3. Application of Conductive MOFs
1014-1017Surveys electrocatalysis, chemiresistive sensing, thermoelectrics, FETs and supercapacitors enabled or limited by conductivity.
Relevance: Core · 1014 · 3. Application of Conductive MOFs
Review · secondary evidenceReview
Recent Development and Application of Conductive MOFs
Pengfei Li and Bo Wang · Israel Journal of Chemistry · 2018
9review sections
9material families
15review claims
22secondary benchmarks
38cited studies
8research gaps
Review scope
Review recent strategies for making conductive MOFs and survey conductivity-enabled applications including electrocatalysis, chemiresistive sensing, thermoelectrics, field-effect transistors and supercapacitors.
- Coverage
- 2009–2018
- Category
- Review Thin Film Device
- Material scope
- intrinsic conductive MOFs · extrinsic or post-modified conductive MOFs · 2D conjugated MOFs · 3D conductive frameworks · MOF thin films and devices
- Transport scope
- through-bond metal-ligand coordination · through-space ligand-ligand pi stacking · post-synthetic redox guest or polymer mediated transport · thin-film and device transport measurements
- Application scope
- electrocatalysis · chemiresistive sensing · thermoelectrics · field-effect transistors · supercapacitors
- Explicit exclusions
- full primary experimental recipes · exhaustive bibliography of all conductive MOFs · non-conductive MOF applications outside the conductivity context
- Source
- 1010 · Introduction
- Evidence role
- Context, taxonomy and secondary benchmarking
Section map
The review’s argument is preserved as a navigable set of section summaries.
3.2-3.5 Device-oriented Applications
1015-1017Provides selective device-level evidence for sensing arrays, thermoelectric metrics, FET mobilities and supercapacitor electrodes.
Relevance: Core · 1016 · 3.4 Field-effect Transistors
2.1.2 Hexa-substituted Benzene Based Ligands
1012-1013Covers BHT, HAB, semiquinone and phthalocyanine ligand platforms, including high-conductivity and superconducting examples.
Relevance: Core · 1012 · 2.1.2 Hexa-substituted Benzene Based Ligands
1. Introduction
1010Defines the challenge of combining MOF porosity with electronic conductivity and previews strategies and applications.
Relevance: Core · 1010 · Introduction
2.1 Conductivity through Metal-ligand Coordination
1010-1013Surveys through-bond coordination pathways, redox-active ligands, mixed valence, and metal-ligand orbital overlap.
Relevance: Core · 1010 · 2.1 Conductivity through Metal-ligand Coordination
4. Outlook
1016-1017States major caveats and future needs: measurement comparability, few high-conductivity materials, new ligands/topologies and high-quality films.
Relevance: Core · 1017 · 4. Outlook
2.2 Conductivity through Ligand-ligand pi-pi Stacking
1013Frames through-space transport through aromatic stacking, including TTF-based MOFs and the difficulty of preserving porosity.
Relevance: Core · 1013 · 2.2 Conductivity through Ligand-ligand pi-pi Stacking
2.3 Conductivity through Post Modification
1013-1015Reviews extrinsic conductivity from iodine, TCNQ, nanoclusters, redox molecules and conductive polymers in MOF pores.
Relevance: Core · 1013 · 2.3 Conductivity through Post Modification
2.1.1 Triphenylene-based Ligands
1011-1012Highlights HHTP, HTTP and HITP based 2D conductive frameworks and their benchmark conductivities.
Relevance: Core · 1011 · 2.1.1 Triphenylene-based Ligands
Taxonomies
Classification systems are attributed to this review and are not treated as a global material registry.
Use CaseAuthor-proposed
Application classes for conductive MOFs
Section 3 divides conductivity-enabled applications into five families relevant to devices and energy conversion/storage.
Categories: electrocatalysis · chemiresistive sensing · thermoelectrics · field-effect transistors · supercapacitors
1014 · 3. Application of Conductive MOFs
Microscopic Transport PathAuthor-proposed
Through-bond and through-space channels
Conductive channels are organised as metal-ligand through-bond transport and ligand/guest through-space interactions, with possible coexistence.
Categories: through bond · through space · simultaneous channels
1010 · Abstract
Origin Of ConductivityAuthor-proposed
Intrinsic versus extrinsic conductive MOFs
The review distinguishes frameworks whose conductivity arises from built-in metal-linker or linker-linker pathways from insulating frameworks made conductive by redox guests, polymers or nanoclusters.
Categories: intrinsic conductive MOFs · extrinsic conductive MOFs by post-modification
1010 · Abstract
Ligand Family And GeometryAuthor-proposed
Conjugated ligand platforms for 2D MOFs
The review treats planar, redox-active multidentate ligands as central to achieving extended pi-d conjugation and high conductivities.
Categories: triphenylene-based ligands · hexa-substituted benzene ligands · phthalocyanine ligands · semiquinone/quinone ligands
1012 · Scheme 1 · Scheme 1
Design StrategyAuthor-proposed
Three strategy framework for conductive MOFs
Section 2 explicitly structures the review around these three routes to electronic conductivity in MOFs.
Categories: metal-ligand coordination · ligand-ligand pi-pi stacking · post modification
1010 · Section 2 headings
Material families
Review-defined families retain their representative materials and conduction descriptions.
BHT and HAB hexa-substituted benzene MOFs
2D Nanosheets, Films Or PelletsCompact multidentate benzene linkers producing highly conjugated 2D frameworks with high conductivity and dense redox sites.
Conduction: High in-plane conjugation and redox-active sites yield high conductivities; crystallinity and oxidation state are important.
Representative materials: Ni-BHT · Cu-BHT · Ni-HAB · Cu-HAB
Nodes / linkers: Ni · Cu · benzenehexathiol · hexaaminobenzene
1012 · 2.1.2 Hexa-substituted Benzene Based Ligands
Pyrazinedithiolate paddlewheel/coordination networks
Two-Dimensional Coordination Network Or Related Porous MOFEarly porous conductive frameworks based on Cu-pyrazine or Cu/Ni-pyrazinedithiolate coordination pathways.
Conduction: Conductivity attributed to a Cu-pyrazine coordination network and sensitive to solvation/desolvation and iodine oxidation.
Representative materials: Cu[Cu(pdt)2] · Cu[Ni(pdt)2]
Nodes / linkers: Cu · Ni · 2,3-pyrazinedithiolate
1010 · Introduction
Fe triazolate/pyrazolate/tetrazolate frameworks
3D Frameworks With 1D/Twisted Metal-Ligand Pathways3D iron frameworks with redox-active azolate linkages and mixed-valence Fe centres.
Conduction: Mixed-valence Fe2+/Fe3+ and intervalence charge transfer improve conductivity after oxidation or reduction.
Representative materials: MET-3 · Fe(1,2,3-triazolate)2(BF4)0.33 · Fe2(BDP)3 · Fe2(BDT)3
Nodes / linkers: Fe · triazolate · benzenedipyrazolate · bis(tetrazole)
1011 · 2.1 Conductivity through Metal-ligand Coordination
HHTP/CAT-1 triphenylene MOFs
2D Layered MOFs2D hexagonal catecholate frameworks made from HHTP and divalent transition metals.
Conduction: Planar pi-d conjugated sheets and metal-dependent stacking/coordination enable comparatively high conductivities and sensing responses.
Representative materials: Cu-CAT-1 · Co-CAT-1 · Ni-CAT-1 · Cu3(HHTP)2
Nodes / linkers: Cu · Co · Ni · 2,3,6,7,10,11-hexahydroxytriphenylene
1011 · 2.1.1 Triphenylene-based Ligands
HITP imine triphenylene MOFs
2D Layered MOFs2D conductive frameworks from hexaiminotriphenylene and Ni or Cu nodes.
Conduction: HITP frameworks show high pellet conductivities and device utility in sensing, thermoelectrics, FETs and supercapacitors.
Representative materials: Ni3(HITP)2 · Cu3(HITP)2
Nodes / linkers: Ni · Cu · 2,3,6,7,10,11-hexaiminotriphenylene
1012 · 2.1.1 Triphenylene-based Ligands
Sulfur-substituted MOF-74 analogues
3D MOF With One-Dimensional Metal-Sulfur ChainsMOF-74 type frameworks using disulfhydryl dicarboxylate linkers to create infinite metal-sulfur chains.
Conduction: Sulfur substitution and metal choice influence mobility and conductivity through metal-heteroatom chains.
Representative materials: Mn2(DSBDC) · Fe2(DSBDC)
Nodes / linkers: Mn · Fe · 2,5-disulfhydrylbenzene-1,4-dicarboxylate
1011 · 2.1 Conductivity through Metal-ligand Coordination
Post-modified conductive MOF composites
Host-Guest Composites And Thin FilmsInitially insulating MOFs rendered conductive by redox molecules, nanoclusters or conductive polymers in pores.
Conduction: Guest-host orbital coupling, aligned redox guests, tunnelling between nanoclusters or in-pore polymer networks provide extrinsic pathways.
Representative materials: TCNQ@Cu3(BTC)2 · AgNC@Rb-CD-MOF · NiCB@NU-1000 · PEDOT@MIL-101(Cr) · pentathiophene/NU-1000
Nodes / linkers: Cu · Rb · Zr · Cr · BTC · cyclodextrin · NU-1000 linkers · MIL-101 terephthalate
1013 · 2.3 Conductivity through Post Modification
Semiquinone and chloranilate frameworks
3D Interpenetrated And Layered Hexagonal FrameworksRedox-active quinone-derived frameworks with 3D or layered topologies.
Conduction: Redox-active ligands and metal-ligand energy alignment govern conductivity; topology and interlayer distance matter.
Representative materials: Fe-dbhq · Fe-Cl-dbhq · V-Cl-dbhq · Ti-Cl-dbhq · Cr-dbhq
Nodes / linkers: Fe · V · Ti · Cr · 2,5-dihydroxybenzoquinone · 2,5-dichloro-3,6-dihydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone
1012 · 2.1.2 Hexa-substituted Benzene Based Ligands
TTF-based pi-stacked MOFs
3D MOFs With Stacked Organic UnitsMOFs containing tetrathiafulvalene/tetrabenzoate units arranged for through-space sulfur-sulfur contacts.
Conduction: Conductivity correlates with close S...S contacts between TTF units; small distance changes can strongly alter conductivity.
Representative materials: Zn2(TTFTB) · Cd2(TTFTB) · M2(TFTB)
Nodes / linkers: Zn · Cd · Mn · Co · tetrathiafulvalene tetrabenzoate · TFTB
1013 · 2.2 Conductivity through Ligand-ligand pi-pi Stacking
Synthesis strategies
Review-level synthesis principles remain separate from primary-study recipes.
Create planar pi-d conjugated 2D sheets
Use catecholate, imine, thiol or amine multidentate ligands to form extended 2D metal-organic sheets.
Claimed effects: The review describes this as particularly successful for conductive MOFs.
Controlling variables: planarity · metal ion · ligand donor atom · layer stacking · crystallinity
Representative materials: Cu-CAT-1 · Ni3(HITP)2 · Cu-BHT · Ni-HAB
Caveat: Ligand choices remain limited and structure differences between metal analogues can dominate performance.
1011 · 2.1 Conductivity through Metal-ligand Coordination
In-pore conductive polymer formation
Polymerise conductive monomers inside MOF cavities or insert oligomers and electropolymerise to create conducting composites.
Claimed effects: Conductive polymers can transform insulating MOFs into conductive composites and can improve gas sensing.
Controlling variables: polymer loading · monomer choice · pore accessibility · host stability · electropolymerisation conditions
Representative materials: PEDOT@MIL-101(Cr) · pentathiophene/NU-1000
Caveat: High loadings may compromise porosity and the review does not treat polymer composites as intrinsic MOFs.
1014 · 2.3 Conductivity through Post Modification
Iodine or redox-vapour doping
Expose frameworks to iodine or oxidants to partially oxidise the framework or align conductive guests in pores.
Claimed effects: Can raise conductivity by several orders of magnitude in selected insulating or weakly conductive frameworks.
Controlling variables: iodine uptake · guest alignment · oxidation level · framework channel orientation
Representative materials: Cu[Ni(pdt)2] · I2-loaded double-walled MOF · MET-3
Caveat: Mechanism may involve guest alignment rather than framework conduction; porosity and stability need checking.
1013 · 2.3 Conductivity through Post Modification
Engineer ligand-ligand pi stacking and close contacts
Design frameworks where aromatic or sulfur-rich linkers stack with short through-space contacts.
Claimed effects: Shorter contacts can substantially increase conductivity and provide through-space pathways.
Controlling variables: pi-pi distance · S...S distance · interpenetration · porosity · cation size
Representative materials: Cd2(TFTB) · Zn2(TFTB) · anthracene-based Zn-MOF
Caveat: The review warns that stacking can lead to interpenetrated or non-porous structures.
1013 · 2.2 Conductivity through Ligand-ligand pi-pi Stacking
Build through-bond redox-active metal-ligand pathways
Select metal centres and redox-active ligands that support strong charge transfer and intervalence or pi-d conjugation.
Claimed effects: Can create intrinsic conductivity while retaining crystallinity and porosity when topology is suitable.
Controlling variables: metal redox state · ligand redox activity · metal-ligand orbital overlap · topology
Representative materials: Cu[Cu(pdt)2] · MET-3 · Fe2(BDP)3 · Fe2(BDT)3
Caveat: Framework stability and solvation state can strongly affect conductivity.
1010 · 2.1 Conductivity through Metal-ligand Coordination
Selective pore loading in hierarchical MOFs
Load redox-active molecules into one pore type while leaving other channels open to mitigate porosity loss.
Claimed effects: Selective loading can improve conductivity while reducing detrimental effects on porosity.
Controlling variables: micropore versus mesopore selectivity · guest size · pore hierarchy · surface area retention
Representative materials: NiCB@NU-1000
Caveat: The review notes pore blocking is generally inevitable in post-infiltration approaches.
1014 · 2.3 Conductivity through Post Modification
Substitute oxygen donors with sulfur donors
Introduce thiol/dithiolene or sulfur-containing linkers to improve conjugation and metal-heteroatom transport.
Claimed effects: Sulfur-substituted ligands can improve conductivity by approximately an order of magnitude over oxygen analogues in selected frameworks.
Controlling variables: donor atom · metal-sulfur chain geometry · metal selection
Representative materials: Mn2(DSBDC) · Fe2(DSBDC) · Co-HTTP
Caveat: Pellet values may not reflect intrinsic thin-film conductivity and material stability may vary.
1011 · 2.1 Conductivity through Metal-ligand Coordination
Redox-active guest infiltration at open metal sites
Introduce TCNQ or similar guests into MOF films to connect open metal sites into continuous conductive pathways.
Claimed effects: TCNQ infiltration of Cu3(BTC)2 produces a large conductivity increase while retaining porosity.
Controlling variables: guest loading · orientation · open metal site accessibility · film texture · porosity retention
Representative materials: TCNQ@Cu3(BTC)2
Caveat: The review presents this as a clear pathway example but not a universally general recipe.
1013 · 2.3 Conductivity through Post Modification
Review claims
These are the review authors’ synthesis, not newly measured results.
Author InterpretationMedium supportMaterial Comparison
The review states that 2D MOF conductivity is generally better than 3D systems because of closely aligned metal ions and in-plane conjugation.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: There are important high-performing 3D and post-modified exceptions; measurement mode also confounds comparison.
1013 · 2.1.2 Hexa-substituted Benzene Based Ligands
Consensus SummaryHigh supportSynthesis Strategy
Planar pi-d conjugated 2D sheets are presented as a particularly successful route to conductive MOFs.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: The review also notes that ligand options for 2D MOFs remain limited.
1011 · 2.1 Conductivity through Metal-ligand Coordination
Author InterpretationMedium supportStructure Property Link
Metal centres with loosely bonded and more diffuse electrons are better candidates for conductive MOF design.
Evidence basis: single_reference
Caveat: Based on a review summary of four 3D MOFs; should not be overgeneralised without broader primary support.
1011 · 2.1 Conductivity through Metal-ligand Coordination
Consensus SummaryMedium supportApplication Relevance
Conductive MOFs combine surface area, conductivity and active centres, making them promising electrocatalysts, but metal/linker choice and morphology control are important.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: The review explicitly warns direct comparison among different 2D MOF catalysts is difficult.
1015 · 3.1 Electrocatalysis
Consensus SummaryHigh supportCaveat
Device integration requires high-quality conductive MOF films and better control of film growth.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: A forward-looking gap rather than a resolved design rule.
1017 · 4. Outlook
Consensus SummaryHigh supportCaveat
Despite promising 2D conductive MOFs, the review identifies limited ligand diversity as a bottleneck.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: A stated review-level research gap rather than a quantified survey.
1013 · 2.1.2 Hexa-substituted Benzene Based Ligands
Consensus SummaryHigh supportMeasurement Interpretation
The review cautions that different conductivity measurement technologies make direct comparison difficult and sometimes misleading.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: This is a review-level caveat and should govern how benchmark values are used in Chapter 1.
1017 · 4. Outlook
Author InterpretationMedium supportStructure Property Link
Metal-centre identity matters for sensing selectivity; Ni3(HITP)2 on the same electrode showed no observable ammonia response where Cu3(HITP)2 did.
Evidence basis: single_reference
Caveat: Device architecture, film morphology and analyte-specific chemistry may also contribute.
1015 · 3.2 Chemiresistive Sensing
Author InterpretationMedium supportTransport Mechanism
Mixed-valence Fe centres and intervalence charge transfer can strongly enhance conductivity in Fe azolate frameworks.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: The review reports secondary interpretation; exact mechanistic assignment should be checked in the cited primary studies.
1011 · 2.1 Conductivity through Metal-ligand Coordination
Consensus SummaryHigh supportCaveat
Ligand-ligand pi stacking can enhance conductivity but may cause interpenetration or non-porous structures.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: Specific framework outcomes depend on linker geometry and topology.
1013 · 2.2 Conductivity through Ligand-ligand pi-pi Stacking
Consensus SummaryHigh supportDefinition Scope
Conductive MOF design is constrained by the need to balance porosity and conductivity through metal-cluster and ligand choice.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: The review frames this broadly rather than with a single comparative dataset.
1010 · Abstract
Consensus SummaryHigh supportCaveat
Post-infiltration conductivity enhancement often blocks pores and reduces surface area, though selective loading can mitigate this.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: The extent of pore blocking is system-specific.
1014 · 2.3 Conductivity through Post Modification
Author InterpretationMedium supportStructure Property Link
In TTF-based MOFs, small changes in sulfur-sulfur distance can produce large conductivity differences.
Evidence basis: single_reference
Caveat: The statement is for an isostructural series and should not be transferred to unrelated MOFs without evidence.
1013 · 2.2 Conductivity through Ligand-ligand pi-pi Stacking
Author InterpretationMedium supportApplication Relevance
Low MOF thermal conductivity could be advantageous for thermoelectrics, but examples and performance remain limited.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: The review reports low ZT values and limited examples.
1016 · 3.3 Thermoelectrics
Consensus SummaryHigh supportTransport Mechanism
The review summarises intrinsic conductive MOF transport as occurring through either through-bond or through-space channels, independently or together.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: A simplification for chapter framing; mechanisms require primary-paper confirmation for each material.
1010 · Abstract
Secondary benchmarks
Every row remains visibly secondary and links to a primary dossier only where the mapping is verified.
| Material | Property | Reported value | Context and quality | Primary evidence | Review source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SecondaryAgNC@Rb-CD-MOF | electrical conductivity | 2.1 x 10^-7 S cm^-1 | upon irradiation at 1.48 W cm^-2; single crystal, two probe Text · Exact Reported | research_0037 | 1014 · 2.3 Conductivity through Post Modification |
| SecondaryCd2(TFTB) | electrical conductivity | 2.86 x 10^-4 S cm^-1 | single crystal, two probe Text · Exact Reported | research_0353 | 1013 · 2.2 Conductivity through Ligand-ligand pi-pi Stacking |
| SecondaryCu-BHT FET | charge-carrier mobility | electron mobility 116 cm^2 V^-1 s^-1 and hole mobility 99 cm^2 V^-1 s^-1 | FET device; value_numeric is electron mobility Text · Exact Reported | research_0006 | 1016 · 3.4 Field-effect Transistors |
| SecondaryCu-BHT framework thin film | electrical conductivity | 1580 S cm^-1 | film, four probe Text · Exact Reported | research_0006 | 1012 · 2.1.2 Hexa-substituted Benzene Based Ligands |
| SecondaryCu-CAT-1 ultrathin film | electrical conductivity | ca. 10^-4 S cm^-1 | LB transfer and LbL sequential deposition; film, two probe Text · Approximate | No verified corpus mapping | 1011 · 2.1.1 Triphenylene-based Ligands |
| SecondaryCu-CAT-1 | electrical conductivity | around 0.2 S cm^-1 | single crystal, four probe Text · Approximate | No verified corpus mapping | 1011 · 2.1.1 Triphenylene-based Ligands |
| SecondaryCu3(HITP)2 chemiresistor | ammonia detection threshold | less than 5 ppm ammonia under 60% relative humidity | chemiresistive sensing; 60% relative humidity Text · Approximate | research_0002 | 1015 · 3.2 Chemiresistive Sensing |
| SecondaryCu[Ni(pdt)2] | electrical conductivity | 1 x 10^-8 S cm^-1 | permanent porosity; measurement mode not specified in sentence Text · Rounded Reported | research_0203 | 1010 · Introduction |
| SecondaryCu[Cu(pdt)2] | electrical conductivity | 6 x 10^-4 S cm^-1 | 300 K; review attributes pathway to 2D Cu-pyrazine network Text · Rounded Reported | research_0201 | 1010 · Introduction |
| Secondarypartially reduced Fe2(BDP)3 / K0.98Fe2(BDP)3 | electrical conductivity | 0.025 S cm^-1 | single crystal, two probe after reduction with potassium naphthalenide Text · Exact Reported | research_0029 | 1016 · 3.4 Field-effect Transistors |
| SecondaryFe2(BDT)3 after air exposure | electrical conductivity | 1.8 S cm^-1 | single crystal, two probe after air exposure Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 1011 · 2.1 Conductivity through Metal-ligand Coordination |
| SecondaryFe-dbhq | electrical conductivity | 0.16 S cm^-1 | pellet, two probe Text · Exact Reported | research_0186 | 1012 · 2.1.2 Hexa-substituted Benzene Based Ligands |
| SecondaryFe(1,2,3-triazolate)2(BF4)0.33 | electrical conductivity | 0.3 S cm^-1 | room temperature; pressed pellet, two probe Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 1011 · 2.1 Conductivity through Metal-ligand Coordination |
| SecondaryNi-HITP and Cu-HITP MOFs | electrical conductivity | 2 and 0.2 S cm^-1 | pellet, two probe; value_numeric reports Ni-HITP higher value; Cu-HITP is 0.2 S cm^-1 Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 1012 · 2.1.1 Triphenylene-based Ligands |
| SecondaryMET-3 after I2 doping | electrical conductivity | 1.0 x 10^-3 S cm^-1 | pressed pellet, four probe after I2 doping Text · Exact Reported | research_0325 | 1010 · 2.1 Conductivity through Metal-ligand Coordination |
| SecondaryNi-HAB MOF pellet electrode | areal capacitance/performance | 23 F cm^-2 at 0.2 mV s^-1 | 360 micrometre thick pellet; 90% capacitance retained after 12000 cycles at 10 A g^-1 Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 1016 · 3.5 Supercapacitor |
| SecondaryNi-HAB and Cu-HAB | electrical conductivity | 800 and 1300 S cm^-1 | press pellet, four probe; value_numeric is Cu-HAB higher value Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 1012 · 2.1.2 Hexa-substituted Benzene Based Ligands |
| SecondaryNi3(HITP)2 supercapacitor | areal capacitance | 18 mF cm^-2 | 0.05 A g^-1; active material without conductive additives Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 1016 · 3.5 Supercapacitor |
| SecondaryPEDOT@MIL-101(Cr) | electrical conductivity | 1.1 x 10^-3 S cm^-1 | highest PEDOT loading; press pellet, two probe Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 1014 · 2.3 Conductivity through Post Modification |
| SecondaryTCNQ@Cu2(BTC)3 | Seebeck coefficient | 375 microV K^-1 | room temperature; holes as majority carriers Text · Exact Reported | research_0450 | 1015 · 3.3 Thermoelectrics |
| SecondaryTCNQ@Cu3(BTC)2 | electrical conductivity | 0.07 S cm^-1 | TCNQ-infiltrated film, two probe Text · Exact Reported | research_0088 | 1013 · 2.3 Conductivity through Post Modification |
| SecondaryV-Cl-dbhq | electrical conductivity | 0.45 S cm^-1 | solvated sample; press pellet, two probe context for series Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 1013 · 2.1.2 Hexa-substituted Benzene Based Ligands |
Research gaps
Open questions are presented as review-author priorities, not conclusions from the primary database.
application performance maturity
MediumThermoelectric examples are limited and conductive MOF performance could be improved.
Proposed direction: Exploit low thermal conductivity while improving electrical conductivity and film/device architecture.
1016 · 3.3 Thermoelectrics
device-quality films
HighConductive MOF device integration needs high-quality films and better understanding of film growth.
Proposed direction: Develop controlled film-growth methods and morphology-process relationships.
1017 · 4. Outlook
limited 2D ligand palette
HighThe choice of ligands for 2D conductive MOFs is very limited.
Proposed direction: Develop new planar ligands with different coordination patterns.
1013 · 2.1.2 Hexa-substituted Benzene Based Ligands
limited conductive MOF population
HighOnly a small portion of conductive MOF advantages and potentials had been achieved by the time of the review.
Proposed direction: Develop more intrinsically and extrinsically conductive MOFs and broaden validated applications.
1010 · Abstract
conductivity measurement comparability
HighDifferent conductivity measurement technologies make direct comparison difficult and sometimes misleading.
Proposed direction: Use cautious chapter benchmarking and prioritise primary papers with comparable geometry, contacts and conditions.
1017 · 4. Outlook
conductive mechanism limits
HighMeasurement inconsistency hampers understanding of mechanisms and limits rational design of more conductive MOFs.
Proposed direction: Pair conductivity data with mechanistic probes and controlled structure-property comparisons.
1017 · 4. Outlook
porosity-conductivity tradeoff
HighMaintaining porosity and conductivity simultaneously remains difficult.
Proposed direction: Design metal clusters, linkers and topologies that preserve accessible pore structures while enabling charge transport.
1010 · Introduction
post-modification porosity loss
MediumPost-infiltration conductivity enhancement is accompanied by pore blocking and surface-area loss.
Proposed direction: Use hierarchical pores or selective loading to retain porosity while adding conductive pathways.
1014 · 2.3 Conductivity through Post Modification
Cited-study map
Mappings show which printed review references have a verified counterpart in the frozen primary corpus.
Show 38 cited-study records
| Reference | Study | Role and context | Corpus mapping |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ref. 102018 | Title unavailable | transport_benchmark · device_benchmark · post_synthetic_redoxRedox insertion into Fe2(BDP)3 with conductivity and FET mobility increase. | research_0029 |
| Ref. 232015 | Title unavailable | transport_benchmark · sensingCu3(HITP)2 conductivity and ammonia chemiresistive sensing benchmark. | research_0002 |
| Ref. 512015 | Title unavailable | sensing · sensor_arrayIsostructural 2D MOF sensor array distinguishing VOC categories. | research_0145 |
| Ref. 342016 | Title unavailable | pi_stack · transport_benchmarkAnthracene-stacked Zn-MOF example for pi-pi stacking transport. | research_0191 |
| Ref. 202015 | Title unavailable | electrocatalysis · thin_filmCo 2D MOF films for HER comparison. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 212017 | Title unavailable | transport_benchmark · sulfur_substitutionThin-film Co-HTTP conductivity benchmark used to qualify pellet values. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 272015 | Title unavailable | transport_benchmark · material_family3D semiquinoid framework benchmark showing pi-d conjugation beyond 2D MOFs. | research_0186 |
| Ref. 192015 | Title unavailable | electrocatalysis · thin_filmLB-fabricated free-standing Ni-HTTP sheets for HER electrocatalysis. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 25a,c2017 | Title unavailable | transport_benchmark · supercapacitorHAB MOF conductivity and Ni-HAB supercapacitor benchmark. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 522015 | Title unavailable | thermoelectric · transport_benchmarkFirst viability example for Cu2(BTC)3-based thermoelectric MOF material in the review. | research_0450 |
| Ref. 7b2012 | Title unavailable | transport_benchmark · structure_propertyMetal-triazolate framework series with MET-3 conductivity and iodine-doping benchmark. | research_0325 |
| Ref. 392015 | Title unavailable | post_modification · photoconductivityAg nanocluster loading in Rb-CD-MOF enabling light-tuned tunnelling conductivity. | research_0037 |
| Ref. 152012 | Title unavailable | material_family · transport_benchmarkFirst HHTP-based 2D conductive MOF series in the review. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 24c,d2015 | Title unavailable | transport_benchmark · device_benchmark · superconductivityCu-BHT thin-film conductivity, FET and superconductivity examples. | research_0006 |
| Ref. 482017 | Title unavailable | electrocatalysis · morphologyCu-BHT nanocrystal/nanoparticle morphology comparison for HER. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 62010 | Title unavailable | transport_benchmark · post_modificationPermanent-porosity Cu[Ni(pdt)2] and iodine-doped film example. | research_0203 |
| Ref. 402018 | Title unavailable | post_modification · selective_loadingSelective micropore loading in NU-1000 used to minimise porosity loss. | research_0106 |
| Ref. 422016 | Title unavailable | post_modification · polymer_composite · sensingPEDOT@MIL-101(Cr) conductivity and NO2 sensing example. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 592017 | Title unavailable | supercapacitor · thin_film_electrodeCu-CAT-1 nanowire arrays on carbon fibre paper for improved rate capacity. | research_0026 |
| Ref. 492016 | Title unavailable | electrocatalysis · thin_filmNi3(HITP)2 thin-film electrode for oxygen reduction/H2O2 production. | research_0003 |
| Ref. 322012 | Title unavailable | pi_stack · mobilityTTF-based MOF showing through-space contact and charge mobility. | research_0030 |
| Ref. 332015 | Title unavailable | pi_stack · transport_benchmarkIsostructural TTF-MOF series linking S...S distance and conductivity. | research_0353 |
| Ref. 82018 | Title unavailable | transport_benchmark · mixed_valencePost-synthetic oxidation of mixed-valence MET-3 related framework giving IVCT conductivity. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 162018 | Title unavailable | thin_film · transport_benchmarkLB and LbL ultrathin Cu-CAT-1 film conductivity example. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 222014 | Title unavailable | transport_benchmark · material_familyHITP framework conductivity benchmark. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 582017 | Title unavailable | supercapacitor · device_benchmarkConductive MOF-only supercapacitor benchmark. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 122013 | Title unavailable | transport_benchmark · sulfur_substitutionSulfur-substituted MOF-74 analogue with mobility and metal-sulfur chain framing. | research_0011 |
| Ref. 132015 | Title unavailable | transport_benchmark · metal_comparisonFe/Mn analogue comparison showing large conductivity differences and sulfur substitution effects. | research_0063 |
| Ref. 142017 | Title unavailable | structure_property · metal_comparisonStudy used by the review to support metal-centre design logic in 3D MOFs. | research_0221 |
| Ref. 552017 | Title unavailable | thermoelectric · transport_benchmarkLow thermal conductivity and record MOF ZT context in the review. | research_0072 |
| Ref. 42009 | Title unavailable | historical_framing · transport_benchmarkEarly mixed-valence Cu-Cu porous conductive framework used to introduce metal-ligand through-bond transport. | research_0201 |
| Ref. 372014 | Title unavailable | post_modification · thin_film · transport_benchmarkTCNQ infiltration in Cu3(BTC)2 thin films producing continuous conductive pathways. | research_0088 |
| Ref. 432017 | Title unavailable | post_modification · polymer_compositeSolvent-assisted ligand incorporation and electropolymerisation in NU-1000. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 562017 | Title unavailable | field_effect_transistor · thin_filmFree-standing Ni3(HITP)2 membrane used for depletion-mode FET. | research_0015 |
| Ref. 11b2018 | Title unavailable | transport_benchmark · mixed_valenceFe2(BDT)3 air-oxidation conductivity benchmark reported as highest among 3D MOFs in the review. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 352010 | Title unavailable | post_modification · iodine_dopingIodine-loaded double-walled MOF showing anisotropic conductivity after guest uptake. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 262017 | Title unavailable | theory · superconductivity_contextTheoretical prediction linked by the review to superconductivity in Cu-BHT. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 292018 | Title unavailable | transport_benchmark · metal_comparisonIsostructural layered hexagonal semiquinone MOFs with metal-dependent conductivity. | Unmapped |