5 Applications of 2D ECMOFs
33-38Summarises applications in sensors, energy storage, electrocatalytic energy conversion, electronics, topological/spin devices and thermoelectrics.
Relevance: Supporting · 33 · 5 2D ECMOFs 应用
Review · secondary evidenceReview
Two Dimensional Electrically Conductive Metal-Organic Frameworks 二维导电金属有机骨架材料
Zhuang Yan, Yaling Liu, Zhiyong Tang · Progress in Chemistry · 2021
6review sections
9material families
14review claims
19secondary benchmarks
29cited studies
7research gaps
Review scope
To review recent progress in conducting mechanisms, structures, synthesis strategies and applications of two-dimensional electrically conductive metal-organic frameworks, with challenges and opportunities for future development.
- Coverage
- 2012–2021
- Category
- Review Transport Physics
- Material scope
- two-dimensional electrically conductive metal-organic frameworks · pi-pi stacked layered MOFs · pi-d conjugated 2D MOFs · benzene-, triphenylene-, phthalocyanine- and extended-aromatic ligand frameworks · mixed-ligand and alloy 2D ECMOFs
- Transport scope
- band-like electronic transport · hopping electronic transport · through-space charge transfer · through-bond charge transfer · defect and polycrystallinity effects on intrinsic transport
- Application scope
- gas and chemical sensors · supercapacitors and batteries · electrocatalytic energy conversion · field-effect transistors · spintronic and thermoelectric devices
- Explicit exclusions
- non-conductive conventional MOFs except as contrast · complete primary-study recipe extraction · exhaustive bibliography of all cited MOF applications
- Source
- 25 · Abstract
- Evidence role
- Context, taxonomy and secondary benchmarking
Section map
The review’s argument is preserved as a navigable set of section summaries.
2 Mechanisms of conduction of 2D ECMOFs
26-28Organises physical transport as band-like versus hopping and chemical charge-transfer pathways as through-space versus through-bond, then discusses measurement caveats from defects, grain boundaries and anisotropy.
Relevance: Core · 26 · 2 2D ECMOFs 导电机制
1 Introduction
25-26Defines MOFs and 2D ECMOFs, contrasts traditional MOF insulating behaviour with conductive layered frameworks, and states the review's transport, structure, synthesis and application scope.
Relevance: Core · 26 · 1 Introduction
6 Conclusion and outlook
38-39States consensus advantages of pi-pi and pi-d structures, then lists open challenges around single-crystal growth, structural characterisation, broader components and application optimisation.
Relevance: Core · 38 · 6 结论和展望
3 Structures of 2D ECMOFs
29-30Classifies 2D ECMOF structures by ligand symmetry and by symmetric versus asymmetric frameworks including dual-ligand and alloy systems.
Relevance: Core · 29 · 3 2D ECMOFs 结构
4 Synthesis strategies of 2D ECMOFs
30-33Reviews single-phase synthesis, interfacial growth at liquid/liquid, liquid/gas and solid/liquid interfaces, and other routes such as ball milling and ultrasound.
Relevance: Core · 30 · 4 2D ECMOFs 合成方法
Taxonomies
Classification systems are attributed to this review and are not treated as a global material registry.
Device Or Functional ContextAuthor-proposed
Application domains
The review's application section groups 2D ECMOF uses into sensing, supercapacitors/batteries, electrocatalysis and electronic/spin/thermoelectric devices.
Categories: sensors · energy storage · energy conversion · electronics
33 · Contents; 5 Applications
Electronic Coupling Route
Chemical charge-transfer pathways
The review maps out-of-plane pi-pi stacking to through-space transfer and metal-ligand covalent conjugation, including pi-d conjugation, to through-bond transfer.
Categories: through-space · through-bond
28 · 2.2 2D ECMOFs 化学导电机制 · Figure 2
Metal-Node And Linker SymmetryAuthor-proposed
Ligand-symmetry construction
Because a square-planar metal node can be treated as C2, 2D network topology is organised by the symmetry of the multidentate ligand.
Categories: C2+C2 · C3+C2 · C4+C2 · C6+C2
29 · 3 2D ECMOFs 结构 · Figures 4-5
Temperature-Dependent Transport Interpretation
Physical transport mechanisms
Band-like transport is associated with delocalised bands and phonon scattering, whereas hopping transport is thermally activated motion across localised barriers.
Categories: band-like transport · hopping transport
27 · 2.1 2D ECMOFs 物理导电机制 · Figure 1
Component DiversityAuthor-proposed
Symmetric versus asymmetric structures
The review separates frameworks formed from one ligand/metal motif from asymmetric mixed-ligand or mixed-metal frameworks designed for finer property tuning.
Categories: single-ligand symmetric structures · dual-ligand structures · alloy metal structures · bimetallic ligand-node structures
30 · 3.2 不对称结构
Growth EnvironmentAuthor-proposed
Synthesis route classes
Single-phase synthesis favours bulk powders/crystals, interfacial methods confine 2D films, and other mechanical/ultrasound routes provide exfoliated or powder samples.
Categories: single-phase method · interface-assisted method · other methods
31 · 4 2D ECMOFs 合成方法
Material families
Review-defined families retain their representative materials and conduction descriptions.
Alloy-metal 2D ECMOFs
Two-Dimensional Alloy Frameworks2D conductive MOFs in which multiple metal ions share analogous coordination sites.
Conduction: The review links alloying to changes in carrier density, layer displacement, band gap and catalytic activity.
Representative materials: CuxCo(3-x)(HITP)2 · CuxNi(3-x)(HITP)2 · CoxNi(3-x)(HITP)2 · CoxNiy-CAT
Nodes / linkers: Co · Ni · Cu · HATP/HITP · HHTP/CAT
30 · 3.2.2 合金 2D ECMOFs
BHT/BHS benzene chalcogenolate 2D frameworks
Two-Dimensional Layered Frameworks And FilmsConductive 2D frameworks built from benzene hexathiol or related chalcogenolate ligands and transition metals.
Conduction: Strong pi-stacking and metal-chalcogen coordination can give high conductivity and, in some cases, topological or FET-relevant behaviour.
Representative materials: Ni-BHT · Cu-BHT · Pt-BHT
Nodes / linkers: Ni · Cu · Pt · BHT · BHS
30 · 3.1 对称结构
HHTP/CAT catecholate frameworks
Two-Dimensional Layered Frameworks, Films And RodsTriphenylene catecholate 2D MOFs often labelled M-CAT or M3(HHTP)2.
Conduction: Conductivity depends on aromatic stacking, metal-ligand bonds and film crystallinity/orientation.
Representative materials: Cu3(HHTP)2 · Co-CAT · Cu-CAT
Nodes / linkers: Cu · Co · Ni · HHTP · catecholate triphenylene
28 · 2.2 化学导电机制
HIB/HAB benzene imine frameworks
Two-Dimensional Layered Porous FrameworksBenzene-based hexaimino/hexaminobenzene frameworks and compact HAB-derived analogues.
Conduction: The review stresses anisotropic transport in HIB frameworks and redox-active pseudocapacitance in HAB frameworks.
Representative materials: Ni3(HIB)2 · Cu3(HIB)2 · Cu-HAB · Ni-HAB
Nodes / linkers: Ni · Cu · HIB · HAB
27 · 2.1 物理导电机制
HATP/HITP triphenylene imine frameworks
Two-Dimensional Layered Porous Networks2D frameworks assembled from hexaaminotriphenylene-derived linkers with Co, Ni or Cu nodes.
Conduction: The review links conductivity to pi-pi stacking, metal-ligand coordination, carrier density and layer displacement.
Representative materials: Ni3(HITP)2 · Cu3(HITP)2 · Co3(HITP)2
Nodes / linkers: Co · Ni · Cu · HATP · HITP
28 · 2.2 化学导电机制
Lanthanide HHTP frameworks
Two-Dimensional Layered FrameworksHHTP frameworks coordinated to lanthanide ions with empty 5d orbitals.
Conduction: Presented as a counterexample showing that out-of-plane pi-pi stacking can provide conduction without in-plane pi-d conjugation.
Representative materials: LnHHTP
Nodes / linkers: lanthanide ions · HHTP
28 · 2.2 化学导电机制
Mixed-ligand 2D ECMOFs
Two-Dimensional Asymmetric Frameworks And FilmsAsymmetric 2D frameworks built by combining two ligands with similar or different backbones.
Conduction: Conductivity can lie between parent frameworks or change non-monotonically with dopant concentration and crystallinity.
Representative materials: Cu3(HHTP)(THQ) · HITP-doped Cu-HHTP
Nodes / linkers: Cu · HHTP · THQ · HATP/HITP
30 · 3.2.1 双配体 2D ECMOFs
Phthalocyanine-derived bimetallic frameworks
Two-Dimensional Square Or Bimetallic Frameworks2D ECMOFs incorporating phthalocyanine-type ligands or metalated phthalocyanine ligands.
Conduction: Conductive framework pathways and distinct metal sites are used for OER, ORR and CO2RR device contexts.
Representative materials: NiPc-MOF · PcCu-O8-Zn · PcCu-O8-Co
Nodes / linkers: Ni · Zn · Co · Cu · NiPc-NH2 · PcCu-O8 · PcZn-O8
37 · 5.3 能源转换
THT/HTTP/TPHS triphenylene thiolate-selenolate frameworks
Two-Dimensional Layered Films And NanosheetsTriphenylene-based sulfur or selenium ligand frameworks with transition-metal nodes.
Conduction: Used for semiconducting-to-metal transitions, THz mobility evidence and HER/spin examples.
Representative materials: Co3(THT)2 · Fe3(THT)2(NH4)3 · Co-TPHS
Nodes / linkers: Co · Fe · Ni · THT · HTTP · TPHS
27 · 2.1 物理导电机制
Synthesis strategies
Review-level synthesis principles remain separate from primary-study recipes.
Additive and atmosphere control
Changing bases, coordinating additives, oxygen availability or mixed solvents to steer deprotonation, oxidation, coordination and crystal growth.
Claimed effects: Controls morphology, crystallinity and phase formation by altering ligand solubility, pH, metal coordination and nucleation rate.
Controlling variables: ammonia or pyridine · sodium acetate · ethylenediamine · oxygen · mixed solvent
Representative materials: Ni3(HITP)2 · Cu3(HITP)2 · Co3(HITP)2 · Cu-HHB
Caveat: Different additives can improve yield or crystallinity but may also produce amorphous or low-crystallinity products.
31 · 4.1 单相合成方法
Liquid/gas and Langmuir-Blodgett interfacial growth
Reaction or monolayer assembly at water/air, water/vapour or LB interfaces to obtain ultrathin or centimetre-scale films.
Claimed effects: Provides monolayer to multilayer films with controllable thickness, including centimetre-scale Ni3(HITP)2 films.
Controlling variables: surface tension · precursor amount · vapour chemistry · precursor concentration · reaction time
Representative materials: Ni-BHT · Ni-THT · Ni3(HITP)2
Caveat: Interfacial methods often face low yield, difficult transfer and defect control issues.
32 · 4.2.2 液/气界面
Liquid/liquid interfacial growth
Metal salt and ligand are placed in immiscible liquid phases so reaction occurs only at the interface and growth is confined into a film.
Claimed effects: Enables confined growth and thickness control for 2D ECMOF films.
Controlling variables: choice of immiscible solvents · precursor concentration · reaction time · interfacial area
Representative materials: Ni-BHT · Cu-BHT · Fe3(THT)2(NH4)3
Caveat: Film growth is slow in some examples, and interfacial products still need transfer or integration.
32 · 4.2.1 液/液界面
Mechanical and ultrasound-assisted routes
Ball milling, salt-assisted exfoliation, surfactant assistance or ultrasound used to make powders or nanosheets.
Claimed effects: Can exfoliate stacked crystals or prepare powder samples through simpler non-interfacial processing.
Controlling variables: milling additive · shear force · surfactant · ultrasound conditions
Representative materials: CoxNiy-CAT · Ni2[CuPc(NH)8] nanosheets · HHB-Cu · HHB-Ni
Caveat: The review treats these as additional methods rather than the dominant route; device film quality may need separate optimisation.
33 · 4.3 其他合成方法
Single-phase solvothermal or solution synthesis
Bulk reaction in a single medium, often under hydrothermal/solvothermal conditions, to produce powders, rods, hollow spheres, nanosheets or single crystals.
Claimed effects: Can provide low-cost, high-yield samples and diverse morphologies, but growth steps are hard to decouple and high-quality large crystals remain difficult.
Controlling variables: solvent composition · temperature and pressure · precursor solubility · reaction atmosphere
Representative materials: Mn/Fe-HIB-MOF · Ni3(HITP)2 · Cu3(HHTP)2 · NdHHTP
Caveat: The review says crystal growth kinetics need deeper study to obtain ideal composition, morphology and crystallinity.
31 · 4.1 单相合成方法
Solid/liquid layer-by-layer growth
A substrate is sequentially exposed to metal and ligand precursor solutions, with washing between cycles, to grow oriented films.
Claimed effects: Gives controlled film thickness and high-quality oriented films useful for devices and sensors.
Controlling variables: cycle number · substrate functionality · spray sequence · washing · precursor concentration
Representative materials: Cu3(HHTP)2 · HITP-doped Cu-HHTP
Caveat: Layer-by-layer growth needs repeated processing and does not eliminate all defect-control challenges.
33 · 4.2.3 固/液界面
Review claims
These are the review authors’ synthesis, not newly measured results.
Author InterpretationHigh supportSynthesis Strategy
Dual-ligand, alloy and bimetallic designs expand the limited component space of current 2D ECMOFs and enable finer tuning of pores, conductivity and catalysis.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: Fine control still depends on understanding building-block interactions.
30 · 3.2 不对称结构
Consensus SummaryHigh supportCaveat
Most measured 2D ECMOF samples are polycrystalline and defect-rich, which can mask intrinsic transport and make band-like versus hopping assignments uncertain.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: The review calls for larger single crystals to resolve intrinsic anisotropic transport.
28 · 2.2 Chemical mechanism
Author InterpretationHigh supportApplication Relevance
In electrocatalysis, conductive framework pathways and distinct metal/linker sites can create synergistic HER, ORR, OER and CO2RR behaviour.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: The review notes activity depends on surface area, crystallinity, defects and metal/linker identity.
37 · 5.3 Energy conversion
DescriptiveHigh supportApplication Relevance
2D ECMOFs have been explored as FET channels, topological-insulator candidates, spin-valve spacers and thermoelectric materials.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: Several electronic claims remain device-specific or theoretical, especially topological and spin-transport mechanisms.
37 · 5.4 Electronics
Author InterpretationMedium supportStructure Property Link
Changing ligand aromatic-system size and mixed-ligand composition can alter pi-pi stacking strength and electrical properties, although measurement differences limit firm trends.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: The review explicitly says intrinsic rules remain unresolved because testing methods and sample forms differ.
28 · 2.2 Chemical mechanism
Author InterpretationHigh supportCaveat
The reported 2D ECMOF component space is still narrow, dominated by benzene, triphenylene and phthalocyanine derivatives with Co, Ni and Cu metals.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: This is an outlook statement rather than a database census.
38 · 6 Conclusion and outlook
Author InterpretationHigh supportStructure Property Link
2D ECMOF conductivity is attributed to planar pi-pi stacking and pi-d conjugation motifs that support semiconducting or metallic transport.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: The review later notes that pi-d conjugation is not always necessary.
25 · Abstract
Consensus SummaryHigh supportApplication Relevance
The combination of porosity, active sites and conductivity makes 2D ECMOFs designable chemiresistive and electrochemical sensor materials.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: The review summarises sensor performance secondarily; primary device studies remain needed for quantitative comparison.
34 · 5.1 Sensors
Consensus SummaryHigh supportApplication Relevance
2D ECMOFs are promising energy-storage materials because they combine high electrical conductivity with large surface area, pore channels and redox-active components.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: Energy-storage values should be treated as device-specific secondary benchmarks.
35 · 5.2 Energy storage
Author InterpretationHigh supportStructure Property Link
Metal-ligand coordination symmetry directly affects pore structure, stacking state and therefore electrical properties.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: The claim is comparative across reported Ni-BHT and Cu-BHT structures.
30 · 3.1 对称结构
Author InterpretationHigh supportSynthesis Strategy
Single-phase methods are simple and high-yield but offer limited mechanistic control over multistep growth, whereas interfacial methods better control films but face yield, transfer and defect challenges.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: The review does not provide a universal synthesis solution.
33 · 4.2.3 固/液界面
Author InterpretationMedium supportMeasurement Interpretation
Conductivity temperature dependence can indicate band-like behaviour when conductivity decreases with increasing temperature, but rising conductivity needs mobility and carrier-density separation to distinguish mechanisms.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: Thermal activation in semiconductors and defect states can complicate simple assignment.
27 · 2.1 Physical mechanism
Author InterpretationHigh supportTransport Mechanism
Through-space and through-bond pathways offer complementary chemical design principles: tune aromatic stacking for out-of-plane transfer and metal-ligand orbital overlap for in-plane delocalisation.
Evidence basis: review_reasoning
Caveat: Different sample orientations and polycrystallinity obscure pathway anisotropy.
28 · 2.2 Chemical mechanism
Consensus SummaryHigh supportDefinition Scope
Traditional MOFs are usually poor electronic conductors, motivating conductive 2D ECMOF design.
Evidence basis: multi_reference
Caveat: The review uses traditional MOFs as contrast, not as the extraction focus.
26 · 1 Introduction
Secondary benchmarks
Every row remains visibly secondary and links to a primary dossier only where the mapping is verified.
| Material | Property | Reported value | Context and quality | Primary evidence | Review source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SecondaryCuxCo(3-x)(HITP)2 / CuxNi(3-x)(HITP)2 / CoxNi(3-x)(HITP)2 series | composition-tuned electrical conductivity range | 5.8 × 10^-3 to 55.4 S·cm-1 | alloy HATP/HITP 2D ECMOF series; value_numeric is upper end Text · Range | research_0041 | 30 · 3.2.2 合金 2D ECMOFs |
| SecondaryCo-BHT | HER overpotential | 185 mV | HER comparison among Co-BHT, Ni-BHT and Fe-BHT; highest activity attributed to Co-BHT Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 36 · 5.3 Energy conversion |
| SecondaryCu-BHT | FET electron and hole mobility | electron mobility 116 cm2·V-1·s-1; hole mobility 99 cm2·V-1·s-1 | FET device; review-reported electron and hole mobilities Text · Exact Reported | research_0006 | 37 · 5.4 Electronics |
| SecondaryCu-BHT | room-temperature electrical conductivity | 1580 S·cm-1 | room temperature; cited as maximum conductivity in review introduction and FET discussion Text · Exact Reported | research_0006 | 26 · 1 Introduction |
| SecondaryCu-CAT / Cu3(HHTP)2 single crystal | electrical conductivity | 0.21 S·cm-1 | four-probe method; single crystal Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 28 · 2.2 Chemical mechanism |
| SecondaryCu-HAB and Ni-HAB | specific capacitance | 215 F·g-1 (Cu-HAB); 420 F·g-1 (Ni-HAB) | supercapacitor electrodes; value_numeric records higher Ni-HAB value Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 35 · 5.2.1 Supercapacitors |
| SecondaryLSMO/Cu3(HHTP)2/Co spin valve | magnetoresistance | 25% at 10 K | vertical organic spin valve with 100 nm Cu3(HHTP)2 spacer at 10 K Text · Exact Reported | research_0129 | 38 · 5.4 Electronics |
| SecondaryCu-THQ electrode | lithium battery reversible capacity and energy density | 387 mAh·g-1 reversible capacity; 775 Wh·kg-1 energy density; 340 mAh·g-1 after 100 cycles | lithium battery electrode; value_numeric records reversible capacity Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 36 · 5.2.2 Batteries |
| SecondaryFe3(THT)2(NH4)3 film | room-temperature carrier mobility | 220 cm2·V-1·s-1 | time-resolved terahertz spectroscopy; room temperature Text · Exact Reported | research_0001 | 27 · 2.1 Physical mechanism |
| SecondaryLnHHTP | electrical conductivity | 0.05 S·cm-1 | lanthanide-HHTP framework; empty Ln 5d orbitals used to exclude pi-d conjugation Text · Exact Reported | research_0047 | 28 · 2.2 Chemical mechanism |
| SecondaryNi3(BHT)2 nanosheets | room-temperature electrical conductivity | 0.15 S·cm-1 | room temperature; controllable nanosheet preparation Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 27 · 2.1 Physical mechanism |
| SecondaryNi3(BHT)2 | oxidation-state-tuned electrical conductivity | up to 1.6 × 10^2 S·cm-1 at 300 K | 300 K; conductivity increased by oxidation-state tuning Text · Exact Reported | research_0361 | 27 · 2.1 Physical mechanism |
| SecondaryNi3(HITP)2 | ORR onset potential | 0.82 V at -50 µA·cm-2 | alkaline solution, pH 13.0; current density -50 µA cm-2 Text · Exact Reported | research_0003 | 36 · 5.3 Energy conversion |
| SecondaryNi3(HITP)2 modified separator | separator-film conductivity and Li-S areal capacity | 3720 S·m-1; 7.24 mAh·cm-2 after 200 cycles at 8.0 mg·cm-2 sulfur loading and 70 wt% sulfur | Li-S battery separator; value_numeric records conductivity Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 35 · 5.2.2 Batteries |
| SecondaryNi3(HITP)2 | electrical conductivity | 40 S·cm-1 | 2D ECMOF prepared from HATP and Ni2+; semiconducting temperature dependence Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 27 · 2.1 Physical mechanism |
| SecondaryNi3(HITP)2 | supercapacitor specific and areal capacitance | 111 F·g-1 and 18 µF·cm-2 at 0.05 A·g-1 | 0.05 A g-1; double-layer capacitance behaviour Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 35 · 5.2.1 Supercapacitors |
| SecondaryNi3(HITP)2 | thermal conductivity and thermoelectric figure of merit | thermal conductivity 0.21 W·m-1·K-1; MOF thermoelectric figure of merit 1.19 × 10^-3 | room temperature; value_numeric records thermal conductivity Text · Exact Reported | research_0072 | 38 · 5.4 Electronics |
| SecondaryNiPc-MOF | OER onset potential and mass activity | onset potential <1.48 V; mass activity 883.3 A·g-1; TOF 2.5 s-1 | deposited on fluorine-doped tin oxide for OER; value_numeric records onset upper bound Text · Approximate | No verified corpus mapping | 37 · 5.3 Energy conversion |
| SecondaryPcCu-O8-Zn | CO2RR CO selectivity and turnover frequency | 88% CO selectivity; 0.39 s-1 turnover frequency; >10 h stability | CO2 reduction; value_numeric records CO selectivity Text · Exact Reported | No verified corpus mapping | 37 · 5.3 Energy conversion |
Research gaps
Open questions are presented as review-author priorities, not conclusions from the primary database.
Application realisation
MediumAlthough 2D ECMOF properties and application value are recognised, more work is needed to optimise performance and realise applications.
Proposed direction: Target structure-function relationships, component design, synergistic building-block interactions, collective-property control and composite systems.
38 · 6 Conclusion and outlook
Limited building-block diversity
MediumReported ligands are mainly benzene, triphenylene and phthalocyanine derivatives, while metals are mainly Co, Ni and Cu.
Proposed direction: Introduce more ligand and metal families into 2D ECMOF construction to expand material systems and optimise function.
38 · 6 Conclusion and outlook
Crystal growth control
MediumSingle-phase synthesis involves non-serial deprotonation, oxidation, coordination and growth steps, making high-quality large crystals difficult.
Proposed direction: Study crystal growth kinetics to obtain ideal composition, morphology and crystallinity.
32 · 4.1 单相合成方法
Interfacial-film processing
MediumInterface-assisted confined growth can control film thickness but suffers from low yield, transfer difficulty and defect-control problems.
Proposed direction: Improve transfer, scalability and defect control for interfacial 2D ECMOF films.
33 · 4.2.3 固/液界面
Intrinsic transport and mechanisms
HighMost current 2D ECMOFs are defect- and grain-boundary-rich polycrystalline solids, limiting understanding of intrinsic transport.
Proposed direction: Develop general methods for large-area, high-quality single crystals or monolayers and use them for intrinsic transport measurements.
38 · 6 Conclusion and outlook
Spin transport mechanism
LowSpin-valve experiments suggest possible spin tunnelling in 2D ECMOFs, but the exact spin-polarised transport mechanism remains unexplained.
Proposed direction: Carry out targeted spin-transport experiments and modelling in well-defined 2D ECMOF devices.
38 · 5.4 Electronics
Precise structural characterisation
HighMany structures are inferred only roughly from powder X-ray diffraction and theory, leaving formation mechanisms and properties insufficiently understood.
Proposed direction: Develop characterisation techniques suitable for accurate structural analysis of 2D ECMOFs.
38 · 6 Conclusion and outlook
Cited-study map
Mappings show which printed review references have a verified counterpart in the frozen primary corpus.
Show 29 cited-study records
| Reference | Study | Role and context | Corpus mapping |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ref. 52015 | Title unavailable | transport_benchmark · device_benchmarkHigh-conductivity Cu-BHT and Cu-BHT FET benchmark used by the review as an electronics example. | research_0006 |
| Ref. 172013 | Title unavailable | transport_benchmark · thin_film_synthesisEarly Ni-BHT nanosheet and interfacial single-layer film study. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 182014 | Title unavailable | transport_benchmark · oxidation_modulationOxidation-state tuning of Ni-BHT conductivity and topological-insulator relevance. | research_0361 |
| Ref. 192014 | Title unavailable | transport_benchmark · synthesis_exampleSemiconducting metal-organic graphene analogue benchmark for Ni3(HITP)2. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 222018 | Title unavailable | mobility_benchmark · transport_mechanismTHz mobility evidence for band-like transport in a pi-d conjugated 2D MOF film. | research_0001 |
| Ref. 242019 | Title unavailable | single_crystal · measurement_caveatSingle-crystal rods used to argue that defects and polycrystallinity obscure intrinsic transport. | research_0005 |
| Ref. 262012 | Title unavailable | transport_benchmark · historical_exampleEarly HHTP/CAT conductive MOF family example. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 292020 | Title unavailable | mixed_ligand · sensor_benchmarkMixed-ligand framework used for structure-property and NH3 sensing comparisons. | research_0793 |
| Ref. 312020 | Title unavailable | alloy_series · transport_benchmarkAlloy HATP/HITP series showing continuous conductivity and band-gap tuning. | research_0041 |
| Ref. 322020 | Title unavailable | transport_mechanism · counterexampleLanthanide-HHTP example used to show high conductivity does not strictly require in-plane pi-d conjugation. | research_0047 |
| Ref. 332015 | Title unavailable | sensor_benchmarkVOC sensing array benchmark across three 2D ECMOFs. | research_0145 |
| Ref. 372015 | Title unavailable | gas_sensor · transport_benchmarkCu3(HITP)2 chemiresistive NH3 sensing example. | research_0002 |
| Ref. 422018 | Title unavailable | supercapacitor_benchmarkHAB-based compact frameworks used as pseudocapacitive supercapacitor benchmarks. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 452020 | Title unavailable | pore_size · supercapacitor_mechanismPore-size and crystallinity effects on double-layer capacitance in ionic liquids. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 472018 | Title unavailable | OER_benchmark · structure_familyNi phthalocyanine 2D ECMOF OER benchmark and C4+C2 structural example. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 482020 | Title unavailable | C2_ligand · supercapacitor_benchmarkC2-symmetric DBC ligand example used for structure and supercapacitor comparisons. | research_0068 |
| Ref. 492021 | Title unavailable | mixed_ligand · synthesis_strategyMixed HHTP/HATP ligand framework with conductivity changes at low dopant concentration. | research_0084 |
| Ref. 512020 | Title unavailable | CO2RR_benchmark · bimetallic_frameworkBimetallic phthalocyanine 2D ECMOFs for CO2 reduction and metal-node synergy. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 612017 | Title unavailable | thin_film_synthesis · FET_benchmarkAir-liquid interface Ni3(HITP)2 films and FET mobility example. | research_0015 |
| Ref. 642017 | Title unavailable | LBL_synthesis · gas_sensorLayer-by-layer spray growth of high-quality Cu3(HHTP)2 films for NH3 sensing. | research_0115 |
| Ref. 782017 | Title unavailable | supercapacitor_benchmarkFirst use of 2D ECMOFs as supercapacitor electrode materials in the review's account. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 812018 | Title unavailable | battery_benchmark · separator_filmConductive Ni3(HITP)2 modified separator for Li-S batteries. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 882020 | Title unavailable | battery_benchmark · redox_mechanismCu-THQ electrode example for lithium insertion/extraction and multielectron redox mechanism. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 932018 | Title unavailable | HER_benchmark · film_thicknessComparative HER activity and film-thickness effect in BHT-based 2D ECMOFs. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 942016 | Title unavailable | ORR_benchmarkORR onset benchmark for Ni3(HITP)2 under alkaline conditions. | research_0003 |
| Ref. 982019 | Title unavailable | ORR_benchmark · composite_materialCNT-containing PcCu-O8-Co ORR catalyst and Zn-air battery benchmark. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1042013 | Title unavailable | topological_predictionFirst-principles prediction of topological states in Ni-BHT discussed by the review. | Unmapped |
| Ref. 1062020 | Title unavailable | spin_device_benchmarkOrganic spin valve using Cu3(HHTP)2 spacer layer. | research_0129 |
| Ref. 1072017 | Title unavailable | thermoelectric_benchmarkThermoelectric benchmark for Ni3(HITP)2 used by the review. | research_0072 |