4. Applications
15-22Surveys gas sensors, supercapacitors, electrocatalysts, FETs and organic spin valves as device contexts for conductive MOF films.
Relevance: Core · 16 · 4. Applications
Review · secondary evidenceReview
Recent Progress on Conductive Metal-Organic Framework Films
Xueyang Mu, Weike Wang, Chongcai Sun, Jiulong Wang, Chengbing Wang, and Mato Knez · Advanced Materials Interfaces · 2021
5review sections
10material families
21review claims
23secondary benchmarks
40cited studies
8research gaps
Review scope
To review conductive MOF films, including film preparation methods, strategies for introducing intrinsic or extrinsic conductivity, applications in electrochemistry/electronics, and remaining challenges for scalable high-conductivity films.
- Coverage
- 2005–2021
- Category
- Review Thin Film Device
- Material scope
- conductive MOF thin films · 2D pi-conjugated MOF films · SURMOFs and layer-by-layer MOF films · guest-doped MOF films · MOF/polymer composite films
- Transport scope
- through-bond charge transport · through-space charge transport · intrinsic conductivity from metal-ligand frameworks · extrinsic conductivity from redox molecules, polymers and cations
- Application scope
- chemical resistance sensing · supercapacitors · electrocatalysis · field-effect transistors · organic spin valves
- Explicit exclusions
- primary extraction of complete experimental recipes · exhaustive bibliography of all MOF film studies · powder MOFs except as context for film limitations
- Source
- 1-2 · Abstract and Introduction · Figure 1
- Evidence role
- Context, taxonomy and secondary benchmarking
Section map
The review’s argument is preserved as a navigable set of section summaries.
3. Conductive Behavior in Metal-Organic Framework Films
12-15Classifies conductive MOF films into intrinsic frameworks and extrinsically doped systems; links conductivity to ligand design, metal ions and guest-mediated pathways.
Relevance: Core · 12 · 3. Conductive Behavior in Metal-Organic Framework Films
1. Introduction
1-2Frames MOFs as usually insulating powders and motivates conductive films for electronics and electrochemistry.
Relevance: Core · 1 · 1. Introduction
5. Conclusions and Outlook
22-23Synthesises the authors' outlook: field remains early, with challenges in scale, conductivity/surface-area trade-offs and underexplored polymer incorporation.
Relevance: Core · 22 · 5. Conclusions and Outlook
2. Preparation of Metal-Organic Framework Thin Films
3-12Organises film fabrication by substrates, solution-based methods and vacuum-based methods, with emphasis on orientation, thickness and continuity.
Relevance: Core · 3 · 2. Preparation of Metal-Organic Framework Thin Films
Taxonomies
Classification systems are attributed to this review and are not treated as a global material registry.
Device Or Electrochemical UseAuthor-proposed
Application classes for conductive MOF films
The applications section groups film examples into sensing, energy storage/conversion and electronics.
Categories: electrochemical sensing · supercapacitors · electrocatalysis · field effect transistors · organic spin valves
16-22 · 4. Applications
Design PrincipleAuthor-proposed
Host-based, guest-based and host-guest-related conductive films
Figure 1 presents the review's visual framework connecting conductive film design principles to applications.
Categories: host-based · guest-based · host-guest related
2 · 1. Introduction · Figure 1
Guest Species Used To Introduce ConductivityAuthor-proposed
Extrinsic dopant classes
Extrinsic conductivity is organised around TCNQ/I2-like redox molecules, polymerised conductive guests and cationic guest species.
Categories: redox active molecules · conductive polymers · cations
14-15 · 3.2. Extrinsically Conductive Metal-Organic Frameworks Films
Origin Of Electronic ConductivityAuthor-proposed
Intrinsic versus extrinsic conductive MOF films
Intrinsic films derive conductivity from the metal-ligand framework, while extrinsic films rely on guest molecules, polymers or cations introduced into a host MOF.
Categories: intrinsic conductivity · extrinsic conductivity
12 · 3. Conductive Behavior in Metal-Organic Framework Films
Wet-Film Growth MechanismAuthor-proposed
Solution processing routes
A process taxonomy that separates sequential surface growth, liquid-interface assembly, membrane-mediated diffusion, solvothermal growth and electrochemical film deposition.
Categories: liquid phase epitaxy · Langmuir-Blodgett layer-by-layer deposition · interfacial synthesis · contra-diffusion synthesis · solvothermal mother-solution growth · electrochemical deposition
3 · 2.1. Substrates for Preparing Metal-Organic Framework Thin Films
Fabrication EnvironmentAuthor-proposed
Solution-based versus vacuum-based MOF film preparation
The review divides MOF-film fabrication into wet routes using metal/ligand solutions and vacuum routes using gaseous reactants.
Categories: solution-based preparation · vacuum-based preparation
3 · 2.1. Substrates for Preparing Metal-Organic Framework Thin Films
Electronic Coupling Pathway
Through-bond and through-space charge transport
The review contrasts covalent valence-band transport with noncovalent orbital overlap between electroactive segments.
Categories: through-bond · through-space
1-2 · 1. Introduction
Material families
Review-defined families retain their representative materials and conduction descriptions.
BHT-based metal bis(dithiolene)-like films
2D Layered FilmsLiquid-interface films made from benzenehexathiol and metal ions, emphasised for very high conductivity and transparent-electrode relevance.
Conduction: Strong metal-sulfur and pi-d conjugation are invoked for high charge transport.
Representative materials: Cu-BHT · Ag3BHT2 · Au3BHT2
Nodes / linkers: Cu · Ag · Au · benzenehexathiol · thiolate ligands
13 · 3.1. Intrinsic Conductive Metal-Organic Frameworks Films · Figure 9
Viologen-doped electroactive BMOF films
Thin Films On ZnO-FTO-GlassElectroactive framework films doped with methyl viologen cations to increase conductivity.
Conduction: Inserted pi-acid guest molecules promote electron delocalisation through pi-stacks.
Representative materials: BMOF/MV2+
Nodes / linkers: ZnO-FTO-supported framework · BPDPNDI · TCPB · methyl viologen
15-17 · 3.2.3. Introduction of Cations · Figure 12
HAB-based dense 2D MOF films
2D Conductive MOFsNi-HAB and Cu-HAB 2D conductive MOFs where smaller ligands are emphasised for high redox-site density and capacitance.
Conduction: High-density frameworks are used to increase capacitance while retaining conductivity.
Representative materials: Ni-HAB · Cu-HAB
Nodes / linkers: Ni · Cu · hexaaminobenzene
18 · 4.2. Supercapacitors · Figure 14
Triphenylene-based Ni/Cu conductive MOF films
2D Layered Or Nanowire-Coated Films2D conductive films based on HITP, HHTP or related triphenylene ligands coordinated to transition metals.
Conduction: Conductivity is attributed to charge delocalisation across metal-ligand networks.
Representative materials: Ni3(HITP)2 · Ni3HHTP2 · Ni3HITP2 · Cu3(HHTP)2
Nodes / linkers: Ni · Cu · hexaiminotriphenylene · hexahydroxytriphenylene
13 · 3.1. Intrinsic Conductive Metal-Organic Frameworks Films · Figure 9
HKUST-1/Cu3(BTC)2 host films with TCNQ guests
Thin Films And SURMOF-Type FilmsCu3(BTC)2 films whose conductivity is increased by TCNQ infiltration or transformation to Cu(TCNQ)-containing phases.
Conduction: TCNQ coordinates to copper paddle-wheel units to create electronic coupling and charge-transfer pathways.
Representative materials: TCNQ@Cu3(BTC)2 · TCNQ-Cu3(BTC)2 · Cu3(BTC)2/TCNQ
Nodes / linkers: Cu · benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylate · TCNQ guest molecules
14 · 3.2.1. Introduction of Redox Active Molecules · Figure 10
Iodine-doped MOF films
Thin FilmsMOF films whose conductivity is modified by I2 solution or vapour exposure.
Conduction: I2 is described as inducing charge transfer and hole doping, turning insulating films into p-type semiconductors or conductors.
Representative materials: CO3(NDC)3/I2 · Cu3BTC2/I2 · Cu-TCNQ-I2
Nodes / linkers: Co · Cu · naphthalenedicarboxylate · BTC · TCNQ
15 · 3.2.1. Introduction of Redox Active Molecules · Figure 10
Nickel phthalocyanine MOF films
2D Conductive Thin FilmsBottom-up nickel phthalocyanine based conductive MOF films used as OER catalysts.
Conduction: Conductive phthalocyanine networks support electrocatalytic OER behaviour.
Representative materials: NiPc-MOF
Nodes / linkers: Ni · phthalocyanine
20 · 4.3. Electrocatalysis · Figure 15
Conductive polymer@MOF composite films
Composite Films, Cotton-Cloth Composites And Flexible FilmsMOF films or fabrics containing polymerised aniline, pyrrole or related conductive polymers.
Conduction: Polymer chains or nanotubes form conductive connectors inside or between MOF particles.
Representative materials: Zr-MOF/PAn · PPy@UiO-66@CT · Cu-TCPP/PPy
Nodes / linkers: Zr · Cu · polyaniline · polypyrrole · UiO-66 ligands · TCPP
15 · 3.2.2. Introduction of a Conductive Polymer · Figure 11
Porphyrinic and TCPP-based MOF films
2D Nanosheets And Multilayer FilmsMOF films based on porphyrin or TCPP linkers used in LB/LBL films, sensing heterostructures and supercapacitors.
Conduction: Used for oriented nanosheet assembly and, in composites, to support transport and device response.
Representative materials: NAFS-1 · NAFS-13 · Cu-TCPP-on-Cu-HHTP · Cu-TCPP/PPy
Nodes / linkers: Co · Cu · Pd · metalloporphyrin · TCPP · PdTCPP
5 · 2.2.2. Langmuir-Blodgett Layer-by-Layer Deposition · Figure 3
ZIF film membranes
Continuous Films And MembranesZeolitic imidazolate framework films prepared by contra-diffusion, in situ solvothermal growth or vapour methods.
Conduction: Primarily discussed as thin-film processing examples rather than leading electronic conductors.
Representative materials: ZIF-8 · ZIF-71 · ZIF-67 · MAF-6
Nodes / linkers: Zn · Co · imidazolate · 2-methylimidazole · 2-ethylimidazole
8 · 2.2.3. Interface and Contra-Diffusion Synthesis · Figure 5
Synthesis strategies
Review-level synthesis principles remain separate from primary-study recipes.
Atomic layer deposition / molecular layer deposition
Alternates gas-phase precursor pulses to form ultrathin, conformal MOF films at the atomic or molecular scale.
Claimed effects: Generates highly conformal coatings on complex substrates and device structures with thickness control.
Controlling variables: precursor pulse sequence · sublimation temperature · deposition temperature · cycle count
Representative materials: Cu-TPA · MOF-5 · Ca-TP
Caveat: Some ALD/MLD systems have narrow formation temperature windows.
12 · 2.3.2. Atomic Layer Deposition · Figure 8
Contra-diffusion synthesis
Uses a porous membrane or disk to separate metal and ligand solutions and localise crystallisation at an interface.
Claimed effects: Allows direct formation of MOF films on membrane surfaces and control over thickness by reaction parameters.
Controlling variables: membrane type · reaction time · metal-to-ligand ratio · diffusion direction
Representative materials: ZIF-8 · ZIF-71
Caveat: Film symmetry and continuity can differ between the two sides of a membrane.
7-8 · 2.2.3. Interface and Contra-Diffusion Synthesis · Figure 5
Electrochemical deposition
Uses anodic, electrophoretic or cathodic deposition to form MOF films on electrodes.
Claimed effects: Offers mild, scalable film formation on conductive substrates, with crystal size and coverage tunable by electrochemical parameters.
Controlling variables: deposition mode · bias voltage · deposition time · solution concentration · particle charge
Representative materials: HKUST-1 · UiO-66 · MOF-5
Caveat: Different electrochemical modes rely on distinct mechanisms and substrate constraints.
9-11 · 2.2.5. Electrochemical Deposition · Figure 7
Gas-liquid interfacial self-assembly
Assembles conductive 2D MOF sheets at a gas-liquid interface and transfers them to substrates or separators.
Claimed effects: Produces large-area smooth films with controllable thickness, including Ni3(HITP)2 membranes and FET channels.
Controlling variables: reaction time · surface placement · precursor mixing · transfer method
Representative materials: Ni3(HITP)2 · NAFS-13
Caveat: Film morphology is sensitive to slow injection, reaction time and transfer quality.
7 · 2.2.3. Interface and Contra-Diffusion Synthesis · Figure 4
Langmuir-Blodgett layer-by-layer deposition
Forms ordered nanosheets at a liquid surface and repeatedly transfers them to solid substrates.
Claimed effects: Produces flat, uniform and oriented 2D MOF films with adjustable interlayer spacing.
Controlling variables: surface compression · metal-ion addition · horizontal immersion cycles · layer transfer count
Representative materials: NAFS-1 · NAFS-2 · [Co3(HHTP)2]n
Caveat: Best suited to nanosheet-forming systems rather than all MOF structures.
5 · 2.2.2. Langmuir-Blodgett Layer-by-Layer Deposition · Figure 3
Liquid-liquid interfacial synthesis
Separates metal and ligand precursors across immiscible phases so film nucleation and growth occur at the interface.
Claimed effects: Enables freestanding or transferable layered films such as Cu-BHT and CuBDC, with lateral growth of nanosheets.
Controlling variables: solvent pair · precursor solubility · interface stability · spray or slow addition
Representative materials: Cu-BHT · CuBDC · Ag3BHT2
Caveat: Inhomogeneous nucleation can make film thickness and orientation difficult to tune.
6 · 2.2.3. Interface and Contra-Diffusion Synthesis · Figure 4
Liquid phase epitaxy / SURMOF growth
Sequentially exposes a functionalised substrate to metal-ion and ligand solutions to build oriented crystalline multilayers.
Claimed effects: Controls orientation and thickness; can produce dense, continuous conductive films but is not universal for all MOFs.
Controlling variables: surface functional group · metal precursor identity · number of immersion cycles · washing steps
Representative materials: HKUST-1 · Cu3(HHTP)2 · Cu3(BTC)2
Caveat: Traditional LPE can be slow, costly and difficult to scale.
3-5 · 2.2.1. Liquid Phase Epitaxy · Figure 2
MOF chemical vapour deposition
Forms MOF films by reaction of vapour-phase ligands with pre-deposited metal or metal-oxide sources.
Claimed effects: Avoids solvent contamination and can produce oriented ZIF and MAF films with controllable thickness.
Controlling variables: metal precursor layer thickness · vapour-phase ligand · water-assisted reaction · nucleation rate
Representative materials: ZIF-8 · MAF-6 · ZIF-67
Caveat: Morphology can range from continuous films to dispersed crystals depending on reaction and precursor conditions.
11-12 · 2.3.1. Chemical Vapor Deposition · Figure 8
In situ and seed-assisted solvothermal growth
Grows films from mother solutions directly on substrates or from pre-deposited seed layers.
Claimed effects: Supports continuous films when heterogeneous nucleation and seed matching are controlled.
Controlling variables: substrate activation · seed layer composition · reactant concentration · temperature and pressure
Representative materials: MOF-525 · ZIF-8 · UiO-66-NH2 · Eu-BDC-NH2
Caveat: Uncontrolled solvothermal routes can give thick, randomly oriented films.
8-9 · 2.2.4. Growth from Solvothermal Mother Solutions · Figure 6
Spin- or spray-assisted LPE
Adapts LPE by rotating or spraying precursor solutions to speed film growth and improve scalability.
Claimed effects: Reduces production time and enables thickness-controlled oriented films, including conductive Cu3(HHTP)2 sensing films.
Controlling variables: reaction cycles · droplet delivery · substrate rotation · precursor sequence
Representative materials: HKUST-1 · ZIF-8 · Cu3(HHTP)2
Caveat: Still bounded by the chemistry-specific suitability of LPE-type growth.
4-5 · 2.2.1. Liquid Phase Epitaxy · Figure 2
Review claims
These are the review authors’ synthesis, not newly measured results.
Author InterpretationMedium supportTransport Mechanism
Cationic pi-acid guests such as methyl viologen can enhance conductivity while maintaining porosity by promoting delocalisation through pi-stacks.
Evidence basis: single_reference
Caveat: Based mainly on one BMOF example in the review.
15-17 · 3.2.3. Introduction of Cations · Figure 12
Author InterpretationHigh supportCaveat
The review states that doping can improve conductivity but may reduce specific surface area, leaving a central conductivity/porosity optimisation problem.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: No single cited primary paper is attached to this outlook statement in the extracted passage.
23 · 5. Conclusions and Outlook
DescriptiveHigh supportMaterial Comparison
Cu-BHT is highlighted as an exceptionally conductive intrinsic MOF film, with the review calling its room-temperature conductivity the highest among reported conductive MOFs at that time.
Evidence basis: single_reference
Caveat: The benchmark is secondary and should be checked against the original paper before primary-data comparison.
13 · 3.1. Intrinsic Conductive Metal-Organic Frameworks Films · Figure 9
Author InterpretationHigh supportApplication Relevance
Conductive MOF films are presented as candidate FET materials because microporosity, crystallinity and low dielectric constants can enable channel and dielectric-interface functions.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: Large-area undamaged transfer remains challenging.
20-21 · 4.4.1. Field Effect Transistors · Figure 16
Author InterpretationHigh supportApplication Relevance
Conductive MOF thin films are presented as more device-relevant than powders because orientation, crystallinity and controllable thickness support energy, catalysis and sensing applications.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: Device conclusions remain application- and material-specific.
2 · 1. Introduction
Author InterpretationHigh supportCaveat
Liquid-liquid interfacial synthesis can make transferable films but inhomogeneous nucleation complicates thickness and orientation control.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: Spray-assisted mixed-phase methods are presented as partial remedies.
6 · 2.2.3. Interface and Contra-Diffusion Synthesis
Consensus SummaryHigh supportStructure Property Link
Intrinsic conductive films depend on ligand structure and metal-ligand coordination interactions that create charge-transport pathways.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: Specific transport mechanism must be verified per framework.
12 · 3.1. Intrinsic Conductive Metal-Organic Frameworks Films
Author InterpretationHigh supportTransport Mechanism
Iodine infiltration is presented as a route to hole-doped p-type semiconducting MOF films through charge-transfer complex formation.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: Different host films show different conductivity magnitudes after I2 treatment.
15 · 3.2.1. Introduction of Redox Active Molecules · Figure 10
Author InterpretationMedium supportStructure Property Link
The review links smaller ligand frameworks to higher redox-site density and improved capacitance in 2D/3D MOF supercapacitor electrodes.
Evidence basis: single_reference
Caveat: Stated within the supercapacitor context rather than as a universal MOF rule.
18 · 4.2. Supercapacitors
Author InterpretationHigh supportSynthesis Strategy
LPE can control film thickness and orientation, including nanometre-per-cycle growth in Cu3(HHTP)2, but is not suitable for all MOF films.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: Review notes limited generality across MOF types.
5 · 2.2.1. Liquid Phase Epitaxy
Consensus SummaryHigh supportConsensus
Most MOFs are described as insulating, with typical conductivities below about 10^-10 S cm^-1, limiting direct use in electronics.
Evidence basis: single_reference
Caveat: General statement for MOFs broadly; conductive MOF films are exceptions.
1 · 1. Introduction
DescriptiveHigh supportTransport Mechanism
Conductive polymers can be introduced as mobile monomers and polymerised in MOF pores, where confined polymer chains remain trapped and provide conductive pathways.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: The outlook notes that there are still few reports on this route for MOF films.
15 · 3.2.2. Introduction of a Conductive Polymer · Figure 11
Author InterpretationHigh supportDefinition Scope
The review frames conductive MOF films as a response to the limitations of powder MOFs in electronic and electrochemical applications.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: This is a review-level motivation rather than a single primary result.
1 · Abstract
Author InterpretationHigh supportCaveat
The review identifies large-area industrial production as a major challenge because most reported conductive MOF films are only a few square centimetres.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: A 78 cm2 film example is noted, but not as industrial-scale production.
22 · 5. Conclusions and Outlook
Author InterpretationHigh supportApplication Relevance
For chemical resistance sensors, the review argues that high-quality 2D conductive MOF films with controllable nanoscale thickness are needed because powders and thick films impair electronic transmission.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: Applies specifically to resistive gas-sensing devices.
16 · 4.1. Electrochemical Sensing
ContestedHigh supportControversy
For MOF-based organic spin valves, the review notes that the spin-polarised transport physics remains elusive despite observed magnetoresistance.
Evidence basis: single_reference
Caveat: Useful as a research-gap statement rather than settled mechanism.
22 · 4.4.2. Organic Spin Valve · Figure 17
Consensus SummaryHigh supportSynthesis Strategy
Substrate selection and surface modification are treated as key determinants of MOF-film deposition and epitaxial growth.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: The best surface chemistry depends on the target MOF and substrate.
3 · 2.1. Substrates for Preparing Metal-Organic Framework Thin Films
Author InterpretationHigh supportApplication Relevance
Conductive MOFs are presented as promising supercapacitor electrode materials because porosity, redox sites and surface area can exceed carbon-only limitations.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: Trade-offs between ligand size, density and capacitance remain material-specific.
17 · 4.2. Supercapacitors
Author InterpretationHigh supportTransport Mechanism
TCNQ doping is interpreted as increasing conductivity by coordination to copper paddle-wheel units and electronic coupling between copper subunits.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: TCNQ treatment may involve chemical transformation in some films, not only pore filling.
14-15 · 3.2.1. Introduction of Redox Active Molecules · Figure 10
DescriptiveHigh supportTransport Mechanism
The review distinguishes through-bond transport through continuous valence-band/covalent networks from through-space transport through noncovalent orbital overlap.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: Mechanistic framework is conceptual and must be tied to specific primary measurements when used quantitatively.
1-2 · 1. Introduction
Author InterpretationMedium supportSynthesis Strategy
Vacuum-based methods are positioned as a response to solvent contamination and morphology issues in solution-based film preparation.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: Vacuum approaches introduce their own precursor volatility and temperature constraints.
11 · 2.3. Vacuum-Based Metal-Organic Framework Films Preparation Methods
Secondary benchmarks
Every row remains visibly secondary and links to a primary dossier only where the mapping is verified.
| Material | Property | Reported value | Context and quality | Primary evidence | Review source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SecondaryAg3BHT2 | electrical conductivity | 363 | Liquid-liquid interface film; Table 1 Table · Exact Reported | research_0096 | 23 · Table 1 · Table 1 |
| SecondaryBMOF/MV2+ | electrical conductivity | 2.3 x 10^-5 | After methyl viologen doping; Table 1 Table · Exact Reported | research_0431 | 23 · Table 1 · Table 1 |
| SecondaryCO3(NDC)3/I2 | electrical conductivity | 1.88 x 10^-6 | I2-doped film; Table 1 Table · Exact Reported | research_0067 | 23 · Table 1 · Table 1 |
| SecondaryCu3BTC2/I2 | electrical conductivity | 2.43 x 10^-6 | I2-doped film; Table 1 Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 15 · 3.2.1. Introduction of Redox Active Molecules · Table 1 |
| SecondaryCu3(BTC)2/TCNQ | electrical conductivity | 10^-1 | After TCNQ treatment; Table 1 and review text Text · Exact Reported | research_0418 | 15 · 3.2.1. Introduction of Redox Active Molecules · Table 1 |
| SecondaryCu3(HHTP)2 | NH3 detection limit | 0.5 | Chemical resistance NH3 sensor Text · Exact Reported | research_0115 | 16 · 4.1. Electrochemical Sensing · Figure 13 |
| SecondaryCu3(HHTP)2 | electrical conductivity | 0.02 | 20 nm film at room temperature Text · Exact Reported | research_0115 | 16 · 4.1. Electrochemical Sensing · Figure 13 and Table 1 |
| SecondaryLSMO/Cu3(HHTP)2/Co OSV | magnetoresistance | 25 | 10 K organic spin valve Text · Exact Reported | research_0129 | 22 · 4.4.2. Organic Spin Valve · Figure 17 |
| SecondaryCu-BHT | electrical conductivity | 1580 | Room temperature; four-probe measurement reported by cited work Text · Exact Reported | research_0006 | 13 · 3.1. Intrinsic Conductive Metal-Organic Frameworks Films · Table 1 |
| SecondaryCu-BHT | electron mobility | 116 | Field-effect modulation; review text Text · Exact Reported | research_0006 | 13 · 3.1. Intrinsic Conductive Metal-Organic Frameworks Films |
| SecondaryCu-BHT | hole mobility | 99 | Field-effect modulation; review text Text · Exact Reported | research_0006 | 13 · 3.1. Intrinsic Conductive Metal-Organic Frameworks Films |
| SecondaryCu-BHT | average optical transmittance | 78.6 | Visible region; Figure 9 caption Caption · Exact Reported | research_0006 | 13 · 3.1. Intrinsic Conductive Metal-Organic Frameworks Films · Figure 9 |
| SecondaryCu-TCPP/PPy | areal capacitance | 340.6 | 1 mA cm^-2 current density Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 17 · 4.2. Supercapacitors · Figure 14 |
| SecondaryMost MOFs | conductivity baseline | <10^-10 | General review context for insulating MOFs Text · Approximate | No verified corpus mapping | 1 · 1. Introduction |
| SecondaryNi3(HITP)2 | field-effect hole mobility | 48.6 | Porous FET based on gas-liquid interfacial Ni3(HITP)2 film Text · Exact Reported | research_0015 | 21 · 4.4.1. Field Effect Transistors · Figure 16 |
| SecondaryNi3HITP2 fabric sensor | NO theoretical detection limit | 0.16 | Flexible conductive MOF textile sensor Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 16 · 4.1. Electrochemical Sensing · Figure 13 |
| SecondaryNi-HAB | volume capacitance | 760 | 2D conductive HAB-based MOF electrode Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 18 · 4.2. Supercapacitors · Figure 14 |
| SecondaryNi3(HITP)2 | electrical conductivity | 40 | Room temperature; Van der Pauw measurements Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 13 · 3.1. Intrinsic Conductive Metal-Organic Frameworks Films · Table 1 |
| SecondaryNiMOF-FET | field-effect mobility | 45.4 | Large-area NiMOF-FET on Si/SiO2 Text · Exact Reported | research_0230 | 21 · 4.4.1. Field Effect Transistors · Figure 16 |
| SecondaryPPy@UiO-66@CT | electrical conductivity | 14.29 | Polymer/MOF cotton-cloth composite Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 15-16 · 3.2.2. Introduction of a Conductive Polymer · Figure 11 and Table 1 |
| SecondaryTCNQ@Cu3(BTC)2 | electrical conductivity | 7 x 10^-2 | TCNQ-doped film; Table 1 converts text's 7 S m^-1 to S cm^-1 Table · Exact Reported | research_0088 | 23 · Table 1 · Table 1 |
| SecondaryZr-MOF/PAn | electrical conductivity | 2.10 x 10^-2 | 20 wt% Zr-MOF composite film; Table 1 uses S cm^-1 Table · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 15-16 · 3.2.2. Introduction of a Conductive Polymer · Table 1 |
| SecondaryZr-MOF/PAn | thermoelectric power factor | 664 | 20 wt% Zr-MOF composite film Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 15-16 · 3.2.2. Introduction of a Conductive Polymer · Figure 11 |
Research gaps
Open questions are presented as review-author priorities, not conclusions from the primary database.
conductivity versus porosity
HighIncreasing conductivity by introducing conductive species can reduce specific surface area, creating a core optimisation challenge.
Proposed direction: Design conductive pathways that preserve high surface area and pore accessibility.
23 · 5. Conclusions and Outlook
chemical diversity in 2D conductive films
MediumThe review notes a shortage of 2D conductive MOF films with double ligands compared with single-ligand redox-active systems.
Proposed direction: Explore dual-ligand conductive frameworks to tune selectivity, defects and response/recovery behaviour.
17 · 4.1. Electrochemical Sensing
flexible transparent supercapacitors
MediumHigh-rate flexible transparent capacitor electrodes remain difficult to prepare.
Proposed direction: Develop conductive MOF electrodes that combine optical transmittance, low sheet resistance and rate capability.
18 · 4.2. Supercapacitors · Figure 14
large-area manufacturing
HighIndustrial-scale production remains unresolved because most conductive MOF films are only a few square centimetres.
Proposed direction: Develop scalable film-growth routes that retain conductivity, uniformity and controllable thickness over larger areas.
22 · 5. Conclusions and Outlook
device integration
HighPreparing large-area MOF films that remain undamaged after transfer to substrates remains challenging.
Proposed direction: Prioritise in situ device-compatible growth or damage-tolerant transfer methods for electronic devices.
21 · 4.4.1. Field Effect Transistors
conductive polymer incorporation
MediumThe review identifies too few reports on introducing conductive polymers into MOF films.
Proposed direction: Expand polymer@MOF film studies with controlled confined polymerisation and device evaluation.
23 · 5. Conclusions and Outlook
film quality and contamination
MediumSolution-based synthesis can contaminate MOF films with solvent and affect morphology and quality.
Proposed direction: Compare solution routes with vacuum routes such as CVD and ALD for clean, conformal films.
11 · 2.3. Vacuum-Based Metal-Organic Framework Films Preparation Methods
spin-polarised transport
MediumThe exact spin-polarised transport physics in conductive MOF organic spin valves is still unresolved.
Proposed direction: Relate 2D pi-d conjugated MOF design to controlled electronic structure and spin transport measurements.
22 · 4.4.2. Organic Spin Valve · Figure 17
Cited-study map
Mappings show which printed review references have a verified counterpart in the frozen primary corpus.
Show 40 cited-study records
| Reference | Study | Role and context | Corpus mapping |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ref. 102016 | Title unavailable | insulating_mof_baseline · transport_contextCited for the review's statement that most MOFs are insulators with very low conductivity. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 132015 | Title unavailable | iodine_doping · secondary_benchmarkCited for iodine doping that changes an initially insulating MOF film into a p-type semiconductor. | research_0067 |
| Ref. 141971 | Title unavailable | through_bond_context · transport_theoryCited in support of through-bond or through-space charge-transfer pathway concepts. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 152018 | Title unavailable | through_space_context · transport_theoryCited in support of electronic transport pathway descriptions in conductive MOFs. | research_0050 |
| Ref. 172017 | Title unavailable | supercapacitor_history · application_contextCited for Ni3(HITP)2 as an electrochemical capacitor electrode material. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 282020 | Title unavailable | spin_valve · secondary_benchmarkCited for conductive MOF film organic spin valve behaviour and magnetoresistance. | research_0129 |
| Ref. 292019 | Title unavailable | fet · secondary_benchmarkCited for large-area NiMOF-FET fabrication and glucose sensing. | research_0230 |
| Ref. 302017 | Title unavailable | gas_liquid_interface · fet · secondary_benchmarkCited for gas-liquid interfacial synthesis of Ni3(HITP)2 films and porous FET performance. | research_0015 |
| Ref. 362018 | Title unavailable | intrinsic_conductivity_context · review_contextCited by the review for intrinsic conductivity design and 2D charge delocalisation context. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 432017 | Title unavailable | lpe · sensor · secondary_benchmarkCited for LPE preparation of conductive Cu3(HHTP)2 films and gas-sensing benchmarks. | research_0115 |
| Ref. 442017 | Title unavailable | sensor · electronic_textile · secondary_benchmarkCited for conductive MOF-coated textiles and gas-sensing detection limits. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 452019 | Title unavailable | supercapacitor · polymer_composite · secondary_benchmarkCited for Cu-TCPP/PPy conductive MOF film supercapacitor performance. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 482009 | Title unavailable | lpe · surmofCited for HKUST-1 SURMOF growth on SAM-functionalised substrates by repeated immersion cycles. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 522015 | Title unavailable | substrate_functionalisation · polymer_substratesCited for PDA coatings enabling MOF deposition on inert polymer membranes. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 542016 | Title unavailable | spin_coating_lpe · scalable_processingCited for spin-coating-assisted LPE that reduces production time and improves uniformity. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 572010 | Title unavailable | langmuir_blodgett · porphyrin_filmCited for ordered porphyrinic MOF nanofilm preparation by LB/LBL. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 582011 | Title unavailable | langmuir_blodgett · scale_contextCited for NAFS-2 and for the review's large-area 78 cm2 film example in the outlook. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 612015 | Title unavailable | intrinsic_conductivity · secondary_benchmark · transparent_electrodeCited for 2D Cu-BHT film high conductivity, mobility and transmittance. | research_0006 |
| Ref. 622018 | Title unavailable | liquid_liquid_interface · free_standing_filmCited for spray-assisted mixed-phase liquid-liquid interfacial synthesis of flexible CuBDC films. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 642018 | Title unavailable | gas_liquid_interface · separator_coatingCited for free-standing microporous Ni3(HITP)2 films on PP separator for Li-S batteries. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 662011 | Title unavailable | contra_diffusion · zif_filmCited for diffusion-cell preparation of ZIF-8 films on nylon membranes. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 732011 | Title unavailable | seed_assisted_growth · hkust_filmCited for coordination-polymer seed layers and in situ growth of Cu3(BTC)2 films. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 812005 | Title unavailable | electrochemical_deposition · historical_developmentCited as the first electrochemical deposition preparation of HKUST-1 MOF thin films. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 942016 | Title unavailable | mof_cvd · zif8Cited for the two-step MOF-CVD route to ZIF-8 films via ALD ZnO and ligand vapour. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1002016 | Title unavailable | ald_mld · cu_tpaCited for ALD/MLD preparation of highly crystalline Cu-TPA films on silicon. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1032014 | Title unavailable | intrinsic_conductivity · secondary_benchmarkCited for well-grown 2D Ni3(HITP)2 films and room-temperature conductivity. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1042018 | Title unavailable | intrinsic_conductivity · secondary_benchmarkCited for Ag3BHT2 and Au3BHT2 film conductivity and metal-ion effects. | research_0096 |
| Ref. 1072016 | Title unavailable | tcnq_doping · extrinsic_conductivityCited for TCNQ doping of a 2D Cu MOF film and conductivity increase. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1082014 | Title unavailable | tcnq_doping · secondary_benchmarkCited for TCNQ guest molecules increasing conductivity in Cu3(BTC)2 films. | research_0088 |
| Ref. 1092018 | Title unavailable | tcnq_doping · secondary_benchmarkCited for TCNQ-induced transformation and conductivity increase in Cu3BTC2 films. | research_0418 |
| Ref. 1102016 | Title unavailable | iodine_doping · flexible_electronicsCited for iodine vapour treatment of Cu-TCNQ SURMOF devices. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1122014 | Title unavailable | iodine_doping · solar_cell · secondary_benchmarkCited for I2-doped Cu3BTC2 films used as solar-cell absorption layers. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1132018 | Title unavailable | polymer_mof_context · confined_polymerisationCited for general context on polymerisation in confined MOF spaces. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1142017 | Title unavailable | polymer_mof_context · confined_polymerisationCited for conductive polymer confinement and MOF composite context. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1152019 | Title unavailable | polymer_mof · thermoelectric · secondary_benchmarkCited for Zr-MOF/polyaniline composite film thermoelectric and conductivity benchmarks. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1162019 | Title unavailable | polymer_mof · secondary_benchmarkCited for PPy@UiO-66@CT conductive composite conductivity. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1172016 | Title unavailable | cation_doping · secondary_benchmarkCited for methyl-viologen-doped electroactive BMOF film conductivity. | research_0431 |
| Ref. 1272018 | Title unavailable | supercapacitor · secondary_benchmark · ligand_densityCited for high-capacitance HAB-based conductive MOF electrodes. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1292018 | Title unavailable | electrocatalysis · oerCited for few-layer conductive MOF nanosheets catalysing OER. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1402017 | Title unavailable | fet · surmofCited for HKUST-1/SURMOF films modifying OFET dielectric interfaces. | research_0164 |