOFs built from triphenylene-derived hydroxyl or amino linkers and transition-metal nodes.
Conduction: Conductivity is framed through pi-d conjugation and layer interactions; Ni-rich examples can show high conductivity, while metal composition can tune catalytic activity independently of conductivity.
Representative materials: Ni-HATP · Ni-HHTP · Co0.27Ni0.73-HHTP · Co-HATP · RuCo-HHTP · Cu-HHTP
Nodes / linkers: Ni · Co · Cu · Ru-containing bimetallic nodes · HATP · HHTP
471 · Electrocatalysis · Figure 3
Related redox-active MOF thin films used by the review to infer linker and pore-size design principles for EC-MOF electrochromism.
Conduction: The review treats linker conjugation, pore size, substrate modification, and electrochemical environment as design levers for optical switching.
Representative materials: Zn-PDI · Zn-NDI · Zn-PMDI · Ni-Dhbdc
Nodes / linkers: Zn · Ni · Dipyrazole-terminated diimides · Dhbdc
483 · Potential of Linker Tuning · Figure 14
Review-level synthesis principles remain separate from primary-study recipes.
Compress powder into pellets or use a compressed pellet as the active electrode body or writing source.
Claimed effects: Enables capacitor testing and solvent-free sensor writing, while retaining uncertainty about contact resistance and device-level reproducibility.
Controlling variables: Pellet density · Binder or conductive additive inclusion · Contact resistance · Mechanical integrity
Representative materials: Ni-HATP · Ni-HAB · Cu-HHTP
Caveat: Pressed pellets are useful for comparison but may not represent scalable thin-film device integration.
475 · Capacitors · Figure 2a
Use electrostatic spray deposition, electrodeposition, solvothermal growth on FTO, dip-coated anchoring layers, or electro-oxidation to produce electrochromic MOF thin films.
Claimed effects: Film uniformity, thickness, pore size, and substrate coupling control transmittance modulation, switching speed, coloration efficiency, and cycling stability.
Controlling variables: Transparent conductive substrate · Spray or deposition time · Film thickness · Anchoring layer · Electrolyte ion diffusion
Representative materials: Ni-BPY · Cu-TCA · CoCu-TCA · Zn-PDI · Ni-Dhbdc
Caveat: The review notes that several electrochromic lessons are drawn from redox-active MOFs that are not necessarily electrically conductive EC-MOFs.
481 · Electrochromism
Disperse EC-MOF powders with binders, conductive additives, or solvents and deposit them onto electrodes, foils, or interdigitated contacts.
Claimed effects: Provides a broad, accessible device route for electrocatalysis, batteries, and chemiresistive sensors, but can obscure intrinsic EC-MOF behaviour through additives and film heterogeneity.
Controlling variables: Binder choice · Conductive additive loading · Solvent and dispersion quality · Substrate type · Deposited amount and film uniformity
Representative materials: Ni-HATP · Cu-HHB · Cu-OHNP(Ni) · Zn-HHTQ
Caveat: The review repeatedly notes that ink-derived catalytic and sensing devices need improved molecular design and fabrication control.
470 · Electrocatalysis · Figure 2a
Use liquid-liquid, air-liquid, or water-interface processes to form free-standing or smooth EC-MOF sheets and then transfer them to device substrates.
Claimed effects: Can expose active sites, yield smooth FET channels, and improve directional transport or device uniformity.
Controlling variables: Interface type · Layer thickness · Reaction time · Transfer method · Substrate compatibility
Representative materials: Co-HTB · Ni-HTTP · Ni-HATP · Cu-OHPC(Cu)
Caveat: Transfer and scale-up remain practical bottlenecks, and film-substrate interfaces strongly influence device metrics.
470 · Electrocatalysis · Figure 2b
Grow EC-MOFs directly on conductive substrates such as FTO, ITO, carbon cloth, or functionalised FTO to form active films or arrays.
Claimed effects: Improves substrate contact and can create thin films, nanowire arrays, or uniform electrochromic layers without a separate powder-processing step.
Controlling variables: Temperature · Solvent and modulator chemistry · Substrate surface chemistry · Growth time · Metal feed ratio
Representative materials: Ni-OAPC(Ni) · Fe1Ni4-HHTP · Zn-PDI · Ni-Dhbdc
Caveat: Crystallinity and direct growth are material-dependent, and pure Fe-based EC-MOFs remain difficult to crystallise in the discussed OER context.
471 · Oxygen Evolution Reaction · Figure 2b
Modify solvents, modulators, metal ratios, and growth conditions to change topology, nanosheet thickness, nanowire-array morphology, or film smoothness.
Claimed effects: Changes active-site exposure, conductivity, analyte response, and catalytic or sensing performance.
Controlling variables: Solvent identity · Basic modulator · Metal-node ratio · Thickness and morphology · Particle versus nanosheet form
Representative materials: Co-HAB nanosheets · Cu-OHTBTT · Co0.27Ni0.73-HHTP
Caveat: The review cautions that conductivity alone is not always the controlling factor; active-site chemistry and morphology can dominate.
472 · Oxygen Evolution Reaction · Figure 4
These are the review authors’ synthesis, not newly measured results.
For lithium-ion cathodes, the review frames EC-MOFs as attractive because small-pore conductive frameworks can provide dense redox-active sites and fast charge-transfer kinetics.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: The review calls for expanded metal-node and coordinating-atom libraries and notes stability trade-offs for metal-centred redox.
475 · Lithium-Ion Batteries
The review distinguishes EDLC and pseudocapacitor design requirements: EDLCs need high surface area, large pores, and conductivity, while pseudocapacitors need dense reversible redox sites plus sufficient conductivity.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: Capacitor metrics are device-dependent and affected by pellet fabrication and contact resistance.
475 · Capacitors
Conductive additives can impart conductivity to MOF composites, but the review treats this as a compromised route because it can yield nonuniform pathways, block pores, reduce surface area, and trigger incompatibilities.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: This claim concerns composite strategies, not intrinsically conductive EC-MOFs.
465 · Introduction
EC-MOFs are presented as a conductive subclass of MOFs that attempts to retain crystallinity, porosity, and tunability while overcoming the intrinsic insulating character of most MOFs.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: The review's definition is broad and application-oriented rather than a strict conductivity threshold.
465 · Abstract
For electrochromism, the review connects redox-active linkers, metal nodes, guest metals, pore size, morphology, and thin-film uniformity to optical modulation, switching speed, coloration efficiency, and stability.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: Some cited electrochromic examples are redox-active MOFs rather than strictly EC-MOFs.
481 · Electrochromism
The review positions EC-MOFs as potentially overcoming limitations of inorganic oxides and organic conducting polymers by combining porosity, tunable composition, and intrinsic electrical conductivity.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: The electrochromic EC-MOF field is described as emerging with relatively few redox-active-linker examples.
481 · Electrochromism
The review argues that processing and fabrication are often overlooked relative to material discovery, even though poorly processable EC-MOF powders require device-specific fabrication methods.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: This is a review framing claim rather than a quantified literature meta-analysis.
466 · Introduction
For FETs, compact, smooth, highly conductive EC-MOF films are needed to define uniform current channels and achieve higher on/off ratios, higher mobility, and lower operating voltages.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: The review says integration remains limited by properties and fabrication methods.
480 · Field-Effect Transistor
For HER, the review links catalytic efficiency to high metal-node concentration, linker choice, active-site exposure through thin films or in situ growth, and, in some examples, precious-metal incorporation.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: The review stresses the need to avoid reliance on expensive precious metals.
474 · Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
Intrinsic conductivity in the discussed EC-MOFs is commonly associated with extended pi-d conjugation between highly conjugated linkers and square-planar metal nodes, often producing 2D structures.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: The review intentionally does not deeply re-litigate all conduction mechanisms.
465 · Introduction
For OER, the review identifies Fe substitution, morphology control, and macrocyclic linkers with extra metal pockets as major strategies to improve EC-MOF catalytic behaviour.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: Pure Fe-based EC-MOF crystallinity is identified as difficult in this context.
472 · Oxygen Evolution Reaction
For ORR, the review interprets triphenylene-based EC-MOFs with Ni, Co, or mixed Ni/Co nanosheets as benefiting from metal-site composition and structure, not simply bulk conductivity.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: The review also states that other non-triphenylene linkers should be analysed to understand ORR relationships more fully.
471 · Oxygen Reduction Reaction
The conclusion frames conductivity improvement, reticular design, functional-group diversification, fabrication innovation, fabrication-performance understanding, and stability as major future needs.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: These are review authors' proposed directions, not ranked by quantitative evidence.
484 · Conclusion
For chemiresistive sensing, the review argues that moderate conductivity can be preferable to exceptional conductivity because small resistance changes become difficult to detect in very conductive materials.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: This is application-specific; high conductivity remains valuable for FETs and many electrochemical devices.
480 · Chemiresistive Sensing
Humidity can change EC-MOF chemiresistor response by enabling proton-conductive pathways and distinct humidity-dependent sensing mechanisms.
Evidence basis: single_reference
Caveat: The review presents this as an emerging mechanism from a recent Cu-HHTQ study, not a universal behaviour.
479 · Chemiresistive Sensing
Every row remains visibly secondary and links to a primary dossier only where the mapping is verified.
| Material | Property | Reported value | Context and quality | Primary evidence | Review source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SecondaryCo0.27Ni0.73-HHTP | ORR onset potential and Tafel slope | 0.46 V onset potential; 104 mV dec^-1 Tafel slope | 0.1 M NaClO4 electrolyte, glassy carbon RDE Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 471 · Oxygen Reduction Reaction · Figure 3c |
| SecondaryCoCu-TCA | Electrochromic coloration efficiency | 337 cm^2 C^-1 | Bimetallic redox-active EC-MOF thin film on ITO glass Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 482 · Potential of Metal Node Tuning · Figure 13d |
| SecondaryCo-HAB nanosheets | OER onset potential, overpotential, and Tafel slope | onset potential 1.46 V; overpotential 310 mV; Tafel slope 56 mV dec^-1 | Ink-deposited catalyst on glassy carbon RDE Text · Exact Reported | research_0205 | 472 · Oxygen Evolution Reaction · Figure 4c-d |
| SecondaryCo-HATP | ORR onset potential and Tafel slope | 0.91 V onset potential; 89 mV dec^-1 Tafel slope | ORR; ink-applied catalyst on glassy carbon RDE Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 471 · Oxygen Reduction Reaction · Figure 3f |
| SecondaryCo-HTB | HER activity | 41 mA cm^-2 at -0.8 V vs SHE; overpotential 0.34 V; Tafel slope 149 mV dec^-1 | pH 1.3 H2SO4, interfacially formed film on HOPG Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 472 · Hydrogen Evolution Reaction · Figure 5a-b |
| SecondaryCu-HHB (Cu-THQ) | Lithium-ion cathode capacity and energy density | 387 mAh g^-1; 775 Wh kg^-1 at 50 mA g^-1 | Slurry drop-cast onto Al foil; lithium-ion cathode Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 475 · Lithium-Ion Batteries · Figure 6a-b |
| SecondaryCu-HTB | Conductivity and lithium-storage performance | conductivity 231 S cm^-1; capacity 232 mAh g^-1; energy density 391 Wh kg^-1 | Slurry-coated Al foil cathode; 50 mA g^-1 for capacity and energy density Text · Exact Reported | research_0365 | 475 · Lithium-Ion Batteries · Figure 6d |
| SecondaryCu-HTB | NH3 sensing limit and response/recovery | 0.23 ppm NH3; response time 58 s; recovery time 102 s at 20 ppm NH3 | Flexible polyester substrate; dry air; low driving voltage Text · Exact Reported | research_0134 | 478 · Chemiresistive Sensing · Figure 9e |
| SecondaryCu-OHPC(Cu) | Film conductivity and Hall mobility | conductivity 5.6 x 10^-4 S cm^-1; Hall mobility 4.4 +/- 0.7 cm^2 V^-1 s^-1 | Interfacially synthesised layer-oriented film; p-type semiconducting behaviour Text · Exact Reported | research_0061 | 480 · Field-Effect Transistor · Figure 11d |
| SecondaryFe1Ni4-HHTP nanowire arrays | OER overpotential and Tafel slope | overpotential 213 mV; Tafel slope 96 mV dec^-1 | Nanowire arrays grown on carbon cloth Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 472 · Oxygen Evolution Reaction · Figure 4b |
| Secondary2D kgm-Cu-OHTBTT | NH3 detection limit and conductivity | LOD as low as 10 ppm; conductivity 3.4 x 10^-4 S cm^-1 | Room-temperature gas sensor; drop-casting method Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 478 · Chemiresistive Sensing · Figure 10 |
| SecondaryMBA-treated Ni-Dhbdc | Electrochromic coloration efficiency and cycling stability | CE 331.0 cm^2 C^-1; delta T 70.6%; 95.7% retention over 4500 redox cycles | Ni-IRMOF-74 film on MBA-modified FTO; related redox-active MOF example Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 483 · Potential of Linker Tuning · Figure 14b-c |
| SecondaryNi-HAB | Pseudocapacitor volumetric and areal capacitance | 760 F cm^-3 volumetric capacitance; 20 F cm^-2 areal capacitance; 90% retention over 12000 cycles | Asymmetric cell from compressed EC-MOF pellets with activated carbon counter electrode Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 476 · Pseudocapacitors · Figure 8 |
| SecondaryNi-HAHATN(Ni) | HER performance and conductivity | conductivity 2 S cm^-1; overpotential 115 mV; Tafel slope 45.6 mV dec^-1 | Nanosheet EC-MOF deposited on glassy carbon RDE Text · Exact Reported | research_0513 | 473 · Hydrogen Evolution Reaction · Figure 5e-f |
| SecondaryNi-HATP | EDLC areal capacitance and series resistance | areal capacitance 18 uF cm^-2; series resistance 0.47 ohm; conductivity >50 S cm^-1 | Symmetric EDLC from compressed device stack Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 476 · Electrochemical Double Layer Capacitors · Figure 7 |
| SecondaryNi-HATP | FET on/off ratio, mobility, and film roughness | current on/off ratio 2 x 10^3; hole mobility about 48.6 cm^2 V^-1 s^-1; RMS roughness 1.43 nm | Air-liquid interface film transferred to SiO2/Si wafer Text · Approximate | research_0015 | 480 · Field-Effect Transistor · Figure 11a-c |
| SecondaryNi-HATP (Ni-HITP) | ORR onset potential | 0.82 V in 0.1 M KOH | ORR in 0.1 M KOH electrolyte; review-reported value from Figure 3a discussion Text · Exact Reported | research_0003 | 470 · Oxygen Reduction Reaction · Figure 3a |
| SecondaryNi-HATP (Ni-HITP) | ORR Tafel slope | 128 mV dec^-1 | ORR; review-reported Ni-HATP value Text · Exact Reported | research_0003 | 470 · Oxygen Reduction Reaction · Figure 3a |
| SecondaryNi-OAPC(Ni) | OER thin-film performance | Tafel slope 74 mV dec^-1; onset potential 1.48 V; overpotential 350 mV; TOF 2.5 s^-1 | Thin film on FTO; 1.0 M KOH stability context Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 471 · Oxygen Evolution Reaction · Figure 4a |
| SecondaryRuCo-HHTP | HER overpotential | 38 mV for RuCo-HHTP; commercial Pt/C 46 mV | 1.0 M KOH; nanorod arrays on carbon cloth Text · Exact Reported | research_0596 | 473 · Hydrogen Evolution Reaction |
| SecondaryM-OHPC(Ni) and M-OHNP(Ni) | Chemiresistive gas detection limits | 0.31-0.33 ppm NH3; 20-33 ppb H2S; 1.0-1.1 ppb NO | Drop-cast EC-MOF sensors; gas stream with 18% RH also discussed Text · Range | No verified corpus mapping | 478 · Chemiresistive Sensing · Figure 9c-d |
| SecondaryZn-PDI | Electrochromic coloration efficiency and transmittance modulation | CE 941 cm^2 C^-1; delta T 96%; >98% retention after 150 cycles | Zn-XDI MOF thin film grown on FTO; related redox-active MOF example Text · Exact Reported | research_0657 | 482 · Potential of Linker Tuning · Figure 14a |
Open questions are presented as review-author priorities, not conclusions from the primary database.
The review says coordinating atoms and metal nodes should be expanded to understand cathodic composition-property relationships.
Proposed direction: Build systematic EC-MOF cathode libraries varying nodes, donor atoms, pore sizes, and redox-site distributions.
475 · Lithium-Ion Batteries
Future EDLC designs need larger pores and higher surface areas to facilitate ion diffusion and rate capacity.
Proposed direction: Use macrocyclic or larger-pore linkers while maintaining conductivity and device-compatible fabrication.
476 · Electrochemical Double Layer Capacitors
EC-MOFs are limited by acidic-electrolyte instability and slower electron-transfer kinetics relative to carbon-based or metallic catalysts.
Proposed direction: Design more stable EC-MOF compositions and fabrication routes that improve electron-transfer kinetics without relying on external conductive additives.
471 · Oxygen Reduction Reaction
The review states that there are relatively few published works on redox-active-linker EC-MOFs for electrochromism.
Proposed direction: Develop EC-MOF-specific electrochromic libraries that vary redox-active linkers, metal nodes, pore sizes, and film deposition methods.
482 · Electrochromism
Most studies focus on one fabrication route, making it difficult to isolate how fabrication affects EC-MOF performance in specific applications.
Proposed direction: Compare multiple fabrication routes for the same EC-MOF/application pair with controlled morphology, loading, and interface metrics.
484 · Conclusion
Integrating EC-MOFs into FETs remains limited by material properties and fabrication methods.
Proposed direction: Develop smooth, uniform, stable, semiconductor-compatible EC-MOF films with higher intrinsic conductivity and lower interfacial defect density.
480 · Field-Effect Transistor
Precious-metal incorporation can strongly improve HER/OER, but the review identifies a need to enhance activity without expensive precious metals.
Proposed direction: Investigate nonprecious metal nodes and linker functionalisation strategies for high-efficiency bifunctional water splitting.
474 · Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
The review states that non-triphenylene linkers need further analysis to understand EC-MOF ORR structure-property relationships.
Proposed direction: Broaden ORR studies beyond triphenylene-based Ni/Co linkers and compare linker effects under controlled fabrication conditions.
471 · Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Pure Fe-based EC-MOFs are promising for OER but difficult to crystallise in the examples reviewed.
Proposed direction: Explore alternative metal replacements or synthesis strategies that preserve crystallinity while tuning OER active sites.
472 · Oxygen Evolution Reaction
The review identifies stability under acidic electrolytes, moisture, temperature fluctuations, and chemical reactivity as critical for practical deployment.
Proposed direction: Evaluate EC-MOF stability under realistic operating conditions and connect degradation mechanisms to framework composition and fabrication.
484 · Conclusion
The review calls for better understanding of structure-property-performance relationships and gas-sensing mechanisms.
Proposed direction: Pair controlled linker functionalisation, topology variation, and humidity studies with mechanistic spectroscopy and device metrics.
480 · Chemiresistive Sensing
Mappings show which printed review references have a verified counterpart in the frozen primary corpus.
| Reference | Study | Role and context | Corpus mapping |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ref. 82019 | Metal-Organic Framework Composites and Their Electrochemical Applications | composite_caveatCited in the introduction as background for conductive composite approaches and their limitations. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 92020 | Conductive Metal-Organic Frameworks: Design, Synthesis, and Applications | conductive_mof_review_contextCited as part of background on conductive MOF design and composites. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 102022 | Metal-Organic Framework (MOF) Composites as Promising Materials for Energy Storage Applications | composite_caveat · energy_storage_contextCited in the introduction for composite approaches, which the review distinguishes from intrinsic EC-MOF conductivity. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 112019 | Metal-Organic Framework Functionalization and Design Strategies for Advanced Electrochemical Energy Storage Devices | energy_storage_review_context · composite_caveatCited for energy-storage applications and for caveats about additive approaches. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 122020 | Electrically Conductive Metal-Organic Frameworks | definition_context · transport_mechanismCited for intrinsic conductivity via pi-d conjugation and for background conduction mechanisms. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 152023 | In Silico High-Throughput Design and Prediction of Structural and Electronic Properties of Low-Dimensional Metal-Organic Frameworks | taxonomy · database_contextCited for systematic cataloguing of EC-MOF combinations and the naming scheme used in the review. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 372016 | Electrochemical Oxygen Reduction Catalysed by Ni3(Hexaiminotriphenylene)2 | orr_benchmark · thin_filmUsed for an early Ni-HATP ORR thin-film example and associated onset potential, Tafel slope, and stability values. | research_0003 |
| Ref. 382019 | Synthesis of Bimetallic Conductive 2D Metal-Organic Framework (CoxNiy-CAT) and Its Mass Production: Enhanced Electrochemical Oxygen Reduction Activity | orr_benchmark · bimetallic_compositionUsed to discuss bimetallic Co/Ni HHTP ORR performance and metal-site effects. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 392020 | Unpaired 3d Electrons on Atomically Dispersed Cobalt Centres in Coordination Polymers Regulate Both Oxygen Reduction Reaction (ORR) Activity and Selectivity for Use in Zinc-Air Batteries | orr_benchmark · electronic_structureUsed to support the review's claim that Co electronic configuration can enhance ORR despite lower conductivity. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 402024 | Tuning Two-Dimensional Phthalocyanine Dual Site Metal-Organic Framework Catalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction | orr_dual_site · composition_tuningUsed for dual-site phthalocyanine EC-MOFs and the role of metal composition in ORR. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 462018 | A Novel Two-Dimensional Nickel Phthalocyanine-Based Metal-Organic Framework for Highly Efficient Water Oxidation Catalysis | oer_benchmark · thin_filmUsed for in situ Ni-OAPC(Ni) FTO film OER benchmarks and stability. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 472021 | Two-Dimensional Conductive Metal-Organic Frameworks with Dual Metal Sites toward the Electrochemical Oxygen Evolution Reaction | oer_dual_siteUsed for dual-metal-site OHPC catalysts and Ni-O4 versus Ni-N4 OER interpretation. | research_0483 |
| Ref. 482021 | Structural and Electronic Modulation of Conductive MOFs for Efficient Oxygen Evolution Reaction Electrocatalysis | oer_modulation · metal_substitutionUsed for Fe substitution in Ni-OHPC(Ni) and improved OER metrics. | research_0709 |
| Ref. 492019 | Conductive Metal-Organic Framework Nanowire Arrays for Electrocatalytic Oxygen Evolution | oer_benchmark · nanowire_arraysUsed for Fe/Ni HHTP nanowire arrays on carbon cloth and OER enhancement by Fe substitution. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 502020 | Ultrathin Two-Dimensional pi-d Conjugated Coordination Polymer Co3(Hexaaminobenzene)2 Nanosheets for Highly Efficient Oxygen Evolution | oer_benchmark · morphologyUsed for nanosheet morphology effects in OER. | research_0205 |
| Ref. 532015 | Two-Dimensional Metal-Organic Surfaces for Efficient Hydrogen Evolution from Water | her_benchmark · interfacial_growthUsed for thiolated Co EC-MOF HER films formed through interfacial synthesis. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 542015 | Large-Area, Free-Standing, Two-Dimensional Supramolecular Polymer Single-Layer Sheets for Highly Efficient Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution | her_benchmark · single_layerUsed for Langmuir-Blodgett Ni-HTTP monolayer HER and active-site exposure. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 552020 | Conductive Metal-Organic Frameworks with Extra Metallic Sites as an Efficient Electrocatalyst for the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction | her_benchmark · extra_metal_sitesUsed for HAHATN EC-MOF nanosheets with extra metallic sites and HER performance. | research_0513 |
| Ref. 562023 | Creating Dual Active Sites in Conductive Metal-Organic Frameworks for Efficient Water Splitting | her_benchmark · oer_benchmark · bifunctional_catalysisUsed for precious-metal Co-HHTP nanorod arrays with improved HER and OER. | research_0596 |
| Ref. 682020 | A Redox-Active 2D Metal-Organic Framework for Efficient Lithium Storage with Extraordinary High Capacity | battery_benchmark · redox_active_frameworkUsed for Cu-HHB lithium storage capacity, energy density, and cycling stability. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 692018 | Multielectron-Transfer-Based Rechargeable Energy Storage of Two-Dimensional Coordination Frameworks with Non-Innocent Ligands | battery_benchmark · non_innocent_ligandsUsed for reversible ion storage in Ni-HAB and unchanged crystal structure during ion insertion. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 702020 | Highly Conductive Two-Dimensional Metal-Organic Frameworks for Resilient Lithium Storage with Superb Rate Capability | battery_benchmark · conductivity_rate_capabilityUsed for highly conductive Cu-HTB lithium-storage rate capability and cycling stability. | research_0365 |
| Ref. 782017 | Conductive MOF Electrodes for Stable Supercapacitors with High Areal Capacitance | edlc_benchmark · conductivity_benchmarkUsed for Ni-HATP EDLC areal capacitance, conductivity, resistance, and cycling stability. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 902018 | Robust and Conductive Two-Dimensional Metal-organic Frameworks with Exceptionally High Volumetric and Areal Capacitance | pseudocapacitor_benchmark · redox_active_linkerUsed for Ni-HAB pseudocapacitance, high packing density, and linker-driven redox behaviour. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1012015 | Chemiresistive Sensor Arrays from Conductive 2D Metal-Organic Frameworks | sensing_benchmark · sensor_arrayUsed for VOC sensor arrays and solvent-free writing demonstration. | research_0145 |
| Ref. 1022019 | Welding Metallophthalocyanines into Bimetallic Molecular Meshes for Ultrasensitive, Low-Power Chemiresistive Detection of Gases | sensing_benchmark · gas_detectionUsed for ultrasensitive NH3, H2S, and NO chemiresistive detection and composition-specific analyte response. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1032020 | Ultrafast In Situ Synthesis of Large-Area Conductive Metal-Organic Frameworks on Substrates for Flexible Chemiresistive Sensing | sensing_benchmark · in_situ_fabricationUsed for in situ flexible-substrate NH3 chemiresistor fabrication. | research_0134 |
| Ref. 1042024 | Topologically Tunable Conjugated Metal-Organic Frameworks for Modulating Conductivity and Chemiresistive Properties for NH3 Sensing | sensing_benchmark · topology_tuningUsed for topology-controlled Cu-OHTBTT conductivity and NH3 response. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1052024 | Redox Synergy: Enhancing Gas Sensing Stability in 2D Conjugated Metal-Organic Frameworks via Balancing Metal Node and Ligand Reactivity | sensing_stability · redox_active_linkerUsed for NO2 sensing stability with redox-active linkers and redox-inactive Zn nodes. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1072024 | Humidity-Mediated Dual Ionic-Electronic Conductivity Enables High Sensitivity in MOF Chemiresistors | mixed_conduction · sensing_mechanismUsed for humidity-mediated dual ionic-electronic conductivity and gas-specific sensing mechanisms. | research_0108 |
| Ref. 1202017 | Porous Field-Effect Transistors Based on a Semiconductive Metal-Organic Framework | fet_benchmark · thin_film_deviceUsed for Ni-HATP FET device fabrication and on/off ratio, mobility, and interface metrics. | research_0015 |
| Ref. 1212014 | High Electrical Conductivity in Ni3(2,3,6,7,10,11-Hexaiminotriphenylene)2, a Semiconducting Metal-Organic Graphene Analogue | conductivity_benchmark · fet_contextCited in the FET discussion for the high room-temperature conductivity of Ni-HATP films. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1222021 | Interfacial Synthesis of Layer-Oriented 2D Conjugated Metal-Organic Framework Films toward Directional Charge Transport | thin_film_transport · fet_contextUsed for layer-oriented Cu-OHPC(Cu) films, Hall mobility, and directional charge transport. | research_0061 |
| Ref. 1332024 | Electrochromic Electrically Conductive Cu3(HHTP)2 Films with Adaptation to Diverse and Low-Concentration Water | electrochromism · ec_mof_thin_filmUsed as an EC-MOF electrochromic example with redox involving both linker and multivalent metal node. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1362024 | Transparent-to-Brown-Black Patterned Electrochromic Metal-Organic Frameworks | electrochromism · spray_depositionUsed for Ni-BPY electrochromic films produced by electrostatic spray deposition. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1372022 | Metal-Organic Framework Thin Films with Diverse Redox-Active/Inactive Components for Enhanced Optical Modulation and Coloration Efficiency | electrochromism · metal_node_tuningUsed for redox-active/inactive metal-node tuning in TCA MOF electrochromic thin films. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1382023 | Electrochromism in Isoreticular Metal-Organic Framework Thin Films with Record High Coloration Efficiency | electrochromism · linker_tuningUsed for redox-active linker size and conjugation effects in electrochromic MOF films. | research_0657 |
| Ref. 1402024 | Biphenyl Dicarboxylic-Based Ni-IRMOF-74 Film for Fast-Switching and High-Stability Electrochromism | electrochromism · substrate_modification · linker_tuningUsed for pore-size control, substrate modification, and electrochromic performance in a related Ni MOF film. | Unmapped |